副流感嗜血杆菌致老年患者获得性肺炎的分离状况与耐药性分析

目的分析本院老年人获得性肺炎患者副流感嗜血杆菌的分离率与耐药特征,以便有效指导临床合理用药。方法用哥伦比亚巧克力平板培养基分离副流感嗜血杆菌,嗜血杆菌鉴定卡(NH卡)确认鉴定菌株,纸片琼脂扩散法(K-B)做药敏试验,并采用头孢硝噻吩纸片法检测β-内酰胺酶。结果共分离出副流感嗜血杆菌87株,分离率为15.2%(87/572);β-内酰胺酶阳性率为36.8%(32/87);药敏试验表明β-内酰胺酶阳性株与阴性株对氨苄西林、头孢噻肟、四环素、利福平、克拉霉素、复方新诺明、氨曲南、氯霉素的耐药率差异有统计学意义(P0.05),多数抗菌药物对该菌仍保持良好的抗菌活性。结论本院老年人获得性肺炎患者副流感嗜血杆菌感染率比较高,产β-内酰胺酶阳性率高,大多数抗菌药物对该菌仍保持良好的抗菌活性,临床应重视副流感嗜血杆菌感染并依据药敏试验结果合理选用抗菌药物。     

医院获得性副流感嗜血杆菌呼吸道感染临床与耐药性分析

目的调查分析医院获得性副流感嗜血杆菌呼吸道感染的临床特点和对抗菌药物的耐药情况。方法对2002年8月至2005年1月温州医学院附属第一医院住院的116例医院获得性副流感嗜血杆菌呼吸道感染的临床资料进行统计分析,对送检的痰或咽拭子标本用嗜血杆菌专用巧克力培养基（HAE）进行分离培养,VITEK-60微生物自动分析系统进行鉴定以及药敏试验,用Nitrocefin纸片法测定被试菌的β-内酰胺酶。结果116例患者的原发疾病以恶性肿瘤最为常见,其次为恶性血液病和脑血管意外;相关危险因素主要有广谱抗菌药物的应用、放化疗和激素的使用及各类侵袭性操作;临床表现：发热84．5％,咳嗽、咳痰82．8％;药敏试验显示检测株对头孢呋辛、阿莫西林／克拉维酸和利福平的耐药率较低,分别为6．9％、8．6％和9．5％,对氨苄西林、氧氟沙星和复方新诺明的耐药率较高,分别为57．8％、54．3％和86．2％;产β-内酰胺酶的共34株,产酶率为29．3％。结论副流感嗜血杆菌为该地区医院获得性呼吸道感染的主要致病菌,多发生在有各种基础疾病、免疫功能低下者,该菌产酶率较高,抗菌药物可选用头孢呋辛、阿莫西林／克拉维酸、利福平等药物进行治疗。     

肺炎克雷伯菌的分布特点耐药性分析

目的分析2010年至2012年房县人民医院患者肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药特点,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法对2010年至2012年该院各类感染患者标本中分离获得的肺炎克雷伯菌,采用纸片扩散法（K—B法）检测抗菌药物的敏感性,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）检测采用ESBLs表型筛选与确证试验,并用WHONET5．3软件对药敏结果进行统计分析。结果3年分离的肺炎克雷伯菌共计248株,分离出产ESBLs菌株102株,其对亚胺培南、美洛培南无耐药,对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、哌拉西林／三唑巴坦、阿米卡星和头孢替坦的耐药率较低,对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均较高。结论肺炎克雷伯菌对多种抗菌药物均具有较高的耐药性,临床上治疗该菌感染时应根据药敏与ESBLs检测结果选择抗菌药物。     

2004至2005年我院嗜血杆菌的分离及其耐药性

目的了解我院2004至2005年流感嗜血杆菌的分离率、产酶率,并对其耐药性进行分析,指导临床合理用药控制嗜血杆菌的流行。方法对1695份痰及咽拭子标本进行嗜血杆菌分离培养、鉴定,并用头孢硝噻吩纸片法进行β-内酰胺酶测定,采用琼脂扩散法进行药敏试验。结果共分离出226株嗜血杆菌,其中流感嗜血杆菌52株,副流感嗜血杆菌174株。产β-内酰胺酶42株,对氨苄西林、复方新诺明、环丙沙星的耐药率分别为22.1%、74.3%和57.5%。而对阿莫西林/棒酸、阿奇霉素、头孢噻肟、头孢呋辛钠、亚胺培南、利福平、氨曲南的耐药率均低于10%。结论我院呼吸道嗜血杆菌感染以副流感嗜血杆菌为主,临床上治疗嗜血杆菌感染最有效的药物是头孢噻肟。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯菌的检测及药敏分析

目的对3年间分离的产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的肺炎克雷伯菌进行鉴定和药敏试验分析。方法采用1999年NCCLS建议的纸片扩散确证法,从76株肺炎克雷伯菌中分离出14抹产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌,检出率为18．4％。结果产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯菌对7种常用抗生素的药敏结果可以看出,亚胺培南对肺炎克雷伯菌作用最强,可作为治疗产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌感染的首选药物,敏感率高达86％,是控制感染的最有效的药物。其次为头孢哌酮／舒巴坦,敏感率达59．7％,也有一定的抗菌活性。结论产超广谱β-内酰胺酶检测对指导临床合理使用抗生素具有重要意义。     

肠杆菌科细菌致恶性肿瘤患者肺部感染的临床特点与耐药性分析

目的探讨肠杆菌科细菌致恶性肿瘤患者肺部感染的临床特点、病原学构成和耐药特征,为今后的临床治疗提供参考。方法收集2009年7月至2014年6月本院住院恶性肿瘤患者下呼吸道标本,应用BD Phoenix100全自动微生物鉴定仪鉴定菌种,药敏试验采用纸片法(K-B)进行,并进行ESBLs检测,按CLSI标准判定药敏结果,用WHONET 5.6软件分析数据。结果从恶性肿瘤患者下呼吸道标本中共分离肠杆科细菌256株,主要为肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌,分别占39.5%和33.2%;药敏试验表明常见肠杆菌科细菌除对碳青霉烯类、含酶抑制剂抗菌素耐药率较低外,对其余抗菌药物均为中高度耐药;肺炎克雷伯菌的ESBLs检出率最高为60.4%。结论从本院恶性肿瘤合并下呼吸道感染患者中分离出的肠杆菌科细菌多重耐药现象严重,产酶率高,治疗该类细菌感染,首选碳青霉烯类、含酶抑制剂抗菌素,临床应加强ESBLs检测和耐药性监测,防止多重耐药菌的产生。     

社区老年人上呼吸道定植菌调查及药敏分析

调查社区老年人上呼吸道的定植菌情况,能够了解引起社区老年人呼吸道感染的危险因素,分析主要定植菌的药敏结果,指导社区老年人呼吸道感染的经验治疗。取社区老年人咽喉部拭子进行细菌分离培养及鉴定,调查呼吸道定植菌情况,并对主要定植菌进行药敏试验,细菌鉴定应用法国生物梅里埃公司的细菌鉴定仪VITEK2和API系统,药敏试验采用K-B纸片琼脂扩散法,结果统计应用WHONET5.4软件。对706例社区老年人上呼吸道标本进行分离培养,有274份标本生长了致病菌或条件致病菌,其中248份标本有一种细菌生长,26份标本生长2种细菌,总体阳性率为38.8%。共分离9种细菌,居首位的细菌是肺炎克雷伯菌151株,占21.4%,其次为副流感嗜血杆菌74株,占10.5%,第3位的是β-溶血链球菌31株,占4.4%。75株肺炎克雷伯菌的药敏结果显示全部为敏感株,从药敏表型分析具有较高的同源性。老年人群上呼吸道定植菌以革兰阴性杆菌尤其以肺炎克雷伯杆菌为主,并对常用抗菌药物有高度敏感性,一旦发生定植菌感染应选择合适的抗菌药物并给予恰当的治疗方案,防止细菌产生耐药性。     

洋葱伯克霍尔德菌致恶性肿瘤患者医院获得性感染的耐药性分析

目的分析我院恶性肿瘤患者医院获得性感染洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的临床特点及对常用抗菌药物的耐药性,为临床合理治疗提供依据。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2013年12月,从我院恶性肿瘤感染患者送检的细菌培养标本;细菌鉴定用美国BD公司phoenix-100全自动细菌鉴定药敏系统,药敏试验采用纸片法,同时使用WHONET 5.6软件对相关资料进行统计。结果从检测部位分析主要分布在下呼吸道（74.1%）,其次为血液（9.4%）;药敏试验表明139株洋葱伯克霍尔德菌对米诺环素、氯霉素、美罗培南、头孢他啶和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦仍较敏感,可作为临床治疗洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染的首选药物,其余15种抗菌药物的耐药率高达30.0%~100%。结论洋葱伯克霍尔德菌在恶性肿瘤患者中的耐药现象非常严重,临床应引起高度关注,及早进行微生物学检测,并根据药敏试验结果合理选用抗菌药物。     

产酶革兰阴性杆菌致医院感染与耐药特性

目的：了解超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)与诱导型β-内酰胺酶革兰阴性杆菌致医院感染的检出率及耐药特点,对产酶与不产酶菌株进行耐药性对比分析,为临床用药提供依据。方法：双纸片试验检测ESBLs与诱导酶,Etest ESBLs试条确定产ESBLs菌株,对临床分离的960株细菌采用K—B法进行药物敏感试验。结果：哌拉西林、头孢培南、亚胺培南、环丙沙星对296株铜绿假单胞菌的抗菌活性较强;肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南100％敏感,对氨基糖苷类、氟喹诺酮类、磺胺类药物,产ESBLs与不产ESBLs菌株之间呈现交叉耐药。结论：常规药敏试验不能完全反映产诱导酶的铜绿假单胞菌耐药特点,Etest ESBLs试条可提高检测ESBLs的阳性率和准确性,产ESBLs革兰阴性杆菌的耐药性高于非产酶菌株,ESBLs菌引起的感染,应用亚胺培南、头霉素类进行治疗。     

金黄色葡萄球菌致晚期肺癌患者下呼吸道感染的临床与耐药性分析

目的了解金黄色葡萄球菌(SA)致晚期肺癌患者下呼吸道感染的临床与耐药特征,为临床合理用药提供参考依据。方法收集金华市人民医院2009年12月至2014年11月住院治疗晚期肺癌患者发生下呼吸道感染的送检标本,应用法国生物梅里埃Vitek 2-Compact全自动微生物鉴定仪鉴定菌种,药敏试验采用纸片法(K-B)进行。结果157株SA中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)98株,占62.4%,药敏试验表明MRSA对青霉素G、红霉素、四环素、头孢西丁、莫西沙星100.0%耐药,对β-内酰胺类、喹诺酮类、大环内酯类、氨基糖苷类、磺胺类抗菌药物耐药率均较高(26.5%~93.9%),且存在多药耐药,MRSA耐药率普遍高于MSSA,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论从晚期肺癌患者合并下呼吸道感染患者中分离出的金黄色葡萄球菌以MRSA为主,MRSA较MSSA的耐药性高,而且多重耐药严重,临床必须加强金黄色葡萄球菌感染的监控,并根据药敏试验结果合理选用抗菌药物。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.