不同土壤水分下山杏光合作用CO2响应过程及其模拟

在半干旱黄土丘陵区,以2年生盆栽山杏为材料,应用CIRAS-2型光合作用系统,测定了8个土壤水分梯度下山杏光合作用的CO2响应过程,并采用直角双曲线模型、指数方程和直角双曲线修正模型对其CO2响应数据进行拟合,分析了山杏光合作用与土壤水分的定量关系.结果表明:山杏CO2响应过程对土壤水分有明显的阈值响应特征.维持山杏叶片较高的光合速率(Pn)和羧化效率(CE)的土壤相对含水量(RWC)在46.3％～81.9％,在此水分范围内,光合作用没有发生明显的CO2饱和抑制现象;当RWC超出此范围,土壤水分升高或降低均明显降低山杏叶片的光合能力(Pnmax)、CE和CO2饱和点(CSP).在不同土壤水分条件下,3个模型对山杏CO2响应数据的模拟效果有明显差别.在46.3％～81.9％土壤水分范围内,3个模型均能较好地拟合山杏CO2响应过程及其特征参数CE、CO2补偿点(Γ)和光呼吸速率(Rp),其拟合精度均表现为直角双曲线修正模型＞指数方程＞直角双曲线模型;当土壤水分含量过高(RWC＞81.9％)或过低(RWC＜46.3％)时,只有直角双曲线修正模型能较好地拟合山杏CO2响应过程及其特征参数.RWC在46.3％ ～81.9％范围内,山杏具有较高的光合作用效率;与传统直角双曲线模型和指数方程相比,直角双曲线修正模型具有更好的适用性.     

不同土壤水分下山杏光合作用CO2响应过程及其模拟

在半干旱黄土丘陵区,以2年生盆栽山杏为材料,应用CIRAS-2型光合作用系统,测定了8个土壤水分梯度下山杏光合作用的CO₂响应过程,并采用直角双曲线模型、指数方程和直角双曲线修正模型对其CO₂响应数据进行拟合,分析了山杏光合作用与土壤水分的定量关系.结果表明: 山杏CO₂响应过程对土壤水分有明显的阈值响应特征.维持山杏叶片较高的光合速率(P_n)和羧化效率(CE)的土壤相对含水量(RWC)在46.3%～81.9%,在此水分范围内,光合作用没有发生明显的CO₂饱和抑制现象;当RWC超出此范围,土壤水分升高或降低均明显降低山杏叶片的光合能力(P_{n max})、CE和CO₂饱和点(CSP).在不同土壤水分条件下,3个模型对山杏CO₂响应数据的模拟效果有明显差别.在46.3%～81.9%土壤水分范围内,3个模型均能较好地拟合山杏CO₂响应过程及其特征参数CE、CO₂补偿点(Γ)和光呼吸速率(R_p),其拟合精度均表现为直角双曲线修正模型＞指数方程＞直角双曲线模型;当土壤水分含量过高(RWC＞81.9%)或过低(RWC＜46.3%)时,只有直角双曲线修正模型能较好地拟合山杏CO₂响应过程及其特征参数.RWC在46.3%～81.9%范围内,山杏具有较高的光合作用效率;与传统直角双曲线模型和指数方程相比,直角双曲线修正模型具有更好的适用性.     

不同水分条件下胡杨光响应曲线拟合模型比较

本研究通过测量不同水分条件下胡杨（Populus euphratica Oliv.）叶片的光响应曲线,并采用4种光响应模型对其光合特征参数拟合值与实测值进行比较,分析了不同水分条件下光响应曲线模型对胡杨适用性的影响机制。结果表明,当水分供应充足时,胡杨非直角双曲线模型对暗呼吸速率（R_d）的拟合效果最优,直角双曲线修正模型拟合光饱和点（LSP）、最大净光合速率（P_nmax）、光补偿点（LCP）的结果与实测值较接近;但当胡杨受到水分亏缺后,直角双曲线修正模型对P_nmax和光饱和点（LSP）的拟合效果最优,直角双曲线模型对R_d和LCP的拟合效果最佳。因此,水分条件有利时胡杨应用直角双曲线修正模型、非直角双曲线模型较好;水分亏缺条件下采用直角双曲线修正模型、直角双曲线模型更为适合。     

不同淹水时间下中华蚊母树光响应特征及其模型比较

本文模拟库区秋冬季淹水环境,利用Li-6400 XT便携式光合仪测定了淹水条件下2年生中华蚊母树的光响应曲线,并采用直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型和直角双曲线修正模型3种数学模型进行拟合分析,以探讨不同模型对水淹胁迫下中华蚊母树的适用性以及最佳光合参数对水淹胁迫的适应规律.结果表明:非直角双曲线模型对正常水分生长和短期水淹下(水淹15 d)中华蚊母树光响应过程的拟合优于其他两种模型,而直角双曲线修正模型对长期水淹下(水淹30、45和60 d)中华蚊母树光响应过程的拟合更具优势.直角双曲线修正模型对光补偿点(LCP)、最大净光合速率(Pn max)和光饱和点(LSP)的拟合效果最佳,非直角双曲线模型对暗呼吸速率(Rd)的拟合效果最佳.水淹前期(30 d),中华蚊母树表观量子效率(Φ)、Pn max和LSP逐渐降低,而LCP和Rd逐渐升高,但随着水淹时间的继续增加,中华蚊母树逐渐对水淹产生了适应性,各项光合生理指标逐渐趋于稳定,说明中华蚊母树具有一定适应水淹环境的能力.     

不同CO_2浓度下苦槠(Castanopsis sclerophylla)叶片光合光响应模型模拟比较

以亚热带森林建群种苦槠为试验材料,采用5种光响应模型对4个CO_2浓度下苦槠叶片的光响应曲线进行模拟,比较不同CO_2浓度下适宜的光响应模型,探讨苦槠对CO_2浓度变化的响应规律。结果表明:5种模型对苦槠叶片光响应曲线的拟合效果优劣次序为直角双曲线修正模型指数改进模型指数模型非直角双曲线模型直角双曲线模型;直角双曲线修正模型对光饱和点(LSP)和最大净光合速率(Pmax)的拟合效果最好,非直角双曲线模型对暗呼吸速率(Rd)的拟合效果最好;5种光响应模型对不同CO_2浓度有不同的适应性,直角双曲线模型、指数模型和直角双曲线修正模型适合低CO_2浓度,非直角双曲线模型适合高CO_2浓度;随CO_2浓度的增加,光补偿点(LCP)和Rd逐渐减小而Pmax逐渐增大;CO_2浓度的增大可以提高苦槠的光合能力及其对弱光的利用能力,并抑制呼吸作用。     

光强与水分处理下景宁木兰光合光响应模型拟合比较

采用5种数学模型(直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型、二次函数模型、指数模型、直角双曲线修正模型)对不同光照与水分处理下景宁木兰(Magnolia sinostellata)幼苗光响应过程进行拟合分析,以期筛选出光照与水分胁迫下景宁木兰适宜的光响应模型。结果表明:(1)5种拟合模型对景宁木兰光响应过程拟合精度为:指数模型直角双曲线修正模型直角双曲线模型非直角双曲线模型二次函数模型。(2)光合参数的拟合效果表现为:指数模型对景宁木兰最大净光合速率(Pnmax)、光饱和点(LSP)进行求解较准确,直角双曲线修正模型对光补偿点(LCP)求解最佳,而暗呼吸速率(Rd)的结果采用非直角双曲线模型较为合理。(3)景宁木兰幼苗能适应一定的弱光及流动水环境,而深度遮阴及积水环境抑制景宁木兰幼苗的光合速率。     

逐步失水过程中绿竹光响应进程及其拟合

利用便携式光合测定系统Li-6400,在人为浇水至土壤水分饱和后的自然耗水过程中,分析2年生绿竹盆栽苗叶片在连续多级土壤水分下的光合作用光响应过程.结果表明: 在土壤相对含水量53.5%～95.6%条件下,绿竹光合作用光响应过程不会受到明显的强光抑制,且在相对水分亏缺条件下(53.5%～69.6%)达到更高的光合作用水平,而在严重水分亏缺后(土壤相对含水量≤33.6%)产生明显光抑制.在对绿竹叶片逐步失水过程的光响应拟合中,直角双曲线模型对净光合速率(P_{n max})的拟合值远高于实测值;直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型和指数模型3种模型拟合的光饱和点(LSP)远低于实测值.在严重水分亏缺阶段,3种模型对光响应曲线拟合存在较大误差.气孔限制值(L_s)及瞬时水分利用效率(WUE_inst)具有相似的阈值响应过程,表现为随着土壤相对含水量减少而先增大后减小,且最大值出现在53.5%～69.6%条件下,这一结果与光合作用光响应过程取得P_{n max}的土壤相对含水量范围相同,具有一定的表征意义.绿竹旱涝管理最佳的土壤相对含水量为53.5%～69.6%,较高土壤含水量下(69.6%～95.6%)绿竹也有良好的光合表现.直角双曲线修正模型对绿竹在相对含水量为23.1%～95.6%条件下的光合作用光响应过程拟合较好,而其余3种模型均有局限性.     

干旱胁迫下胡杨光合光响应过程模拟与模型比较

以塔里木干旱荒漠区2年生胡杨幼苗为试材,盆栽模拟荒漠生境5种水分梯度,利用Li-6400便携式光合作用系统测定胡杨在干旱胁迫下光合作用的光响应过程,并采用4种光响应模型对其进行拟合与比较,以期优选出适用于干旱荒漠环境的光响应模型,阐明胡杨光合作用对干旱胁迫的响应规律与适应机制。结果表明:胡杨净光合速率(P_n)随干旱胁迫加剧呈下降趋势,同一光强(PAR)下P_n降幅增大。中度干旱胁迫以下(土壤相对含水量,RSWC45%)胡杨在高PAR下仍能维持相对较高P_n,光抑制程度轻;直角双曲线、非直角双曲线和指数模型均可较好地模拟P_n-PAR响应过程,但最大净光合速率(P_(nmax))、光饱和点(LSP)拟合值与实测值差异极显著(P0.01)。中度干旱胁迫以上(RSWC45%)胡杨P_n随PAR升高而显著下降,LSP与P_(nmax)极显著降低,光抑制现象明显;仅直角双曲线修正模型拟合的胡杨光响应过程、光响应参数与实际情况较吻合。4种模型模拟效果顺序:直角双曲线修正模型指数模型非直角双曲线模型直角双曲线模型。4种光响应模型对干旱胁迫具有不同的适应性,直角双曲线修正模型适用于各种水分条件,尤其适用于干旱荒漠生境,其它3种模型适用于水分条件较好的生境。光响应特征参数对干旱胁迫的响应阈值不同。随干旱胁迫加剧,胡杨表观量子效率(AQY)、P_n、LSP与P_(nmax)持续降低,严重干旱胁迫下暗呼吸速率(R_d)、LCP反而明显增大。RSWC45%胡杨仍能保持较高的AQY、P_(nmax)、LSP,RSWC45%其P_(nmax)、LSP显著降低,干旱胁迫显著抑制了胡杨光合进程和光强耐受范围,降低了光合效率,严重干旱胁迫严重影响胡杨苗木的正常生长和光合作用。干旱荒漠环境下,胡杨采取缩窄光照生态幅、降低光能利用率和减少呼吸消耗来积极抵御荒漠干旱逆境伤害的生态对策。因此,从极端干旱荒漠区种群保护与植被恢复角度来看,胡杨林土壤水分应维持在RSWC 50%左右,符合干旱缺水地区植物生长和高效用水的管理原则。     

贝壳砂生境干旱胁迫下杠柳叶片光合光响应模型比较

以黄河三角洲贝壳堤岛3年生杠柳(Periploca sepium)苗木为试验材料, 模拟设置贝壳砂生境下的4种水分梯度, 利用CIRAS-2型光合作用系统测定杠柳叶片在不同干旱胁迫下的光合作用光响应过程, 采用4种光响应模型进行拟合分析, 以比较贝壳砂生境干旱胁迫下适宜的光响应模型, 探讨最佳光响应模型参数对干旱胁迫的适应规律。结果表明: 4种模型对杠柳叶片光合作用光响应过程拟合效果的优劣顺序为: 直角双曲线修正模型>非直角双曲线模型>指数模型>直角双曲线模型, 后3种模型均为没有极值的函数, 故不能很好地拟合光响应曲线光抑制过程, 并不能直接求解最大净光合速率(P_nmax)和光饱和点(LSP)。光响应参数拟合效果最佳表现为: 非直角双曲线模型的暗呼吸速率(R_d), 直角双曲线模型的光补偿点(LCP), 直角双曲线修正模型的P_nmax和LSP。4种光响应模型对干旱胁迫具有不同的适应性, 直角双曲线修正模型适应各种水分条件, 直角双曲线模型和指数模型较适合轻度干旱胁迫条件, 非直角双曲线模型较适合重度干旱胁迫条件。随干旱胁迫的加剧, 光响应参数表观量子效率(AQY)、R_d和LCP先升高后下降, 净光合速率(P_n)、P_nmax和LSP逐渐下降。轻度、中度和重度干旱胁迫下, LSP分别比对照下降5.2%、16.3%和34.5%, P_nmax分别比对照下降17.8%、39.0%和59.0%。水分充足条件下, 杠柳叶片光能利用最强, 光照生态幅最宽; 重度干旱胁迫下, 杠柳叶片表现出明显的光饱和、光抑制现象, 光能利用减弱, 光合能力受到较大限制。     

岩溶植物光合-光响应曲线的两种拟合模型比较

用直角双曲线和非直角双曲线两种模型,对桂林岩溶区石山植物红背山麻杆（Alchornea trewioides）、九龙藤（Bauhinia championii）、青檀（Pteroceltis tatarinowii）和圆叶乌桕（Sapium rotundifolium）光合作用的光响应曲线进行拟合。结果表明,直角双曲线拟合的表观量子效率（α）、最大净光合速率（Pmax）、暗呼吸速率（Rd）、光补偿点（Lcp）和光饱和点（Lφ）数值均高于相应的非直角双曲线拟合结果;直角双曲线模型拟合的参数值大小和曲线变化趋势不符合实际情况;非直角双曲线模型拟合结果更符合生理意义。红背山麻杆和九龙藤具有较高的表观量子效率和较低的光补偿点,对光能的利用效率和耐荫性均强于圆叶乌桕和青檀。     

山杏叶片光合生理参数对土壤水分和光照强度的阈值效应

以半干旱黄土丘陵区主要灌木树种山杏(Prunus sibirica)为试验材料, 应用CIRAS-2型光合作用仪测定不同土壤质量含水量(W_m)下山杏叶片净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)及水分利用效率(WUE)的光响应过程, 探讨山杏光合特性对土壤水分和光照条件的适应性。结果表明: P_n、T_r及WUE对W_m和光照强度的变化有明显的阈值响应。随着W_m (6.5%-18.6%)的递增, 光补偿点降低, 光饱和点、表观量子效率和最大净光合速率均升高; 在W_m为18.6%时, 山杏利用弱光和强光的能力最强, 光照生态幅最宽。随着W_m (9.2%-18.6%)的递增, P_n、T_r有明显升高的趋势, 水分过高或过低, 两者均呈现下降趋势; 山杏对光照环境的适应性较强, 在光合有效辐射为800-1 200 µmol∙m^-2∙s^-1时, P_n和WUE都具有较高水平, 饱和光强在983-1 365 µmol∙m ^-2∙s^-1之间。以光合生理参数为指标对山杏土壤水分有效性及生产力进行分级与评价, 确定W_m < 9.2%或W_m > 22.3%时为“低产中效水”; W_m在20.5%-22.3%和9.2%-12.9%时, 分别为“中产低效水”和“中产中效水”; W_m在12.9%-20.5%时为“高产高效水”。其中W_m为18.6%时为“最佳产效水”, 对应光强为1 365 µmol∙m^-2∙s^-1。     

水分胁迫下天然次生灌木山桃和山杏光合气体交换特征

以半干旱黄土丘陵区3年生天然次生灌木山桃(Prunus davidiana)和山杏(Prunus sibirica)为试验材料,采用充分供水、正常供水、轻度胁迫、中度胁迫和重度胁迫5种水分处理,比较了水分胁迫对山桃和山杏光合气体交换参数的影响.结果表明:山桃和山杏的净光合速率(Pn)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和水分利用效率(WUE)在不同水分处理之间差异显著.随着水分胁迫的缓解,山桃和山杏的Pn日变化曲线逐渐从单峰型转变成不明显的双峰型;重度水分胁迫下,Pn受到明显抑制,一直维持在较低水平;Pn在轻度或中度水分胁迫下出现最大值,且山桃的日均Pn要高于山杏;Pn降低的原因上午表现为气孔限制因素,而下午则以非气孔限制因素为主.山桃和山杏的Ci日变化规律与Pn基本相反,它们的Tr日变化在轻度和中度水分胁迫下为双峰曲线,并以正常供水条件下日均Tr最大;不同程度水分胁迫下,山桃、山杏的Gs日变化表现出相似的变化规律,且气孔都出现了过早关闭的现象.适度的水分胁迫能够提高山桃、山杏的水分利用效率,同时也降低了Pn和Tr.研究发现,山桃和山杏在水分胁迫下能通过较大幅度降低蒸腾速率来提高其水分利用效率,从而增强其适应干旱环境的能力,它们在黄土丘陵区具有较广阔的发展潜力.     

Effects of iron chlorosis and iron resupply on leaf xylem architecture, water relations, gas exchange and stomatal performance of field-grown peach (Prunus persica)

There is increasing evidence suggesting that iron (Fe) deficiency induces not only leaf chlorosis and a decline of photosynthesis, but also structural changes in leaf morphology, which might affect the functionality of leaves. In this study, we investigated the effects of Fe deficiency on the water relations of peach ( Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.) leaves and the responses of previously chlorotic leaves to Fe resupply via the root or the leaf. Iron deficiency induced a decline of maximum potential photosystem II (PSII) efficiency (F _V/F _M), of rates of net photosynthesis and transpiration and of water use efficiency. Iron chlorosis was associated with a reduction of leaf xylem vessel size and of leaf hydraulic conductance. In the course of the day, water potentials in chlorotic leaves remained higher (less negative) than in green leaves. In chlorotic leaves, normal stomatal functioning was disturbed, as evidenced by the lack of opening upon withdrawal of external CO₂ and stomatal closure after sudden illumination of previously darkened leaves. We conclude that the Fe deficiency induced limitations of xylem conductivity elicited a water saving strategy, which poses an additional challenge to plant growth on high pH, calcareous soils. Fertilisation with Fe improved photosynthetic performance but the proper xylem structure and water relations of leaves were not fully restored, indicating that Fe must be available at the first stages of leaf growth and development.     

Screening of optimal reference genes for qRT-PCR and preliminary exploration of cold resistance mechanisms in Prunus mume and Prunus sibirica varieties

Molecular Biology Reports - Prunus sibirica and Prunus mume are closely related plant species that differ in cold tolerance. Hybrids of P. sibirica and true mume, belonging to the apricot mei...     

Re-evaluation of proposed C4 photosynthetic characteristics in the genus Larix

It has been suggested previously that Japanese larch ( Larix kaempferi ) exhibits characteristics of C₄ photosynthesis. To further evaluate this suggestion, stable carbon isotope ratios were determined for leaf and bark tissue of Larix gmelini, L. kaempferi, L. laricina, L. Iyallii, L. occidentalis , and L. sibirica. All δ¹³C values were more negative than –22‰. Short-term labeling with ¹⁴CO₂ showed that phosphoglyceric acid and other phosphorylated compounds were the first products of photosynthesis in L. sibirica. Both of these results strongly suggest that the initial fixation of atmospheric CO₂ in these six Larix species is accomplished solely via the C₃ photosynthetic pathway.     

Seasonal changes in stomatal responses of sweet cherry and plum to water status in detached leaves

Seasonal changes in the relationship between stomatal responses and water potential components in detached leaves of sweet cherry ( Prunus avium L. cv. Bigarreau Morreau) and plum ( Prunus domestica L. cv. Queen Victoria) were examined by the simultaneous measurement of stomatal conductance and water relation parameters derived from pressure-volume curves. The water potential threshold for stomatal closure in sweet cherry leaves throughout the season and in plum leaves until mid-July varied nearly in parallel with changes in the osmotic potential at the turgor loss point. From August onward, closing reactions of plum stomata had no relationship to the turgor loss point. Stomata of sweet cherry leaves opened more widely and showed slower reactions to dehydration early in the season than later. Seasonal changes of stomatal conductance and stomatal responses to dehydration in both species seem thus to be influenced by fruit development and ripening.     

科尔沁沙地几种乔灌木树种耐受极端土壤水分条件与生存能力野外实地测定

用有限面积法野外实地测定了科尔沁沙地几种常见乔灌木树种所能耐受的极端临界土壤含水量和极端干旱条件下的生存能力。有限面积法通过限制植物根系水平分布的范围,降低了根系分布区土壤含水量的空间异质性,提高了土壤含水量测定结果的准确性。通过减少植物的吸水范围,加重了植物的受旱程度,有利于对植物耐受极端干旱能力的检验。测定是在植物野外实际生存状态下进行,测定结果更加符合实际情况。野外实地测定结果表明：按从低到高的顺序,山杏、小叶锦鸡儿、差巴嘎蒿、黄柳、榆树、杨树的最低临界土壤含水量分别是0．82％、0．87％、1．61％、1．89％、2．04％和2．27％,形成了一个梯度顺序,反映了几个树种耐旱性的差异和适宜生境条件的不同。植物在极端干旱条件下的生存能力表现为叶片枯黄、萎蔫、脱落和枝条从上到下逐渐干枯,但枝条基部和根系仍然存活,并保持较长时间的存活能力,在遇到适宜的降水后能继续萌发、生长。这一特性具有蓄种、保种作用,对维持荒漠植物种群稳定与种源续存具有重要意义。测定结果对评价物种的抗旱能力和维持人工林群落稳定具有参考价值。     

Improved growth and water use efficiency of cherry saplings under reduced light intensity

Cherry (Prunus avium L.) saplings were grown under natural sunlight (controls) or moderate shading (up to 30%, depending on the incident light intensity and the hour of the day). Reduced light intensity increased the dry mass of each of the plant components studied. Consequently, the total dry mass of shaded plants was significantly greater than that of controls at the end of the growing season. However, the diurnal trend in the level of photosynthesis (per unit of leaf area) of shaded plants was similar to the controls in August, but lower in September. As the growing season proceeded, reduced photosynthetic rates, thinner mesophyll and larger specific leaf area in the shaded plants indicated that leaf development had adapted to shaded conditions throughout the growing season. It is suggested that increased growth of shaded plants was caused by a higher initial relative growth rate and a greater whole-plant photosynthesis. Shading consistently reduced transpiration over the season, therefore improving water use efficiency of shaded leaves. Our results suggest that a moderate reduction in light intensity can be a useful method for improving growth and saving water in hot and dry environments.     

Growth and carbon partitioning in compatible and incompatible peach/plum grafts

The shoot growth of compatible ( Prunus persica L. Batsch cv. Springtime grafted on Prunus cerasifera L. Ehrh cv. Myrobolan P2032) and incompatible ( Prunus persica L. Batsch cv. Springtime grafted on Prunus cerasifera L. Ehrh cv. Myrobolan P18) peach/plum grafts was observed over a period of 100 days after grafting under controlled conditions. Leaf and root activities were determined by studying carbon assimilation and partitioning, leaf mineral contents and water relations. Shoot length and leaf number were not significantly affected in the incompatible combination during the first 55 days after grafting, but then, shoot growth rate was significantly reduced. Final total dry weights of the shoot were similar in both graft combinations. The incompatible combination did not show any water stress. Soluble sugar and starch contents increased in the leaves of the incompatible combination, accounting for about 36% of the increase of leaf dry weight per unit area. Photosynthesis was affected by the compatibility of the grafts. Leaf nitrogen content (% dry weight) fell in the incompatible graft combination 65 days after grafting. However, nitrogen content on an area basis was not affected. The possibility of nitrogen stress is discussed.