Is there a representative wavelength for photosynthetically active radiation in the terrestrial environment?

Abstract The spectral quality of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR; 400–700 nm) incident at an open site and on a forest floor was analysed to determine whether narrowband (1 nm) wavelengths could be used to estimate total incident PAR. The narrowband estimates were not as good as the broadband estimates based on silicon photovoltaic sensors, but the variance at 530 nm was sufficiently small for narrowband sensors to be considered as low‐cost and light‐weight alternatives to broadband sensors.     

Growth and ethylene evolution by shade and sun ecotypes of Stellaria longipes in response to varied light quality and irradiance

Plants growing in the shade receive both low light irradiance and light enriched in far red (FR) (i.e., light with a low red (R) to FR ratio). In an attempt to uncouple the R/FR ratio effects from light irradiance effects, we utilized Stellaria longipes because this species has two distinct natural population ecotypes, alpine (dwarf) and prairie (tall). The alpine population occupies the open, sun habitat. By contrast, the prairie population grows in the shade of other plants. Both 'sun' and 'shade' ecotypes responded with increased stem elongation responses under low irradiance, relative to growth under 'normal' irradiance, and this increased growth was proportionally similar. However, only the shade ecotype had increased shoot elongation in response to a low R/FR ratio. By contrast, the sun ecotype showed increased stem elongation in response to increasing R/FR ratio. Varying the R/FR ratios had no significant effect on ethylene evolution in either sun or shade ecotype. Under low irradiance, only the sun ecotype showed a significantly changed (decreased) ethylene evolution. We conclude that R/FR ratio and irradiance both regulate growth, and that irradiance can also influence ethylene evolution of the sun ecotype. By contrast, R/FR ratio and irradiance, while having profound influences on growth of the shade ecotype, do not appear to regulate these growth changes via effects on ethylene production.     

粤西及相邻地区太阳总辐射、光合有效辐射能量和光量子通量时空分布

应用普适全国的计算太阳辐射、光合有效辐射和光量子通量模型,系统地研究了粤西的高要、封开和临近地区梧州的太阳辐射、光合有效辐射和光量子通量的年总量、月总量以及相应的年平均日总量和日平均日总量。结果表明,太阳辐射、光合有效辐射和光量子通量的年变化有相似的规律;而地区变化有以下特点：梧州和封开明显类似,而高要与上两地差异稍大。     

金矮生苹果水分利用效率研究

通过对金矮生苹果 ( Malus pumila CV.goldspur)在不同土壤水分和光照条件下叶片光合速率 ( Pn)和蒸腾速率( Tr)进行测定 ,并计算水分利用效率 ( WUE)。结果表明 ,由于光合有效辐射 ( PAR)和土壤水分 ( SWC)决定了金矮生苹果Pn和 Tr,从而影响到 WUE。在水分胁迫存在时 ,不同 SWC条件下的 WUE随 PAR的变化规律相差较大 ,SWC为 1 0 %(田间持水量 F C的 5 0 % )左右时 ,WUE最大值在所有土壤水分处理中居于最高 ( 2 30 μmol CO2 /g H2 O)。在水分供应充足时 ,尽管 WUE在达到最大值之后下降缓慢 ,但最大值只有 1 6 0 μmol CO2 /g H2 O左右 ,并且各 SWC水平之间差异不显著 ,模拟曲线基本重叠。 WUE随 SWC的变化与光照条件有关 ,光强范围在 5 0 0 相似文献   

河套地区小麦/玉米套作群体光能瞬时传输的数学模拟

作物间套作群体冠层中叶片水平向和垂向分布的不均匀性给其光能截获的连续测定带来了很大困难.为了量化小麦/玉米套作群体不同生长阶段的光能吸收,本文建立了模拟该套作群体光合有效辐射(PAR)瞬时传输的几何模型,并用大田实测值对模型进行验证.结果表明:几何模型可有效地模拟小麦/玉米套作群体冠层底部的PAR强度.小麦/玉米6∶2套作(I62)群体模型估算结果与实测值的线性回归方程的决定系数为0.947,小麦/玉米12∶4套作(I124)群体模拟结果与实测值的线性回归方程的决定系数为0.950.2012和2013年I62套作群体截获的PAR分别为1061.4和924.3 MJ·m-2,在所有处理中最高.2012年I62和I124套作群体相对于单作的PAR截获比率分别为1.29和1.19,2013年I62和I124套作群体相对于单作的PAR截获比率分别为1.21和1.16.     

土壤水分对金矮生苹果光合速率的影响

通过对 7年生田间和 2年生盆栽金矮生苹果 ( Maluspumila CV.goldspur)进行不同土壤水分和光照条件下叶片光合速率测定研究 ,结果表明 ,光合速率 ( Pn)与光照强度 ( PAR)和土壤水分 ( SWC)之间存在着密切的关系。当林木供水充足 ,即 SWC( >1 5 % )达到田间持水量 ( FC)的 75 %以上时 ,Pn的光响应曲线为直角双曲线 ,但 SWC低于这一水平时 ,Pn的光响应曲线则为二次抛物线 ,表现出不同程度的光抑制 ,水分胁迫越严重 ,出现光抑制越早。弱光下 ( PAR<5 0 0 μmol· s- 1· m- 2 ) ,光合速率最大值 Pmax出现在 SWC比较低的范围内 ( 70 %～ 75 % FC) ,如果 SWC继续增大时 ,Pn反而下降 ;随着光强的增大 ,Pmax出现的 SWC水平随之提高。金矮生苹果 Pn的日变化规律在不同 SWC下并不相同 ,水分胁迫存在时 ,Pn的日变化表现出“午休”现象 ,水分胁迫越严重 ,“午休”时间越长 ;水分供应充足时 ,Pn从 1 0∶ 0 0的最大值直线下降 ,下午不再回升。轻度水分胁迫时 ,Pn日平均值接近或达到最大值 ;随着 SWC的提高 Pn日平均值反而有下降趋势。在正常光照条件下 (日均值 80 0～ 1 0 0 0μmol· s- 1· m- 2 ) ,当林木处于严重水分胁迫 ,即 SWC低于 FC的 5 5 %时 ,Pn随土壤水分的增加直线上升 ;当土壤水分供应充足 ( SWC>75 % F     

Effects of pubescence and waxes on the reflectance of leaves in the ultraviolet and photosynthetic wavebands: a comparison of a range of species

Total reflectance of ultraviolet and photosynthetically effective wavelengths was measured for a range of different leaf types. Two approaches were employed. Firstly, reflectance of monochromatic wavebands at 330 and 680 nm was measured for a total of 45 different species covering a wide range of genera. In the second, specific leaf types that displayed different degrees of reflectance were treated to remove hairs and waxes that contributed to their reflectance. Selected waxy and non‐waxy leaves were also studied in more detail over the spectral range 270–500 nm. It was found that both pubescence (presence of hairs) and glaucousness (presence of a thick epicuticular wax layer) had marked effects on total reflectance. Pubescent leaves tended to be more effective in reflecting longer wavelengths than ultraviolet radiation. The extent of this effect depended on hair type. Glaucous leaves demonstrated that surface waxes were very effective reflectors of both UV and longer wavelength radiation.     

Selection of shade trees in forest restoration plantings should not be based on crown tree architecture alone

The planting of tree seedlings is a common restoration technique in the tropics, and using large‐crowned, fast‐growing shade species is recommended to suppress invasive grasses and accelerate forest succession. We analyzed the effectiveness of shade species in shading the forest floor during the rainy and dry seasons at young forest restoration sites, whether shade changes according to site for a given species, and whether crown architecture can predict the shade level. We measured the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) intercepted by the tree crowns of 14 species in two 3‐year‐old restoration plantings. The ability to predict shade based on crown architecture traits was evaluated using multiple linear regressions. The interception of PAR varied according to species, site, and season for seven species and was generally higher during the rainy season. Low values of tree and first branch height and high values of trunk diameter and mean area of a leaf predicted greater light interception. For the dry season, the ability to predict PAR interception was weaker than that for the rainy season and affected by a shorter tree height and a greater crown area. The crown architecture of shade species did not completely predict their shading ability, and the preselection of shade species for forest restoration purposes based only on crown architecture traits is not effective. Therefore, it is important to consider other factors, such as how long trees retain their leaves throughout the year and the soil and management conditions of the sites undergoing restoration, during the selection of species.     

典型森林生态系统总辐射和光合有效辐射长期观测中的仪器性能衰变和数据校正

利用中国通量网( ChinaFLUX)4个森林台站(长白山、千烟洲、鼎湖山和西双版纳)2003-2008年总辐射和光合有效辐射(PAR)观测资料,研究了CNR1总辐射表和Li-190SB光量子仪在长期观测中可能出现的不确定性和仪器性能变化等问题.结果表明:98％以上的CNR1总辐射观测精度满足技术标准,但在西双版纳站,CNR1观测的总辐射(QCNR1)比高精度短波辐射仪CM11观测的总辐射(QCM11)平均低7％;虽然温度对CNR1观测的总辐射有一定影响,但其影响大都在仪器允许的精度范围内,在西双版纳站,CNR1除了受温度影响外,还受到热带雨林特有的季节性雾的影响;通过分析光合有效辐射数据(特别是其与总辐射比值)的长期变化发现,光量子仪Li-190SB的性能衰减较明显,平均年衰减率达4％左右,为了校正PAR仪器性能衰减产生的系统误差,本文尝试给出了PAR的后期补偿校正方法,该方法可基本消除由于野外长期使用所造成的Li-190SB性能衰减.     

GIS和RS支持下广东省植被吸收PAR的估算及其时空分布

在ＧＩＳ和ＲＳ支持下,利用地面气象数据和ＤＯＡＡ－ＡＶＨＲＲＮＤＶＩ数据估计了广东省植被在１９９２－０４～１９９３－０３间吸收的ＰＡＲ,并分析了其时空分布特征以及不同类型植被对ＰＡＲ的吸收特征,结果表明,在此期间,广东省植被年ＡＰＡＲ介于０～１５７５ＭＪ／ｍ＾２ａ之间,其最大ＮＰＰ不及全球最高值的一半,并且,广东省年ＡＰＡＲ的时空变化显著,这主要与植被自身性质和太阳辐射的时空变化有关,即使是常绿阔