基于ITS序列探讨忍冬属的系统发育关系

以七子花(Heptacodium miconioides)为外类群,运用MEGA软件对20种忍冬属植物进行系统发育分析,采用邻接法(NJ)和最大简约法(MP)构建系统发育树,从分子系统学角度探讨忍冬属下的亲缘关系.结果表明:(1)在NJ和MP系统树中,没有形成系统树的基部分支,忍冬亚属(Subg.Chamaecerasus)和轮花亚属(Subg.Lonicera)没有形成姐妹群关系.(2)在各系统树中,囊管组内的各种没有聚为一支,故认为对囊管组的划分应进一步探讨.(3)忍冬属ITS区(ITS1+ITS2)的信息位点达到11.0%,信息位点比较丰富,证明ITS序列可以为解决忍冬属植物的系统发育问题提供较强的证据.     

中国苔草属二柱苔草亚属的系统总览及植物地理学的研究

本文对我国苔草属二柱苔草亚属Subgen．Vignea作了系统排列,并提出以下几点的看法： 1．二柱苔草亚属是苔草属中比较自然的一个类群,我国有48种、7亚种和1变种,隶属于16个组。根据Takhtajan的世界植物区划,将它们分成4种成分,即：(1)环北方植物地区成分,占总数的20．4％;(2)东亚植物地区成分,占总数的55.5％。实际上,只有4个分类群出现于中国-喜马拉雅森林植物亚区,而其余的都均分布于中国-日本森林植物亚区,并且在这一亚区内有8个特有成分,占特有成分总数的61.5％;显然,中国二柱苔草亚属在中国-日本森林植物亚区内的分化较其他地区更为强烈;(3)伊朗—吐兰植物地区成分,占总数的16.7％;(4)印度支那植物地区成分和印度植物地区成分,占总数的7.4％。 2．高节苔草C．thomsonii和云雾苔草C．nubigena类群是Subgen．Vignea中较为原始的种类,它们为印度支那植物地区和印度植物地区成分。这样非但Subgen．Indocarex原始类群分布于东南亚和马来西亚,而Subgea．Vignea的原始类群也分布于东南亚,这也是对Nelmes提出Carex起源于印度-马来西亚地区的一个佐证。     

毛药忍冬花蕾抗氧化活性部位化学成分研究

毛药忍冬(Lonicera serreana)为忍冬属(Lonicera)植物,其花和果实入药,具有清热解毒、凉散风热之功效,但至今缺乏系统化学成分及药理活性研究。为了寻找毛药忍冬中天然抗氧化活性成分,进一步开发利用忍冬属药用植物资源,该研究以DPPH自由基清除法为活性指导,首次对毛药忍冬干燥花蕾75%乙醇提取物的不同极性萃取部位进行抗氧化活性测试,结果发现乙酸乙酯萃取物表现出最强的抗氧化活性(平均清除率为89.45%)。进一步应用现代色谱手段(硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱等),从毛药忍冬花蕾的乙酸乙酯萃取物中分离单体化合物,运用现代光谱分析技术(MS、1 H-NMR、13 C-NMR、COSY、HSQC、HMBC、ROESY),并结合文献数据鉴定化合物的化学结构。结果表明:从毛药忍冬干燥花蕾75%乙醇提取物中共分离得到9个化合物,分别鉴定为4个酚酸类化合物:绿原酸(1)、绿原酸甲酯(2)、绿原酸乙酯(3)、咖啡酸(4);4个黄酮类化合物:木犀草素(5)、木犀草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(6)、槲皮素(7)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(8);1个甾醇类化合物:β-谷甾醇(9)。所有化合物均为从毛药忍冬花蕾中首次分离得到。研究结果可为抗氧化类相关产品的开发提供科学依据。     

忍冬属植物开花过程中绿原酸类化合物含量的变化

忍冬是中国传统中药材金银花的药源植物。采用高效液相色谱—光电二极管阵列检测器联用技术(HPLC-PAD)和高效液相色谱—电喷雾离子化—多级质谱联用技术(HPLC-ESI-MSn)对忍冬和4种同属植物在开花不同阶段中绿原酸类化合物进行了定性和定量分析,以明确忍冬属植物花的利用价值及其最佳采收期。结果发现:4种忍冬属植物花蕾及开放花朵中均含有新绿原酸、绿原酸、绿原酸甲酯、异绿原酸A和一种异绿原酸的异构体;绿原酸和总绿原酸在花蕾中的含量高于开放花朵,但贯月忍冬变化不显著;火焰忍冬、贯月忍冬、台尔曼忍冬中绿原酸和总绿原酸的含量在花蕾膨大期(大白期)和初花期(银花期)都高于忍冬,而格雷姆忍冬和忍冬差异不显著,研究表明,4种忍冬属植物花及花蕾都具有较高的开发利用价值。     

武功山地区种子植物区系研究

通过多次野外调查及资料整理,对武功山地区种子植物科、属、种的组成及区系特征进行了调查分析,为该区植物资源的保护以及植物分区提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)武功山地区共有种子植物166科、814属、2 079种,分别占江西省种子植物科、属、种总数的72.81%、61.11%、50.46%,其中裸子植物有7科、15属、19种,分别占江西裸子植物总数的77.78%、65.21%、54.28%。(2)武功山地区科包含12个分布区类型,热带成分占优势(70科,占57.96%),温带成分丰富(46科,38.65%);属包含14个分布区类型,热带成分略占优势(368属,49.40%),温带成分增加(354属,47.53%);种包含14个分布类型,热带分布性626种(31.04%),温带分布性663种(32.87%),温带成分略占优势;武功山地区植物成分具有热带向温带过渡的特点,并且热带和温带成分相互交融、渗透。(3)武功山地区种子植物具有单种和少种的科属较多,具有起源古老的特点,其中单种属有414属,占总属数的50.86%。中国特有成分有4科、23属、728种。(4)与相邻的15个代表性区系比较表明,武功山地区种类较为丰富,聚类分析表明该区系与黄山、庐山、武夷山、井冈山等地区的关系很密切,与秦岭、西双版纳和高黎贡山的区系关系最疏远。     

陕西省被子植物分布新资料

报道了陕西省种子植物分布的1新记录属、7新记录种.新记录属为亚麻荠属(十字花科),7个新记录种分别为梵净山菝葜(百合科)、鄂西小檗(小檗科)、堇叶碎米荠、亚麻荠(十字花科)、矮生栒子(蔷薇科)、长梗玄参(玄参科)及云雾忍冬(忍冬科).     

甘肃省忍冬属植物系统分类

根据文献资料,经过大量标本鉴定整理,确认甘肃省共有忍冬属植物34种、4亚种、6变种,其中包括1个新异名、2个新等级和1个新记录变种。     

中国灯心草属植物的研究

本文通过对国产灯心草属植物的研究,提出了一个中国灯心草属分类系统排列,首次确认我国产6亚属,14组(包括10个新组),4个系(包括3个新系),77种(包括14个新种),l亚种(新亚种)和10变种(包括4个新变种),对其中一些种类作了归并及处理。     

广州地区湿地维管植物资源调查与分析

共调查记录了广州地区湿地维管植物42科,93属,112种,大部分为被子植物,其中含有较多属和种的科是禾本科(Gramineae)和菊科(Compositae),含有较多种的属是蓼属(Polygonum)和莎草属(Cyperus).出现频率较高的物种主要有空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.)Griseb.)、少花龙葵(Solanum americanum Miller)和鸭跖草(Commelina communis Linn.),这三个种在70%以上的调查点中有分布.水生植物有15种,占总数的13.39%,大多数为单子叶植物;湿生植物有27种,占总数的24.11%;喜湿植物有70种,占总数的62.50%.调查到的植物有不少已广泛应用于湿地园林景观和人工湿地,也有一些具有一定的应用潜力.     

惠州西湖风景名胜区维管植物资源与多样性研究

为了明确惠州西湖风景名胜区维管植物资源及多样性特征,该研究通过野外实地调查和文献查阅,统计惠州西湖风景名胜区维管植物种类构成及其科、属、种层面的具体组成,并分析其分布区类型、濒危物种、药用植物和水生植物状况。结果表明:(1)惠州西湖风景名胜区共有维管植物169科650属1 061种,其中被子植物种类最丰富,有145科613属1 002种,科、属、种数分别占总数的85.80%、94.30%、94.44%;裸子植物9科20属36种,科、属、种数分别占总数的5.33%、3.10%、3.39%;蕨类植物15科17属23种,科、属和种数分别占总数的8.88%、2.60%、2.17%。(2)惠州西湖风景名胜区植物资源的优势科明显,含10种及以上的科有29科653种,占总种数的61.55%,其中菊科最多(有63种),禾本科次之(有60种);研究区有单属、种的植物442种,表明单种或少数种的科在研究区维管植物中占大多数。(3)惠州西湖风景名胜区有种子植物154科,分属13个分布区类型,其中泛热带分布区类型有60科,所占的比例最高(55.56%),表明该区种子植物具有明显的热带特性,其种子植物区系以热带分布为主。(4)惠州西湖风景名胜区有珍稀濒危植物29种(其中国家保护植物26种),药用植物702种,水生植物150种。研究表明,惠州西湖风景名胜区维管植物资源种类丰富,多样性程度高,应特别加强植物资源的保护和利用以及生态景观的建设。     

发酵蓝靛果汁抑菌作用实验研究

目的：观察发酵蓝靛果汁对各种不同细菌的抑菌作用。方法：以药敏试验管碟法检测三种不同浓度发酵蓝靛果汁（蓝靛果原汁,75%蓝靛果汁,50%蓝靛果汁）对10种细菌的抑菌效果。结果：三种不同浓度的发酵蓝靛果汁对10种细菌均有明显的抑制作用。结论：发酵蓝靛果汁具有广谱抗菌作用。     

Eriophyoid mites from Qinghai Province, northwestern China with descriptions of nine new species (Acari, Eriophyoidea)

Eriophyoid mites from Qinghai Province, northwestern China were studied herein. Up to now, only six species have been reported from Qinghai Province. In field surveys, 17 eriophyoid mite species were collected, among which nine species were found new to science. The new species and their host plants are listed as follows: Acaphyllisa tuberculumaesp. n. on Populus sp. (Salicaceae); Proiectus xiningensissp. n. on Pinus sp. (Pinaceae); Phyllocoptes beishaniensissp. n. on Spiraea mongolica Maxim. (Rosaceae); Tetra prunianasp. n. on Prunus tomentosa Thunb. (Rosaceae) Rupr. (Berberidaceae); Tetra pyrianasp. n. on Pyrus calleryana Decne. (Rosaceae); Tetra simoniasp. n. on Populus simonii Carr. (Salicaceae); Diptacus berberinussp. n. on Berberis amurensis Rupr. (Berberidaceae); Diptacus mengdaensissp. n. on Lonicera elisae Franch. (Caprifoliaceae); Rhyncaphytoptus spinussp. n. on Lonicera rupicola Hook. f. et Thoms. (Caprifoliaceae). Aculops ulmi Hong & Xue, 2005 was re-described.     

江西忍冬属药用植物资源

报道了江西忍冬属药用植物种类、地理分布、临床疗效、化学成分等有关情况,对该属资源的开发利用提出了合理建议。     

Karyotype of blue honeysuckle species (Lonicera subset. Caeruleae,Caprifoliaceae

For the first time the karyotypes of diploid (2n = 2x = 18) and tetraploid (2n = 4x = 36) species of Lonicera from the Caeruleae subsection: L. altaica Pall., L. boczkarnikowii Plekh. (L. regeliana Boczkarn.), L. edulis Turcz. ex Freyn (2x, 4x), L. emphyllocalyx Maxim., L. iliensis Pojark., L. kamtschatica Pojark., L. pallasii Ledeb., L. stenantha Pojark., L. turczaninowii Pojark., L. villosa (2x, 4x) (Michx.) Muhl. are described. The species karyotypes from 23 natural populations have shown the considerable generic resemblance that expressed in the similar chromosome morphology and variation range of their length from 1 to 3 microns. The species with the same level of ploidy had the same karyotype formula: 2m + 6sm + 1st in diploids and 4m + 11sm + 3st in tetraploids, respectively. The amphiploid origin of the tetraploid Lonicera species has been shown. Diploid and tetraploid forms of L. edulis and L. villosa were the particular karyotypes but not the 2x and 4x races of the same species, respectively. Specific differences were revealed in the total chromosome length in the haploid set and in the number of satellites and secondary constrictions. Generic resemblance and specific peculiarities of Lonicera karyotypes indicate a common center of the blue honeysuckle origin and a common initial population of karyotypes which evolved into several phylogenetic branches of the Caeruleae subsection: the Central Asiatic--L. iliensis and L. stenantha; the Siberian--L. altaica, L. edulis, and L. pallasii; the Beringian--L. emphyllocalyx, L. kamtschatica, and L. villosa; the Manchurian--L. boczkarnikowii (L. regeliana), and L. turczaninowii.     

忍冬属植物的遗传多样性及其种间关系研究

应用RAPD标记技术对甘肃省境内的23种忍冬属(Lonicera Linn．)植物的遗传多样性及其种间关系进行了探讨。从34个随机引物中共选出9个多态性和重复性较好且谱带清晰的引物,这9个引物扩增出的DNA片段大多在300～3000bp之间,所形成的多态性位点数差距较大。POPGENE 1．31软件分析结果表明：甘肃省忍冬属植物具有较为丰富的遗传多样性,其多态性比率为71．93％,Shannon多样性指数与Nei指数分别为0．3230和0．2086。Nei‘s遗传距离和UPGMA分析结果显示,23种忍冬明显地聚为2大类,其下又有较多分支,即隶属于同一亚组或相近亚组的不同种基本归为一类,其种间关系与传统的形态学分类结果基本一致。但也有个别种的归属及种间关系稍有变化,如形态学上差异较大的毛药忍冬和毛花忍冬在本研究中聚在一起。这可能与不同的分类水平有关。     

Effect of Hydrologic Restoration and Lonicera maackii Removal on Herbaceous Understory Vegetation in a Bottomland Hardwood Forest

Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder), a large deciduous shrub from China, has invaded many forests in eastern/central United States. The species was removed by cutting and herbicide application from a recently hydrologically restored section of a bottomland hardwood forest in central Ohio, and the response of understory plants, especially herbaceous species, was measured. Plots were established in uncleared and cleared sections, and percent cover of each herbaceous understory species was estimated monthly. One season after several years of Lonicera removal efforts, no significant association was discovered between percentage of Lonicera cover and total understory species abundance. There was, however, a direct correlation between elevation and honeysuckle abundance; L. maackii abundance was negatively associated with low elevations, likely due to hydrologic factors. Plant species diversity (H) and richness (s) increased with elevation but were not significantly different on plots with honeysuckle removal (H = 0.86 ± 0.08 vs. 0.78 ± 0.09 and s = 4.4 ± 0.19 vs. 4.2 ± 0.2 species/m², respectively) despite the fact that understory light levels measured by densiometer were significantly higher (α= 0.003) in cleared versus uncleared sections. Native and invasive species were found in similar proportions in the two sections, and significant sprouting and regrowth of L. maackii were observed throughout the cleared section. Although the removal of L. maackii altered the characteristics of the plant species assemblage, the value of this management remains questionable in the years immediately following treatment.     

Phylogenetic analysis of the polymorphic 4× species complex Lonicera caerulea (Caprifoliaceae) using RAPD markers and noncoding chloroplast DNA sequences

The blue-berried honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) is one of the most representative species of the genus Lonicera L. in horticulture. This article presents the results of research on the taxonomy of blue-fruited honeysuckles, which is quite complicated due to the phenotypic plasticity, ability to hybridize and distribution across different ecological zones. We used the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and sequencing of seven chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) regions (trnH-psbA, rpS12-rpL20, trnL-trnF, trnS-trnG, trnG, rpS16 and trnS-psbZ) to assess the phylogenetic relationships among the taxa within the polymorphic 4 × species complex L. caerulea and to determine the position of Lonicera boczkarnikowae Plekh. and Lonicera venulosa Maxim. within this complex. Lonicera chrysantha Turcz. ex Ledeb., L. orientalis Lam. and L. xylosteum L. were used as the outgroup species. The RAPD and cpDNA analyses both indicated that all of the studied taxa of the blue-fruited honeysuckle form a single cluster consisting of two subclusters. A second cluster includes the outgroup species. According to the cpDNA analysis, L. boczkarnikowae and L. venulosa belong to the subcluster that includes the taxa of the polymorphic tetraploid complex L. caerulea. A separate subcluster within the cluster of blue-fruited honeysuckles contains L. altaica and L. edulis.     

A novel preference for an invasive plant as a mechanism for animal hybrid speciation

Homoploid hybrid speciation--speciation via hybridization without a change in chromosome number--is rarely documented and poorly understood in animals. In particular, the mechanisms by which animal homoploid hybrid species become ecologically and reproductively isolated from their parents are hypothetical and remain largely untested by experiments. For the many host-specific parasites that mate on their host, choosing the right host is the most important ecological and reproductive barrier between these species. One example of a host-specific parasite is the Lonicera fly, a population of tephritid fruit flies that evolved within the last 250 years likely by hybridization between two native Rhagoletis species following a host shift to invasive honeysuckle. We studied the host preference of the Lonicera fly and its putative parent species in laboratory experiments. The Lonicera fly prefers its new host, introduced honeysuckle, over the hosts of both parental species, demonstrating the rapid acquisition of preference for a new host as a means of behavioral isolation from the parent species. The parent taxa discriminate against each other's native hosts, but both accept honeysuckle fruit, leaving the potential for asymmetric gene flow from the parent species. Importantly, this pattern allows us to formulate hypotheses about the initial formation of the Lonicera fly. As mating partners from the two parent taxa are more likely to meet on invasive honeysuckle than on their respective native hosts, independent acceptance of honeysuckle by both parents likely preceded hybridization. We propose that invasive honeysuckle served as a catalyst for the local breakdown of reproductive isolation between the native parent species, a novel consequence of the introduction of an exotic weed. We describe behavioral mechanisms that explain the initial hybridization and subsequent reproductive isolation of the hybrid Lonicera fly. These results provide experimental support for a combination of host shift and hybridization as a model for hybrid speciation in parasitic animals.