晋西黄土区辽东栎和山杨树干液流对环境因子的响应

2012年4—10月,应用TDP热扩散探针技术,对生长季晋西黄土区次生林主要组成树种辽东栎和山杨树干液流速率进行测定,结合同步测定的空气相对湿度(RH)、太阳光合有效辐射(PAR)、大气温度(T)和土壤含水量(θ)等环境因子,分析液流速率对环境因子的响应.结果表明: 5、6月,影响辽东栎和山杨树干液流速率的主要气象因子是空气饱和水汽压差(VPD)和PAR;7、8月,影响辽东栎和山杨树干液流速率的主要气象因子是VPD和T.除气象因子外,土壤水分条件也是驱动液流变化的重要因素,降雨后θ的增加能够有效影响液流速率,5、6、7、8月,辽东栎降雨后的平均液流速率比降雨前分别增大了28.3％、48.6％、16.9％、11.5％,山杨在6、7、8月降雨后的平均液流速率比降雨前分别增大了0.6％、4.5％、2.3％,辽东栎的增幅明显大于山杨.辽东栎液流速率对降雨后土壤含水量变化更敏感,表现出更高的耗水能力和需水要求,而降雨后山杨的耗水策略仍较保守.液流速率和VPD的关系可以采用指数饱和曲线函数拟合,降雨前后拟合参数的变化说明土壤水分条件的改善能够促进液流速率更快速地到达饱和值.     

荒漠绿洲农田防护树种二白杨生长季节树干液流的变化

热脉冲技术已经成为确定林木耗水的有力工具。利用澳大利亚 GREENSPAN技术公司 SF- 30 0热脉冲树干液流仪 ,在生长季节对荒漠绿洲区农田防护树种二白杨树干液流速率进行了连续观测 ,结果表明 :二白杨树干液流速率的日变化规律为 ,夜间液流速率较低 ,其中最低值出现在 2 :0 0～ 3:0 0 ,7:0 0～ 8:30开始升高 ,1 3:0 0～ 1 4 :0 0达到最大值 ,1 6 :0 0～ 1 8:30开始下降 ;树干液流速率日平均值介于 1 0 .1± 4 .9g/ (cm2· h)～ 2 3.3± 8.2 g/ (cm2· h)之间。二白杨树干液流速率 8月份最高 ,7月份次之 ,5月与 9月份基本一致。树干液流与边材面积、叶面积指数呈显著线性相关 ,而与胸径、胸径平方与树高之积呈复合指数函数关系 ,与冠层厚度呈三次幂函数关系     

子午岭林区山杨-辽东栎混交林的生理生态效应

研究了黄土高原子午岭次生林区山杨林、辽东栎林和山杨-辽东栎混交林3种林分的土壤物理特性和叶片光合特性.结果表明,山杨林地在0～300 cm土层的土壤含水量最大,而在200 cm土层以下,山杨 辽东栎混交林的土壤水分明显改善,并优于辽东栎林;在0～60 cm土层内,山杨林地土壤容重最大、土壤孔隙度最小,而山杨-辽东栎混交林的土壤容重最小、土壤孔隙度最大,且均优于纯林,说明混交林地有深层土壤水分可供利用,同时土壤理化特性得到改善.山杨林和辽东栎林的叶绿素含量较高,且均明显高于山杨-辽东栎混交林.辽东栎林的光合速率和气孔导度最大,其次为山杨林, 二者均明显高于山杨-辽东栎混交林.从叶片水分利用效率来看,辽东栎林>山杨-辽东栎混交林辽东栎>山杨-辽东栎混交林山杨>山杨林.山杨-辽东栎混交林中辽东栎的PSⅡ最大光化学转换效率(F_v/F_m)和PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F_o)值均较大,但与辽东栎林的F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o值差异不显著,而混交林中山杨的F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o值均相对小于山杨林,且与山杨林的F_v/F_m差异显著,山杨林和辽东栎林的荧光光化学猝灭系数和非光化学猝灭系数值均大于混交林地.因此,子午岭林区辽东栎林更趋于稳定且生长优于其混交林,而山杨林群落将逐步被替代,与纯林类型相比较,其混交林类型可能较不利于山杨的生长.     

山合欢树干液流的季节变化

于2011-2012年干湿季典型月份,应用热扩散式探针法(TDP)对元谋干热河谷乡土树种山合欢进行了树干液流连续监测,并对周围气象要素、土壤水分等进行同步测定,结果表明:(1)山合欢树干液流存在明显“昼高夜低”的变化规律;(2)在湿季不同天气条件下,山合欢树干液流速率存在明显差异,晴天液流均值、峰值约为阴天2.8和2.4倍,雨天的7.5和7.8倍,3种天气中液流启动时间晴天比阴天早约3h,比雨天早约4h;(3)在晴天,山合欢南边液流速率均明显高于北边;而雨天或者无阳光时,南北方位液流速率基本相同;(4)比较山合欢干、湿季典型晴天树干液流峰值、均值、启动时间以及液流通量可知,湿季液流启动时间均早于干季1.5h左右,液流高峰时间段长于干季,峰值和均值约为干季的1.9和2.3倍;湿季液流通量明显高于干季,约为干季的2.3倍.(5)山合欢液流速率与光合辐射强度、大气温度、水汽压亏缺和风速呈极显著正相关,与相对湿度则呈极显著负相关(P＜0.001),气象因子与山合欢树干液流流速的相关性大小依次为:光合有效辐射＞水汽压亏缺＞大气温度＞相对湿度＞风速.     

浅层地下水对华北地区河岸杨树林树干液流的影响

华北地区河岸杨树林生长季的用水特征对杨树人工林经营管理具有重要意义.本文以北京市潮白河畔的杨树人工林为研究对象,采用热扩散式探针(TDP)测定树干液流、管式TDR土壤含水量法测定土壤体积含水量、开路涡度相关系统测定环境因子数据,对2014年6—7月的杨树树干液流及其影响因素进行系统研究,以探究浅层地下水对树干液流的可能影响.结果表明: 杨树树干液流日变化随太阳辐射呈现单峰或双峰变化,在土壤水分相对亏缺时,杨树树干液流密度明显减小,达到峰值的时间从14:00提前到12:30,但树干液流对太阳辐射的时滞效应没有明显变化.在表层土壤水分相对充足时,太阳辐射和空气饱和水汽压差是杨树树干液流变化的主导因子,但在表层土壤水分亏缺时,土壤水会成为杨树树干液流的限制因子;当表层土壤水分相对亏缺时,杨树单株耗水与100 cm土层土壤体积含水量呈显著负相关,与其余各土层体积含水量呈显著正相关.浅层地下水(相对稳定的150 cm及更深处)在土壤表层土壤水分含量相对亏缺时,可在毛管力作用下对上层土壤水进行补充,供给杨树生长需要.     

南方红壤区杜仲 (Eucommia ulmoides)树干液流动态

采用根据热平衡原理设计的热扩散探针(Thermal dissipation sap flow velocity probe,TDP),于2004年7月到10月对南方红壤区的杜仲人工林的树干液流进行连续监测,结合所测定的相关因子,分析杜仲液流的变化规律及其与各因子的关系。结果表明,在不同月份,杜仲液流速率的日变化规律基本一致,呈单峰曲线,但是树干液流在启动时间、峰值出现时间上存在差异;从7月到10月份,杜仲树干液流速率逐渐增大,10月份液流速率达到1.818 g/(cm2.h);杜仲液流速率与太阳辐射、空气相对湿度、温度、风速等气象因子相关性显著,但是太阳辐射和空气相对湿度是影响杜仲液流的重要因子,其中7月到9月份,太阳辐射是主要影响因子,而10月份,空气相对湿度占主导地位;树干液流与胸径、冠层厚度以及胸径平方与树高之积呈现出显著的相关性。     

黄土丘陵区辽东栎群落优势种和主要伴生种树干液流动态特征

运用Granier热扩散探针法(TDP),于2011年5月对黄土丘陵区延安市南郊公路山辽东栎群落优势种(辽东栎)和3个伴生种(山杏、细裂槭、桃叶卫矛)树干液流进行连续测定,并同步监测气象环境因子(太阳辐射、空气温度和相对湿度)和土壤水分动态,比较分析辽东栎、山杏、细裂槭、桃叶卫矛的树干液流通量密度日变化动态及其对环境因子的响应特征。结果表明,辽东栎、山杏、细裂槭和桃叶卫矛液流通量密度日变化动态特征总体上反映了气象环境因子变化的昼夜规律性,呈单峰或双峰型曲线,但辽东栎与山杏、细裂槭、桃叶卫矛液流通量密度日变化规律存在一定的差异。辽东栎液流启动时间较早,通常在5:00左右,而山杏、细裂槭和桃叶卫矛液流启动时间均晚于辽东栎一个小时以上。辽东栎液流达到峰值的时间也较其它树种早,通常出现在9:00前后;细裂槭、桃叶卫矛和山杏液流通量密度达到峰值的时间分别在10:00、11:00和13:00前后。细裂槭和桃叶卫矛液流通量密度日变化曲线峰值较窄。除此之外,土壤水分状况对伴生种的影响程度要比优势种的大。相关分析表明,树干液流通量密度与太阳辐射和空气水汽压亏缺均呈极显著正相关。优势种与伴生种的液流动态差异可能与树木本身特性以及群落对光能的限制性再分配有关。     

干旱区枸杞树干液流变化特征及其影响因素

树干液流作为植物蒸散作用的水分来源,是植物水分消耗的直观量化监测指标,利用包裹式树干液流监测技术获取干旱区枸杞全生育期树干液流实时数据,分析了不同时间尺度树干液流变化特征及各气象要素对树干液流的影响,为明晰枸杞耗水规律及其影响因素提供了重要的佐证。结果表明:枸杞的树干液流量昼夜差异较大,白天液流量是夜间的10倍左右;晴天液流速率、日累积量及变化幅度均大于阴雨天气,晴天液流速率变化曲线且呈宽峰型,在06:30左右启动较阴天提前30min;夏季树干液流启动时间为6:00比秋季提前1h左右,夏季的峰值123g/h。盛果期液流速率最大10.32g/h,营养生长期最小1.35 g/h;6—8月旺盛生长季,平均日耗水1388.3g/d,5—11月全生育期日均耗水1102.7g/d;树干液流速率与太阳辐射、空气温度均呈极显著正相关关系,与相对湿度呈负相关关系;枸杞树干液流(F)与太阳辐射(S)、温度(T)、相对湿度(H)及饱和水汽压(VPD)符合方程F=41.5+0.167S-0.563H+1.36T-9.67VPD(R~2=0.6547)。     

长白山阔叶红松林三种树种树干液流特征及其与环境因子的关系

使用Granier热扩散式探针法,于2009年6—9月对长白山阔叶红松林3种主要树种(紫椴(Tilia amurensis)、色木槭(Acer mono)和红松(Pinus koraiensis))的树干液流速率进行连续测定,结合环境因子的同步观测,分析各树种树干液流的动态特征,并探讨液流速率与环境因子的关系。结果表明:3个树种的液流速率具有明显的单峰型日变化规律,相同天气条件下,液流启动时间和到达峰值时间相同,但停止时间不同,紫椴停止时间最晚。3个树种的日均液流速率季节变化趋势相同,均在8月份最大,6月份最小,液流速率日均值表现为紫椴色木槭红松。相关分析表明,光合有效辐射、饱和水汽压差是影响3个树种液流速率的主要环境因子;建立了依据环境因子推算液流速率的各月逐步回归模型。     

油松、栓皮栎树干液流速率比较

应用TDP(ThermalDissipationProbe)技术对油松和栓皮栎树干液流进行了初步研究,经过野外近1a的实地定位观测,研究结果显示:栓皮栎月平均树干液流速率在整个生长期都较油松的月平均树干液流速率要高。前者大约是后者的5~10倍。栓皮栎在土壤干旱时期能够在白天产生明显的树干液流。在土壤干旱时期油松白天不产生树干液流而在晚上产生明显树干液流。在土壤相对湿润时期,油松和栓皮栎树干液流速率的波形与太阳总辐射的波形变化一致,但不同的是油松的树干液流速率波形呈明显的单峰状,而栓皮栎树干液流速率波形呈明显的多峰状。在土壤相对湿润时期太阳总辐射很低时能对油松树干液流速率产生明显的降低作用,而对栓皮栎树干液流则没有明显影响。在土壤干旱时期,油松和栓皮栎树干液流速率的峰值分别大约为0.0001cm/s和0.0006cm/s左右;在土壤水分充足时期,油松和栓皮栎树干液流速率的峰值分别大约相等约为0.0015cm/s左右,分别是油松和栓皮栎在干旱日期的液流速率峰值的10倍和2.5倍。     

Mycobiota associated with the ambrosia beetle Scolytodes unipunctatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae)

Ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) are associated with strictly entomochoric and mutualistic fungi. We studied the mycobiota associated with Scolytodes unipunctatus, ambrosia beetles that infest Cecropia trees in Central America. Isolates were characterized using morphology and rDNA sequences (ITS region, LSU, and SSU rDNA). Four species are described here: Raffaelea scolytodis sp. nov. (Ophiostomatales), Gondwanamyces scolytodis sp. nov., Custingophora cecropiae sp. nov., and Graphium sp. (Microascales). The genus Custingophora is emended to include Knoxdaviesia anamorphs of Gondwanamyces based on uniformity of DNA sequences and phenotype.     

Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis: An in vitro assay using the expression of GFP for screening of antileishmanial drug

Promastigotes of Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis were successfully transfected with p6.5-egfp to express green fluorescent protein. The transfectants remained infective to macrophages, providing an in vitro model for screening antileishmanial drugs. This was demonstrated by flow cytometry of macrophage-associated GFP after exposure of infected cultures to known antileishmanial drugs, i.e. amphotericin B and glucantime^®. Fluorescence of GFP diminished progressively from infected cells with increasing drug concentrations used in both cases. The availability of this fluorescent assay for infection of macrophages by L. (V.) panamensis facilitates drug discovery program for the Viannia species, which differ significantly from those of the Leishmania subgenus.     

Bestrophin genes are expressed in Xenopus development

The Bestrophin-1/VMD2 gene has been implicated in Best disease, a juvenile-onset vitelliform macular dystrophy. The Bestrophin proteins have anion channel activity, and the four mammalian members share sequence homologies in multiple transmembrane domains and an RFP-tripeptide motif. The expression patterns and functions of the Bestrophin genes in retinal pigment epithelium have been studied intensively, whereas little is known about their roles in vertebrate embryogenesis. This study examined the roles of four Xenopus tropicalis homologs of BEST genes. The xtBest genes showed spatially and temporally distinct expression. xtBest-2 was the only maternally expressed Best gene, and both xtBest-2 and the Xenopus laevis Best-2 gene were expressed at the edge of the blastopore lip including the organizer. Ectopic expression of xBest-2 caused defects in dorsal axis formation and in mesodermal gene expression during gastrulation. These results suggest a new role of the Bestrophin family genes in early vertebrate embryogenesis.     

Hebeloma species associated with Cistus

The genus Hebeloma has a number of species highly specific to Cistus and others that occur with several host genera. This paper discusses the species of Hebeloma that appear to be ectomycorrhizal with Cistus, judging from their occurrence when Cistus is the only available host. The previously unknown species H. plesiocistum spec. nov. is described. We also provide a key to the known Hebeloma associates of Cistus. Molecular analyses based on ITS sequence data further illustrate the distinctness of the newly described species and difficulties in the species delimitation with view to H. erumpens. Specific associations with Cistus may have evolved more than once within the genus Hebeloma.     

Local immune response against larvae of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in Bos taurus indicus and Bos taurus taurus cattle

Bos taurus indicus cattle are less susceptible to infestation with Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus than Bos taurus taurus cattle but the immunological basis of this difference is not understood. We compared the dynamics of leukocyte infiltrations (T cell subsets, B cells, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-expressing cells, granulocytes) in the skin near the mouthparts of larvae of R. microplus in B. t. indicus and B. t. taurus cattle. Previously naïve cattle were infested with 50,000 larvae (B. t. indicus) or 10,000 larvae (B. t. taurus) weekly for 6 weeks. One week after the last infestation all of the animals were infested with 20,000 larvae of R. microplus. Skin punch biopsies were taken from all animals on the day before the primary infestation and from sites of larval attachment on the day after the first, second, fourth and final infestations. Infiltrations with CD3⁺, CD4⁺, CD8⁺ and γδ T cells followed the same pattern in both breeds, showing relatively little change during the first four weekly infestations, followed by substantial increases at 7 weeks post-primary infestation. There was a tendency for more of all cell types except granulocytes to be observed in the skin of B. t. indicus cattle but the differences between the two breeds were consistently significant only for γδ T cells. Granulocyte infiltrations increased more rapidly from the day after infestation and were higher in B. t. taurus cattle than in B. t. indicus. Granulocytes and MHC class II-expressing cells infiltrated the areas closest to the mouthparts of larvae. A large volume of granulocyte antigens was seen in the gut of attached, feeding larvae.