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1.
在江苏盐城新洋港滩涂由海向陆建立样地:光滩(Mudflat)、零星米草斑块(SAP)、稳定米草滩下边缘(SAFI)、2003年米草定居处(SAF03)、1989年米草定居处(SAF89)、碱蓬滩(SS)及禾草滩(Grass flat),在每个样地分别建立6个样方,构建原地栽培系统(长1 m×宽1 m×深0.7 m),其中3个用于无性繁殖体栽培,3个用于有性繁殖体栽培,对互花米草的种子萌发、无性分株及实生苗的定居、生长、繁殖进行了研究。结果表明:(1)受海浪物理冲刷、淹水胁迫、受潮浸频率及土壤水分的影响,实验系统各样地种子萌发率均较低,只有样地SAFI处互花米草种子萌发率为17.8%,显著高于其他样地(P0.01)。SAP、SAFI、SAF03、SAF89和Grass flat处实验最初栽培的互花米草无性分株植株存活率较高(大于60.0%)且样地间差异性不显著(P0.05);Mudflat处无性分株存活率极低(7.8±2.2)%,SS处无性分株全部死亡(0.0%)。无性分株和实生苗相比较,除Mudflat和SS样地二者存活率接近,其余样地的无性分株成活率均远高于有性分株。(2)互花米草无性分株在SAP、SAFI和SAF89样地中的株高、叶长、叶数、叶宽和叶厚均较高;实生苗在SAFI处长势较好,其他样地植株矮小、基径细或者死亡。无性分株生长指标显著高于实生苗。(3)各样地成功定居的无性分株均有结实植株,而实生苗只有Mudflat和SAFI处结实。样地Mudflat、SAP、SAFI、SAF03、SAF89和Grass flat无性分株分蘖数分别为21.7、23.0、25.5、6.8、9.0和4.1,实生苗的分蘖数除在Mudflat处达到14.0外,在其他样地均未分蘖。(4)各样地互花米草的无性分株单株生物量显著大于实生苗。两种繁殖方式地上生物量分配都呈现出向海陆两边递减的趋势,而地下生物量分配表现出相反的情况。综合对比各项指标,可以看出,在研究区内互花米草无性繁殖方式的定居成功率、生长、繁殖等指标均优于有性繁殖方式。研究区内互花米草种群的维持和扩张以无性繁殖方式为主。 相似文献
2.
该研究应用遥感技术(RS),结合地理信息系统(GIS)、全球定位系统(GPS)和野外实地调查,对长江口新生沙洲九段沙互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)引种7年来的种群扩散过程进行了调查分析。通过不同时相遥感卫星影像的解译,结合现场调查,分析了外来种互花米草种群自1997年引种后7年期间的种群扩散动态过程。至2004年,互花米草群落已从种植的100 hm2扩展到1 014 hm2。互花米草种群扩散过程可分为3个阶段:1997年的成活定居期;1998至2000年的滞缓期;2000年以后的快速扩散期。互花米草种群的增长速度远高于土著种芦苇(Phragmites australis),显示了互花米草极强的扩散能力、竞争优势和更广的生态幅。研究结果表明,3S技术可应用于植被分类、群落动态和生物入侵动态监测。3S技术具有宏观、快速、动态和综合的优势,可为外来植物的定量调查、分布格局和扩散动态研究提供有效的手段,为滩涂资源生物多样性保护和可持续开发利用提供科学依据。 相似文献
3.
盐胁迫对互花米草种子萌发及胚生长的影响 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
以1/2Hoagland溶液为基础培养液,研究了1×104-6×104mg/L NaCl对互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)种子萌发的影响.结果表明,互花米草种子在萌发阶段胚芽鞘和胚轴生长先于胚根和胚芽;当盐浓度不超过3×104mg/L时,互花米草种子的萌发率未受到影响,种子萌发及胚生长的适宜盐浓度为1 x104mg/L,盐浓度对胚的不同部位生长的抑制程度不同,随着盐浓度的升高,胚根、胚芽的长度旱明显下降趋势,但盐浓度对胚轴、胚芽鞘生长的抑制作用较小,有利于已萌发的互花米草幼苗快速出土,迅速适应多变的潮间带环境. 相似文献
4.
《植物研究》2010,(3)
盐度是影响互花米草在海滨湿地分布的重要生态因子,本文以淡水浇灌互花米草的种子为研究对象,通过对0~90g.L-1NaCl盐胁迫下种子萌发与胚的生长进行观测,结果表明:淡水浇灌互花米草种子具有萌发能力,萌发率最高达69%;盐胁迫对种子的萌发与胚的生长具有抑制作用,能够降低种子初始萌发率、种子萌发速率,并减缓胚的生长;高盐(盐浓度30g.L-1)胁迫下,初始萌发率降低,同时种子萌发生成无胚根畸形胚;解除盐胁迫,移植到淡水培养后,胚在胚芽鞘基部长出不定根,而胚根未长出;种子在高盐条件下休眠,盐胁迫解除后,种子萌发率可以部分恢复,且种子的萌发恢复率与原胁迫盐浓度呈显著正相关关系;总萌发率与盐溶液浓度呈二次函数关系,在63g.L-1左右的盐溶液中,种子萌发力最低。盐胁迫下互花米草特殊的萌发与生长对策,可能是其适应并成功入侵海滨湿地的重要原因之一。 相似文献
5.
天津滨海典型盐碱湿地土壤种子库特征及CCA分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
选取天津滨海地区典型盐碱湿地,进行土壤种子库采样及萌发试验,同时测定土壤理化性质。采用典范对应分析法(CCA)对土壤种子库和土壤特征因子的关系进行研究。结果表明:4个样地土壤种子库储量较大,但物种组成单一,为滨海地区指示性盐生植物。与人工湿地相比,自然保护湿地具有物种丰富度高,群落结构稳定的优点,但受到干扰最小,种子库密度却最低。种子库种子萌发率曲线呈不规则的抛物形状,萌发数量曲线呈"S"型分布,土壤板结程度对萌发率有较大影响。土壤种子库垂直分层结构明显,随土壤深度加深,种子库密度降低,10~15 cm采样层仍保留大量活性种子。通过CCA分析,发现土壤种子库呈现明显的3个聚类;且土壤种子库受全盐量、有机质、pH影响较大,但土壤通透性这一因素也不容忽视。 相似文献
6.
在盐城海滨湿地盐沼植被和农田内采集土壤样品,测定了4种土壤酶(脲酶、转化酶、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶)的活性,分析了盐沼植被、农作物及土壤理化因子对土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:由海滨湿地滩涂围垦形成的各类农田其土壤酶活性较高,且均高于湿地盐沼植被;湿地盐沼植被下4种土壤酶活性均高于无植被生长的光滩,且不同类型植被间土壤酶活性差异显著;4种酶的活性大小总体表现为大豆(Glycine max)地棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)地玉米(Zea mays)地互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)滩白茅(Imperata cylindrica var.major)滩碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)滩光滩。相关分析表明,4种土壤酶之间及其与土壤有机碳、全氮均表现出显著正相关,而与土壤盐分、pH值之间存在显著负相关。海滨湿地盐沼植被的发育扩展不仅增加了土壤中的养分含量,也提高了土壤酶活性。 相似文献
7.
探讨引进的红树植物拉关木(Laguncularia racemosa)是否对本土红树植物白骨壤林(Avicennia marina)造成入侵风险。通过野外种植实验, 将1年生拉关木苗种植在成熟白骨壤林的林内和林缘, 每月观察记录并测量其生长指标。结果表明: 白骨壤林内和林缘的1年生拉关木苗的月均苗高增量变化趋势相似, 均表现为夏季高, 冬季低; 月均基径增量表现为林内低于林缘, 且随着种植时间的延长而降低。白骨壤林内和林缘的拉关木苗野外种植13个月后的苗高增量仅为14.1 cm和13.5 cm, 基径增量仅为1.0 mm和1.5 mm, 叶片数增量均为负值, 分别为-0.4片和-0.7片, 可见外来种拉关木苗在厦门海沧湾的白骨壤林内及林缘生长速度缓慢, 不具有速生快长特性, 因此, 外来红树植物拉关木只有在其适宜生长的环境才能表现出速生的特性。种植13个月后, 白骨壤林内和林缘拉关木苗的存活率仅为4.7%和5.3%。表明由于光照强度、低温等环境因子的限制, 引进种拉关木小苗很难通过自然扩散在厦门本土红树植物白骨壤林内自然更新生长。 相似文献
8.
中国东部沿海互花米草种群生活史特征的纬度变异与可塑性 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)于20世纪70年代被引入中国,目前已在东部沿海盐沼湿地中广泛分布,成为海岸带盐沼中危害严重的入侵植物之一.为了研究互花米草在中国入侵区中的适应机制,揭示遗传分化和表型可塑性在该物种成功入侵中的作用,本研究沿纬度梯度在南起广东(22°N)、北至天津(39°N)的沿海样带上采集了10个种群的样本,通过同质园实验比较了不同纬度来源的种群在,生活史和生长特征方面是否存在遗传分化,并平行设置高低两个水位处理以比较互花米草对水位变化(不同高程生境条件)的可塑性反应.结果表明,在所研究的互花米草17个性状中有12个存在显著的种群间差异.其中,平均开花日期和相对生长率(植株高度)表现出显著的纬度梯度变异:随着纬度的升高,开花时间提前,相对生长速率(植株高度)趋于增加.同时17个性状中有9个在不同水位处理之间存在显著差异.这些结果表明,遗传分化可能是互花米草能够快速占据广阔分布区的重要原因之一,而表型可塑性可能对互花米草在小尺度上占据不同高程环境的过程有重要作用. 相似文献
9.
互花米草与海三棱藨草的生长特征和相对竞争能力 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
外来物种互花米草(Spartinaalterniflora)已对我国特有种海三棱藨草 (Scirpusmariqueter)发生了竞争取代。作者通过在长江口崇明东滩湿地取样和盆栽竞争实验,比较了二者的主要生长特征和种间相对竞争能力。结果表明:无论是先锋种群还是成熟种群,互花米草的高度、盖度、地上生物量、地下生物量和平均每花序种子数都显著大于海三棱藨草;海三棱藨草的密度和单位面积结实枝条数显著大于互花米草。两种植物成熟种群的单位面积种子产量和种子的萌发率没有显著差异。种内竞争和种间竞争显著降低了两种植物的平均每株产生的无性小株数、结实株数、地上生物量和地下球茎数(海三棱藨草产生球茎),互花米草的种间竞争能力 (相对邻里效应指数 )显著大于海三棱藨草。互花米草在生长上的优势可能导致其在种间竞争上的优势,从而使互花米草能够在海三棱藨草群落中成功入侵。 相似文献
10.
互花米草与海三棱蔗草的生长特征和相对竞争能力 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
外来物种互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)已对我国特有种海三棱蔗草(Scirpus mariqueter)发生了竞争取代。作者通过在长江口崇明东滩湿地取样和盆栽竞争实验,比较了二者的主要生长特征和种间相对竞争能力。结果表明:无论是先锋种群还是成熟种群,互花米草的高度、盖度、地上生物量、地下生物量和平均每花序种子数都显著大于海三棱蔗草;海三棱蔗草的密度和单位面积结实枝条数显著大于互花米草。两种植物成熟种群的单位面积种子产量和种子的萌发率没有显著差异。种内竞争和种间竞争显著降低了两种植物的平均每株产生的无性小株数、结实株数、地上生物量和地下球茎数(海三棱蔗草产生球茎),互花米草的种间竞争能力(相对邻里效应指数)显著大于海三棱蔗草。互花米草在生长上的优势可能导致其在种间竞争上的优势,从而使互花米草能够在海三棱蔗草群落中成功入侵。 相似文献
11.
Questions: What is the accuracy and reliability of the commonly used random soil sampling methodology for predicting seedling density, species richness and composition of the emerging seedling community? Location: Lake Kraenepoel, western Belgium. Methods: We compared density, species composition and observed and rarefactioned species richness of the seedling community emerging on a soft water lake bed exposed after drainage with the seedling community germinating in the laboratory from random soil samples in the same plots. Results: Seedling density did not differ between the two methods and there was a significant correlation between seedling density on the exposed lake bed and in the soil samples. This indicates that future seedling density can be reliably predicted based on soil sampling, in particular for the most abundant species. The most frequently occurring and abundant species among the seedlings in the soil samples were also the most frequent and abundant species germinating on the exposed lake bed. In contrast, species richness was much higher on the exposed lake bed than in the soil samples, and this difference was still significant for annual species after correction for differences in sampling intensity by rarefaction. We found no correlation between the number of species retrieved by the two methods. Although seedlings of rare and target species emerged on the lake bed, random soil sampling clearly failed to detect seeds of most of these species. Conclusions: Random soil sampling at a commonly used intensity and using the standard germination conditions can accurately predict future total seedling density and the density of the most abundant species. However, the method is not reliable for predicting the probability of establishment of populations of uncommon species. When executing a seed bank study, sampling intensity and germination conditions need to be adapted to the nature and the level of detail of the research question to be answered. 相似文献
12.
Krystyna Faliska 《Journal of Ecology》1999,87(3):461-475
1 The relationship between size and floristic composition of the seed bank and vegetation dynamics was studied between 1976 and 1996 in 0.75 ha of an abandoned Cirsietum rivularis meadow. The plot was divided into 100-m2 (10 × 10 m) quadrats and sampled 5-yearly to map the vegetation and determine the soil seed bank.
2 Densities of seeds in the soil fluctuated as succession proceeded. The initially small seed bank trebled by 15 years after abandonment, before falling, after 20 years, to approximately the same as in the initial stage.
3 The floristic richness of the seed bank decreased during succession, with the number of species falling from 38 to 25. The diversity of life forms, however, increased in later periods, with tall herbs, shrubs and trees appearing after 10 years.
4 Seed bank floristic composition is apparently both a product of the species composition of the current vegetation and a record of the long-term substitution of species. Other factors, including the structure of the vegetation, also influence the accumulation of seeds in the soil.
5 Although changes in number of species show a directional pattern, the seed bank size fluctuated in the course of succession on these fertile wet meadows. 相似文献
2 Densities of seeds in the soil fluctuated as succession proceeded. The initially small seed bank trebled by 15 years after abandonment, before falling, after 20 years, to approximately the same as in the initial stage.
3 The floristic richness of the seed bank decreased during succession, with the number of species falling from 38 to 25. The diversity of life forms, however, increased in later periods, with tall herbs, shrubs and trees appearing after 10 years.
4 Seed bank floristic composition is apparently both a product of the species composition of the current vegetation and a record of the long-term substitution of species. Other factors, including the structure of the vegetation, also influence the accumulation of seeds in the soil.
5 Although changes in number of species show a directional pattern, the seed bank size fluctuated in the course of succession on these fertile wet meadows. 相似文献
13.
A novel means of inducing extinction of an exotic fish population is proposed using a genetic approach to shift the ratio of male to females within a population. In the proposed strategy, sex-reversed fish containing two Y chromosomes are introduced into a normal fish population. These YY fish result in the production of a disproportionate number of male fish in subsequent generations. Mathematical modeling of the system following introduction of YY fish at a constant rate reveals that female fish decline in numbers over time, leading to eventual extinction of the population. 相似文献
14.
Seed development, dormancy and germination of the American invasive tree species, Prunus serotina, are described for plants growing in a large forest in Belgium. Seeds of P. serotina were collected following anthesis in the first week of July and thereafter at fortnightly intervals. Seed dormancy, temperature
requirements for germination and the soil seed bank were investigated. At maturation (about 105 days after anthesis), seed
moisture content had decreased to around 13.7%, and 44% of the seeds had attained the capacity to germinate. Mature seeds
of P. serotina exhibited physiological dormancy, germinating only after a long cold, moist stratification period. Highest germination percentage
occurred in seeds treated with gibberellic acid (GA3), at 10°C. We found no evidence that P. serotina forms a persistent seed bank but noticed a persistent seedling bank in the field. 相似文献
15.
16.
Kasso Daïnou Aline BauduinNils Bourland Jean-François GilletFousséni Fétéké Jean-Louis Doucet 《Ecological Engineering》2011,37(10):1499-1506
The soil seed bank is considered as an important component for resilience of climacic vegetation. Whereas several related studies have been conducted in Asian, American and some African tropical forests, no investigation has ever been conducted in Central African rainforests, especially in logged forests where the soil seed bank could contribute to regeneration of timber of trees species. We studied the soil seed bank characteristics in relation to the standing vegetation in three Cameroonian forest zones with different disturbance regimes. There was no significant difference between sites in terms of density of the seed bank; the average mean density was 87.6 seeds m−2. But dissimilarities of the floristic compositions between sites were quite high. Overall, seeds came from 43 species including three commercial tree species. Whereas the seedlings emerging from soil samples mostly came from weedy and short-lived pioneer species, climax species predominated in the extant vegetation, leading to a very weak similarity between soil seed flora and the surrounding vegetation: Sorensen's index ranged from 3.5 to 7.6%. Canopy openness could significantly affect the species richness of soil seed stocks but not the seed density. These results show that the soil seed bank contribution to the resilience of mature tropical forests is low. In particular, very few timber tree species could benefit from soil seed stocks for their regeneration. Therefore, the development of enrichment techniques including use of the soil seed bank as a source of tree regeneration in such a context would be irrelevant. 相似文献
17.
浙江天童灌丛植被的土壤种子库与幼苗库特征 总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21
采用野外样点取样和萌发实验相结合的办法,研究浙江天童灌丛植被的幼苗库和种子库。结果表明:种子库中优势种类主要是淡竹叶、芒、苔草等草本植物,其次为山矾、Ji木、白栎等灌木种类。在厚度为10cm的表层土壤中,枯枝落叶层、0.2cm层、2-4cm、4-10cm层的种子密度分别为125.0粒/m^2、134.3粒/m^2、84.6粒/m^2、62.7粒/m^2。幼苗库的优势种类不太集中,数量较多的种类有苦槠、紫金牛、淡竹叶等。 相似文献
18.
Olívia A. O. Tonetti José M. R. Faria Anderson C. José Túlio G. S. Oliveira José C. Martins 《Austral ecology》2016,41(3):248-254
Seed survival in soil could be strongly influenced by habitat characteristics, but little is known about the behaviour of seeds sensitive to desiccation in seed banks installed in natural or disturbed habitats. Cryptocarya aschersoniana seeds disperse at the end of the rainy season but do not germinate immediately; thus, they may form seed banks in soil. This study evaluated the behaviour of C. aschersoniana seed banks induced in the natural environment of the species and in a disturbed area. Recently harvested C. aschersoniana germination units were characterized according to their water content, germination and viability. In 2011 and 2012, seed banks were established by burying samples of seeds in the understory of a semi‐deciduous forest. In 2012, samples were also buried in a disturbed area. The seed banks were sampled at certain time intervals, and the samples were characterized as described above. Precipitation and air temperature data were collected. As a result, seeds in the seed bank established in the natural environment form a transient seed bank and showed the same behaviour in both years studied. A germination peak was observed starting 210 days after burial (coinciding with the onset of the rainy season) and reached germination percentages higher than 80% at the end of the experiment for both years. Seed mortality did not exceeded 28% in the natural environment. However, in the disturbed environment, the seeds lost their viability more rapidly, with 90% of the seeds becoming unviable 240 days after burial. Germinated seeds in the disturbed environment (maximum 21%) were not able to establish seedlings. These results underscore the importance of maintaining a natural, undisturbed forest for the conservation of this species. 相似文献
19.
通过萌发实验法对西双版纳地区的一类热带季节雨林 (番龙眼、千果榄仁 )和 2类次生林(白背桐林、中平树林 )的土壤种子库的季节变化进行了探讨。结果表明 :该地区的土壤种子库动态具有明显的季节性。季节雨林的土壤种子库储量相对稳定 ,土壤上层 ( 0~ 2 cm )的种子储量在雨季末期较大。2类次生林土壤种子库的变化则相反 ,土壤种子库中的种子种类在旱季末期较雨季末期多 ,土壤上层的种子储量在旱季末期较大。各样地均有一些种类只出现在旱季末期或雨季末期。种子在土壤种子库的动态与植物的繁殖物候和所处的环境紧密相关 ,不同种类植物的土壤种子库由于植物本身的生物学特性、传播方式和所处环境的影响而表现出不同的动态模式 相似文献