用改进的往复式凝胶电泳法检测类病毒

描述了改进的快速灵敏诊断类病毒的方法,通过对马铃薯纺锤块类病毒(PSTV)、菊花矮化类病毒(CSV)和苹果锈果类病毒(ASSV)的检测表明,该方法快速灵敏、经济、可靠。     

柑桔树中的一种小分子RNA

从柑桔裂皮病疫区采集的柑桔植株叶片中提取核酸,经双方向聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析,发现两种小分子环状RNA,采用分子杂交鉴定,此两种小分子RNA均与大多数类病毒中心保守区段有明显的序列同源性,其中一种分子量较柑桔裂皮病类病毒(CEV)小,与马铃薯纺锤体块茎类病毒(PSTV)大小相近。将含CEV和小分子RNA的柑桔叶汁接种于爪哇三七,经一定时间后,从爪哇三七中提取核酸,通过电泳和分子杂交方法分析,获得与柑桔植株相同的结果。对此种小分子RNA的性质本文进行了初步分析。     

苹果锈果类病毒的温度梯度凝胶电泳

用温度梯度凝胶电泳技术研究了苹果锈果类病毒(ASSV)的变性行为,并与菊花矮化类病毒(CSV)的变性行为进行了比较。提纯的ASSV的温度梯度电泳示出了类病毒特有的从类似于棒状的分子到打开的环状分子的构象转变曲线,与CSV及报道的马铃薯纺锤块状类病毒(PSTV)相似。但ASSV的构象转变中点温度及转变的协同性均低于CSV。在8.9mol／LTBE缓冲液中,ASSV构象转变的中点温度和半辐值分别为41．5℃和2.4℃,而CSV的分别为46.0℃和1．0℃。在ASSV的温度梯度凝胶电泳图中,除了有代表单分子构象转变的曲线外,还观察到另一构象转变曲线,作者认为这代表了在提纯过程中由分子间碱基配对形成的双分子复合体的变性曲线。     

接种外表健康的梨树芽片诱发苹果锈果病类病毒

曾报道苹果锈果病的病原为类病毒,称为苹果锈果类病毒(Apple Scar SkinViroid,ASSV)。在分类上与已知的几组类病毒均不同,其侵染性也已得到证实。50年代已观察到由梨树园改栽的苹果园,或梨树与苹果混栽的果园中,苹果锈果病发病率较高,但梨树却未见任何症状。其后,曾用十几个品种的梨(包括产于未栽过苹果的梨产     

我国菊花褪绿斑驳类病毒鉴定

从我国广州地区发现的带有褪绿斑驳症状的“广白”菊花病株中分离到一种小分子核酸,经鉴定其性质与国外报道的菊花褪绿斑驳类病毒(Chrysanthemum Cholrotic Mottle Viroid,ChCMV)的性质完全一致。病株用酚提取后的粗核酸和制备的纯核酸经正反双向或垂直双向聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析表明为具有单链环状的RNA分子,其分子量与菊花矮化类病毒(Chrysanthemum Stunt Viroid, CSV)的相似。根据病株症状、寄主范围以及分段自我杂交等试验分析,证明这种小分子核酸是类病毒——chcMV,而不是CSV。在检测过程中,我们改进了提取和鉴定类病毒的方法,并建立了可以区分不同种类病毒的分段自我杂交技术。     

亚病毒——病毒学的一个新分支

1971年美国的Diener发现马铃薯纺锤形块茎病是由分子量仅为1.2×10~5的、具有很高碱基配对的单链环状RNA引起的,称谓“类病毒” (Viroid)。这一发现揭示了自然界存在着比病毒更简单的病原物。后来在许多经济植物上不断报道新的类病毒,在澳大利亚又发现,类似类病毒的环状RNA还能与类似病毒的线状大RNA共同包被于线状RNA编码的外     

美人蕉矮化病植株中发现的一种类似类病毒的RNA

北京栽培的多年生植物美人蕉(Canna Indica)发生一种矮化病(CaSD),病叶组织中未发现病毒颗粒,但发现一种分子量约为1.9×10~5的核酸。这种核酸对核糖核酸酶敏感,抗脱氧核糖核酸酶,称谓CaSD-RNA。在CF-11纤维素柱上层析,90％以上CaSD-RNA可在含15％乙醇缓冲液中洗脱下来。分子展层后用暗场电镜观察,在不变性条件下为类似棒状的结构。在变性条件下为环状分子结构。用双向聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术证实,CaSD-RNA为环状分子。其侵染性尚待证实。     

与牛蒡矮化病相关的类病毒RNA I．类病毒RNA的提取和某些性质的测定

北京栽培的两年生或多年生植物绒毛牛蒡(Arctium tomentosum)和牛蒡(Arctium lappa)发生矮化病。在病叶组织及其提取物中未发现病毒颗料。从病叶组织中提取到两种低分子量核酸,核酸酶酶解试验表明它们是具有广泛破基配对的RNA。其中BSD-RNA-1的分子量为1．80—1．85 x 105,BSD-RNA-2为1．68x 105。经甲酰胺变性和单分子展层后,BSD-RNA-1和BSD-RNA-2都观察到了环状分子结构。上述性质都与已知的类病毒相似。两种类病毒的侵染性尚待进一步研究。     

最小的生命体——类病毒

类病毒是已知生物中最小的一类非细胞结构的病原微生物,具体地说是分子量较低的RNA或DNA分子所构成的生命体。类病毒不象病毒那样有衣壳包着,是最小的、裸露的、结构独特的核酸生物,主要存在于某些高等植物中,并使之罹病。类病毒由美国农业部植物病毒实验室类病毒研究组T.O.Diener博士在十年前首先发现。尽管类病毒非常小而简单,但是能在敏感宿主中进行自我复制,存在着基本的生物学的和遗传学的体系。由于类病毒在某些宿主中容易造成明显的病征而被发现,当然也有些种类的类病毒在复制时,常常不对宿主产生明显的破坏。在试图提纯和定性马铃薯纺锤体块茎病的病原体时,就首先发现了类病毒,但是多年来一直把这种病原体当作是病毒。Diener和Raymer(1967)曾报告这种疾病的传递因子是一种游离的RNA,因为在感病组织中没有发现病毒的核蛋白颗粒。直到1971年,Diener用沉淀和凝胶     

应用聚合酶链式反应扩增和光敏生物素标记的cDNA探针检测马铃薯纺锤块茎类病毒

以含马铃薯纺锤块茎类病毒(potato spindle tuber viroid,PSTV)RNA的总核酸为模板,加入人工合成的互补DNA引物,用反转录酶合成PSTV cDNA;在聚合酶链式反应系统中,用两个PSTV特异性引物进行cDNA扩增,用以制备光敏生物素标记的PSTV cDNA探针。用此探针进行斑点杂交检测含PSTV的马铃薯核酸提取液和汁液均出现阳性杂交信号,而健康马铃薯的核酸提取液和汁液的结果均为阴性。光敏生物素标记探针检测纯化PSTV的灵敏度可达5pg;检测感染PSTV的马铃薯块茎汁液的可测出最高稀释度为1:400。     

毛细管电泳在基因研究中的应用

讨论用于基因研究的各种方法,并指出毛细管电泳技术的优点。评述毛细管电泳(CE)用于基因分析的原理,详细介绍毛细管电泳在基因研究中的应用新进展。展望CE及其在基因研究的应用前景。     

Isoelectric focusing with reduced cathodic drift and migration into the anode chamber

An apparatus has been developed to reduce cathodic drift and migration into the anode chamber in vertical gel rod isoelectric focusing (IEF). In contrast to commercially available apparatuses, this apparatus can easily handle many more gels at one time, and the length, diameter and shape of its gel can be arbitrarily changed. In addition, high concentrations of detergent can be used to dissolve the protein samples, and removal of the gel cylinders from the glass tubes is easy.     

A versatile gel casting cum electrophoresis apparatus

A simple apparatus for vertical.,in situ, polyacrylamide or agarose gel casting as well as for the subsequent electrophoresis is described. The apparatus is completely leakproof and does not require any special device like clamps, O-rings, gaskets, grease etc. for sealing. Slab gels of various thickness (0.04 to 1.0 cm) can be made and the apparatus can be used for analytical or preparative purposes. Gel rods can also be cast and run in the device. Forward as well as reverse polarity electrophoresis of a sample can be run simultaneously in the apparatus. NCL Communication No.: 3077.     

一种改进的蛋白质超薄凝胶电泳方法

介绍了一种将聚丙烯酰胺凝胶固定在电泳夹板上的蛋白质电泳方法.通过此方法蛋白质电泳可以在0.4 mm厚的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶上进行.实验证明,经此方法处理的玻板结合凝胶非常牢固,在电泳后的所有处理步骤中都不会发生凝胶脱落现象.     

Gradient flattening of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and isoelectric focusing (IEF) gels

In addition to our previously reported versatile methods for sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [1] and isoelectric focusing [IEF]-gel [2], I have achieved molecular weight gradient flattening of the SDS-polyacrylamide gel and pH gradient flattening of the IEF gel at any segment using the same electrophoresis system. Any crowded gel segment where congregated components are not separated well can easily be widened for good separation and any dispersed gel segment where components are too far can easily be narrowed. Therefore, every gel segment can be used effectively and meaningfully because the gradient curve can be ajusted to any distribution of the components. In the crowded area, any small spots of components which could not be detected previously because of nearby heavy staining or strong radioactivity of an abundant component can be sufficiently separated from the nearby spots in a small gel without sacrificing other areas.     

Further studies on bovine serum amylase. 2. Affinity electrophoresis

The polymorphism of bovine serum amylase, which is controlled by the Ami locus, has previously only been demonstrated by starch gel electrophoresis. The addition of maltose to starch gels has been demonstrated to inhibit any subsequent separation of the Ami isozymes by starch gel electrophoresis. When electrophoresis was conducted in a support medium in the absence of starch no polymorphic variation was detected amongst samples from animals of different Ami phenotypes. The addition of starch to agarose gels has been shown to facilitate the subsequent detection of the Ami polymorphism by agarose/starch gel electrophoresis. The electrophoretic resolution of the Ami isozymes has been demonstrated to depend upon differences in affinity for starch rather than differences in net charge. The starch gel electrophoretic separation of the Ami isozymes is. therefore, another example of affinity electrophoresis. All the Ami amylases have been shown to share a common isoelectric point of pH 3.5.     

Use of nanomaterials in capillary and microchip electrophoresis

This review gives an overview of different separation strategies with nanomaterials and their use in capillary electrophoresis (CE) and capillary electrochromatography, as well as in microchip electrophoresis, including metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, fullerene and polymer nanoparticles, as well as silica nanoparticles. The paper highlights the new developments and innovative applications of nanoparticles as pseudostationary phases or immobilized on the capillary surface for CE separation. The separation and characterization of target nanoparticles with different sizes by CE are reviewed likewise.     

A study of cell electrophoresis as a means of purifying growth hormone secreting cells

Growth hormone secreting cells of the rat anterior pituitary are heavily laden with granules of growth hormone and can be partially purified on the basis of their resulting high density. Two methods of preparative cell electrophoresis were investigated as methods of enhancing the purification of growth hormone producing cells: density gradient electrophoresis and continuous flows electrophoresis. Both methods provided a two- to four-fold enrichment in growth hormone production per cell relative to that achieved by previous methods. Measurements of electrophoretic mobilities by two analytical methods, microscopic electrophoresis and laser-tracking electrophoresis, revealed very little distinction between unpurified anterior pituitary cell suspensions and somatotroph-enriched cell suspensions. Predictions calculated on the basis of analytical electrophoretic data are consistent with the hypothesis that sedimentation plays a significant role in both types of preparative electrophoresis and the electrophoretic mobility of the growth hormone secreting subpopulation of cells remains unknown.     

Apparatus and method for preparative gel electrophoresis

A new apparatus for preparative gel electrophoresis with continuous elution which includes a miniaturized electrode and elution chamber system is described. The design provides high resolution, high yield, applicability for small and large amounts of peptide material, and easy operation. Furthermore, the apparatus enables a very accurate gel column or gel gradient to be formed. A method for preparative gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate which allows the purification of peptides and proteins without concurrently modifying tryptophane residues or blocking N-terminal α-amino groups is also described.