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1.
采用热休克调控技术诱导出103尾第一代白鲫(♀)×红鲫()异源四倍体鱼,并对其生殖力进行了研究。1或2龄的四倍体雄鱼能产生精子,而雌鱼不能产生正常的卵。将异源四倍体雄鱼与二倍体白鲫雌鱼交配产生倍间三倍体鱼,染色体检查证明是整三倍体(3N=150),但其受精率很低(11.4—51.3%,平均32.4%).网箱养殖结果表明,倍间三倍体白鲫的生长速度比白鲫快30%以上,雌雄均不育.并用冷休克处理回收异源四倍体4N()×白鲫2N(♀)受精卵的第二极体产生了新的四倍体鱼.文中还对第一代异源四倍体鱼的批量生产、生殖能力以及异源三倍体鱼的生产应用进行了讨论.  相似文献   

2.
郭新红  刘少军  颜金鹏  刘筠 《遗传》2004,26(6):875-880
采用质粒克隆测序方法,获得了异源四倍体鲫鲤5个个体、异源四倍体鲫鲤雌核发育二倍体后代2个个体、三倍体湘云鲫2个个体及红鲫、湘江野鲤和日本白鲫各1个个体的线粒体DNA 12S rRNA基因的全序列。经对比发现,异源四倍体5个个体共享2种单元型,异源四倍体鲫鲤雌核发育二倍体后代2个个体、三倍体湘云鲫2个个体以及红鲫、湘江野鲤和日本白鲫各1个个体分别共享1种单元型。用MEGA 1.0 软件分析了它们的碱基组成和核苷酸序列差异,用邻接法构建系统进化树。它们间的序列同源性在95%~99%之间,异源四倍体鲫鲤、三倍体湘云鲫和它们母本(分别为红鲫和日本白鲫)之间的序列同源性大于异源四倍体鲫鲤、三倍体湘云鲫和它们父本(分别为湘江野鲤和异源四倍体鲫鲤)之间的序列同源性,结果表明:异源四倍体鲫鲤和三倍体湘云鲫在线粒体DNA 12S rRNA基因上具有母性遗传特征。本研究另一值得注意地方的是异源四倍体鲫鲤经过9代(F3-F11)繁殖后,在5个个体中发现了2种单元型,说明在四倍体基因库中存在遗传多样性,为四倍体基因库的繁殖、保护和种群复壮提供了一些有价值的信息。  相似文献   

3.
异源四倍体鲫鲤是湖南师范大学鱼类发育生物学实验室和湖南湘阴县东湖渔场在红鲫(♀)和湘江野鲤(♂)的杂交后代中选育出来的四倍体鱼,目前已连续繁殖14代(F3-F16),已形成一个四倍体性能代代相传、遗传性状稳定的四倍体鱼群体,这是世界上唯一人工培育的两性可育的异源四倍体鱼[1—2]。利用四倍体鱼与二倍体白鲫、二倍体鲤鱼杂交,可获得生长快、肉质鲜美、抗病力强等优良性状的不育三倍体湘云鲫、三倍体湘云鲤[3],并已在全国28个省市推广养殖,取得了显著的经济和社会效益。异源四倍体鲫鲤雌性个体产生的二倍体卵子具有两套染色体,在没有染色…  相似文献   

4.
染色体核型分析表明,异源四倍体白鲫含有两套白鲫染色体和两套红鲫染色体,新四倍体白鲫含有三套白鲫染色体和一套红鲫染色体,倍间三倍体白鲫含有二套白鲫染色体和一套红鲫染色体N]。为进一步阐明人工诱导多倍体的染色体倍性与细胞和细胞核及其相对DNA含量之间的相关关系,作者测量了异源四倍体、新四倍体和借间三倍体鱼红细胞及其核的大小,同时测定了它们的红细胞相对DNA含量,并与它们亲本红细胞及其精子细胞相对DNA含量进行了比较。1.材料和方法l.回试验鱼试验用白鲫(CarassiusauratuscuvlerlT.etS)、红鲫(Carass;usaur…  相似文献   

5.
采用静水压休克保留第二极体的方法,在鲤(♀)×鲢(?)、鲫(♀)×鲢(?)、白鲫(♀)×鲢(?)和鲢(♀)×鲤(?)、鲢(♀)×鲫(?)、鲢(♀)×白鲫(?)6个正反交组合中都诱导出了异源三倍体,但只有正交鲤(♀)×鲢(?)、鲫(♀)×鲢(?)和白鲫(♀)×鲢(?)3个处理组中整倍性的异源三倍体胚胎才有可能正常发育,孵化出苗;而反交鲢(♀)×鲤(?)、鲢(♀)×鲫(?)和鲢(♀)×白鲫(?)3个处理组中的异源三倍体胚胎在发育过程中不断发生染色体排除和丢失,形成非整倍体而死亡,只有少数雌核发育二倍体鲢才能孵化出苗。结果表明,鱼类人工异源三倍体胚胎的发育命运与杂交物种间的基因组大小有关。  相似文献   

6.
作者比较了第一代异源四倍体鱼、异源三倍体鱼、新四倍体鱼与亲本白鲫、红鲫及其杂交一代的染色体组型。三种亲本的二倍体染色体数均为100,但其组型分组各有差异,白鲫染色体组型公式:12m+36sm+32st十20t,NF=148,在亚中着丝点组中有一对特大的标记染色体;红鲫染色体组型:20m+34sm+26st+20t,NF=154;白鲫×红鲫杂种染色体组型:16m+35sm+29st+20t,NF=151,有一条与白鲫相似的特大标记染色体,证实其组型由白鲫和红鲫各提供一套染色体组组成。异源三倍体的染色体数为150,是亲本的1.5倍,染色体组型是:22m+53sm+45st+30t,NF=225,在亚中着丝点组中有一对特大标记染色体,表明异源三倍体的染色体组型含有两套白鲫染色体组和一套红鲫染色体组。第一代异源四倍体和新四倍体鱼染色体数目为其亲本的2倍,4n=200。前者的染色体组型为:32m+70sm+58st+40t,NF=302,一对与白鲫相似的特大标记染色体明显可见,证明其染色体组型由白鲫和红鲫各提供两套染色体组。新四倍体的染色体组组型为:28m+71sm+61st+40t,NF=299,分裂相中三条特大的标记染色体较明显,推测其染色体组型由三套白鲫染色体组和一套红鲫染色体组组成。结果表明:第一代异源四倍体、异源三倍体和新四倍体与三种亲本的  相似文献   

7.
鲢的远缘杂交子代和人工三倍体的同工酶表达   总被引:11,自引:1,他引:10  
用聚丙烯酰胺梯度凝胶电泳分析了鲢♀×鳙♂、鲢♀×团头鲂♂的二倍体和异源三倍体杂种,以及同源三倍体鲢及其亲本种的8种蛋白质和同工酶的表型。二倍体杂交子代的基因表达是多样的,这些多样的表达可能与双亲的这些蛋白质和同工酶的表型差异有关。如与二倍体杂交子代相比,鲢×鳙异源三倍体的肌肉蛋白和血清蛋白有效一致的表型,此外在两种异源三倍体中EST和MDH同工酶的表型接近母本,这些结果表明异源三倍体由于增加了一套  相似文献   

8.
异源四倍体鲫鲤雌雄差异的RAPD标记   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4  
异源四倍体鲫鲤是从红鲫和湘江野鲤的杂交后代选育出来的 ,已经形成了一个遗传性状稳定的四倍体鱼新种群[1— 6] 。用异源四倍体鲫鲤 (雄性 )和二倍体白鲫 (雌性 )生产的三倍体湘云鲫已经在全国推广应用。因此 ,如果能够了解异源四倍体鲫鲤的性别分化机制 ,人为地控制异源四倍体鲫鲤的性别分化 ,生产出大量的“超雄鱼” ,这对于三倍体湘云鲫的产业化生产有重要的意义。刘少军等[3 ] 对异源四倍体鲫鲤的染色体组型进行了分析 ,并没有发现异源四倍体鲫鲤有明显的特化的性染色体 ,这说明通过细胞遗传学研究异源四倍体鲫鲤的性别遗传机制是有困…  相似文献   

9.
人工诱导雌核发育日本白鲫   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
孙远东  张纯  刘少军  陶敏  曾琛  刘筠 《遗传学报》2006,33(5):405-412
分别用遗传失活的散鳞镜鲤(Cyprinus carpio L.)、团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)精子诱导日本白鲫(Carassius cuvieri)进行雌核发育.未经冷休克处理,用UV照射过的镜鲤的精子(其最佳UV照射剂量为4 200 mJ/cm2)与日本白鲫卵子受精获得(32.4±3.3)%雌核发育单倍体和(0.7±0.3)%杂交二倍体,而照射过的团头鲂精子(其最佳UV照射剂量为3 600mJ/cm2)与日本白鲫卵子受精得到了(33.8±1.4)%雌核发育单倍体和(0.5-±0.3)%杂交二倍体.日本白鲫卵子分别经灭活的镜鲤、团头鲂的精子激活(精子经各自最佳UV剂量处理),施以冷休克处理(受精后2min,0-4℃,40min),其孵化率分别为(27.8±2.1)%和(29.4±3.3)%,发育到摄食期,其正常的雌核发育二倍体鱼苗分别为(15.7±3.4)%和(23.6±4.1)%,在镜鲤实验组中,其正常的雌核发育二倍体鱼苗占孵化鱼苗总数的56%,这比团头鲂实验组中正常雌核发育二倍体鱼苗的比率(达到80%)低,结果表明诱导日本白鲫雌核发育,与母本遗传关系远的团头鲂精子较镜鲤的更有效.从染色体数目、外形特征和性腺结构等方面证实雌核发育后代的生物学特性.雌核发育日本白鲫全为雌性,这表明其雌性是同配XX型.雌核发育日本白鲫在生产上将有着潜在的价值,如比普通日本白鲫长得更快,抗病能力强等.所有的雌核发育日本白鲫的染色体数目都是100,而所有的团头鲂与日本白鲫的杂交后代都是三倍体(3n=124),新三倍体鱼在鱼类养殖和理论研究中将存在潜在的价值.  相似文献   

10.
酵母菌 Dmc1(disrupted meiotic cDNA)基因是一个在减数分裂前期Ⅰ表达的特异基因, 其产物是减数分裂同源染色体配对所必需的. 根据酵母菌、小鼠以及人的DMC1中保守氨基酸序列合成简并引物, 分别克隆了二倍体红鲫(Carassius auratus red var.)、湘江野鲤(Cyprinus carpio L.)、日本白鲫(Carassius cuvieri)、三倍体湘云鲫和异源四倍体鲫鲤Dmc1基因部分cDNA序列. 通过cDNA末端快速分离法(RACE)进一步获得了以上5种鱼Dmc1的cDNA全长, 其中红鲫Dmc1、湘江野鲤Dmc1和日本白鲫Dmc1全长均为1375 bp, 三倍体湘云鲫Dmc1全长1383 bp, 异源四倍体鲫鲤Dmc1全长1379 bp, 这5种鱼各自都编码342个氨基酸. 结果表明, 红鲫、湘江野鲤和日本白鲫的DMC1蛋白的氨基酸同源性高达97.3%, 说明DMC1蛋白在这3种鱼里具有高度保守性; 而三者与已知序列的人、小鼠和斑马鱼(Danio rerio)DMC1蛋白的氨基酸同源性分别为 86%, 86%和95%. 以分离得到的不同倍性鱼Dmc1基因编码区中完全相同的序列设计特异引物进行表达分析. RT-PCR结果表明, Dmc1只在性腺中表达, 在其他组织中不表达; 通过实时荧光定量PCR(real-time PCR), 对Dmc1基因在繁殖季节的二倍体红鲫, 三倍体湘云鲫, 四倍体鲫鲤性腺中的表达进行分析, 发现Dmc1在不同倍性鱼的性腺表达有差异, 在卵巢和精巢均表现为: 三倍体表达最高, 二倍体次之, 四倍体的表达最弱, 特别是在三倍体卵巢的表达远高于在二倍体和四倍体的表达. 同时, 对这3种鱼的性腺进行组织切片分析, 发现二倍体和四倍体鱼的性腺发育良好, 且四倍体成熟度高于二倍体, 而三倍体鱼性腺发育缓慢未达到性成熟, 特别是卵巢的发育相当不好. 由此可见, 在不同倍性鲫鲤鱼中Dmc1基因也是减数分裂特异的基因, 其表达与倍性无显著的相关性, 而与性成熟相关; 并且在三倍体卵巢中的过量表达可能与其减数分裂异常及其不育有关.  相似文献   

11.
Massive production of all-female diploids and triploids in the crucian carp   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
In many species of aquaculture importance, all-female and sterile populations possess superior productivity due to faster growth and a relatively homogenous size of individuals. However, the production of all-female and sterile fish in a large scale for aquaculture is a challenge in practice, because treatments necessary for gynogenesis induction usually cause massive embryonic and larval mortality, and the number of induced gynogens is too small for their direct use in aquaculture. Here we report the massive production of all-female triploid crucian carp by combining artificial gynogenesis, sex reversal and diploid-tetraploid hybridization. Previously, we have obtained an allotetraploid carp population (4n = 200) by hybridization between red crucian carp (Carassius auratus red var; ♀) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio; ♂). We induced all-female diploid gynogens of the Japanese crucian carp (Carassius cuvieri; 2n = 100). We also generated male diploid gynogens of the same species treated gynogenetic fry with 17-α-methyltestosterone, leading to the production of sex-revered gynogenetic males. Finally, these males were used to cross with the female diploid Japanese crucian carp gynogens and the allotetraploid females, resulting in the production of fertile all-female diploid Japanese crucian carp (2n=100) and sterile all-female triploid hybrids (3n = 150), respectively. Therefore, diploid crucian carp gynogenetic females and sex-reversed male together with an allotetraploid line provide an opportunity to produce all-female triploid populations in a large scale to meet demands in aquaculture industry.  相似文献   

12.
The Carassius auratus complex in natural populations includes diploid triploid and polyploidy individuals. Diploid individuals belong to the species Carassius auratus whereas triploid and polyploidy individuals are from the subspecies Carassius auratus gibelio. Triploid individuals are all female and reproduce clonally by gynogenesis. Therefore the Carassius auratus complex is an ideal system for studying evolution of unisexual reproduction. Identification of triploid individuals and clonal lines is the first step towards understanding of the evolution of unisexual clonal lines. We examined the ability of 10 microsatellites in identifying triploid individuals in 94 individuals from Japan and China. In 40 confirmed triploid individuals and eight confirmed diploid individuals, all triploid and diploid individuals can be identified by genotyping 10 microsatellite, and four triploid clonal lines were identified. Using the 10 microsatellites we genotyped 46 adult individuals (40 females and six males) from a natural population in China and found that all six males were diploid whereas the majority of females (36 of 40) were triploid and three triploid clonal lines were detected. In 18 diploid individuals from China, all individuals showed different genotypes, suggesting there is no diploid clonal line in diploid crucian carp. A phylogenetic analysis of 94 individuals from China and Japan showed that triploid individuals and clonal lines have originated recurrently.  相似文献   

13.
远缘杂交形成的二倍体鱼和多倍体鱼生殖细胞染色体研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
本文采用性腺染色体制片及组织学切片方法,系统地研究了不同发育时期的鲫鲤杂交第二代(F2) (2n=100)、异源四倍体鲫鲤(4n=200)、三倍体鲫鱼(3n=150))、雌核发育二倍体鲫鲤第二代(G2)(2n=100)及鲤鱼(Cypninus carpio L)(2n=100)(对照组)生殖细胞的染色体特征.研究结果表明,对照组中鲤鱼精原细胞染色体数与体细胞染色体数一致,为二倍体精原细胞(2n=100),而远缘杂交形成的二倍体鱼和多倍体鱼的生殖细胞中则观察到明显的染色体数加倍现象,其中,鲫鲤杂交第二代(F2)精巢生殖细胞染色体数加倍现象特别丰富,占检测的染色体分裂相的21.6%,为其产生不减半的二倍体配子提供了直接的细胞学证据,同时也说明远缘杂交是导致生殖细胞染色体数加倍的一个重要因素.该研究在探讨多倍体鱼的发生及鱼类遗传育种方面具有重要意义.  相似文献   

14.
The effect of ploidy on scale-cover pattern in linear ornamental (koi) common carp Cyprinus carpio was investigated. To obtain diploid and triploid linear fish, eggs taken from a leather C. carpio female (genotype ssNn) and sperm taken from a scaled C. carpio male (genotype SSnn) were used for the production of control (no shock) and heat-shocked progeny. In heat-shocked progeny, the 2 min heat shock (40° C) was applied 6 min after insemination. Diploid linear fish (genotype SsNn) demonstrated a scale-cover pattern typical for this category with one even row of scales along lateral line and few scales located near operculum and at bases of fins. The majority (97%) of triploid linear fish (genotype SssNnn) exhibited non-typical scale patterns which were characterized by the appearance of additional scales on the body. The extent of additional scales in triploid linear fish was variable; some fish had large scales, which covered almost the entire body. Apparently, the observed difference in scale-cover pattern between triploid and diploid linear fish was caused by different phenotypic expression of gene N/n. Due to incomplete dominance of allele N, triploids Nnn demonstrate less profound reduction of scale cover compared with diploids Nn.  相似文献   

15.
Isozyme zymograms of esterase (EST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were analysed by polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis at different developmental stages of embryogenesis in 4 types of various ploidy crucian carp embryos, including haploids, diploids, natural triploids, and multiple tetraploids, and 2 types of haploid and diploid common carp embryos. Haploid embryos of crucian carp (Carassius auratus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were produced by treating eggs with UV-irradiated milt from blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Natural triploid embryos were obtained from the eggs of gynogenetic silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) inseminated with milt from red common carp. Multiple tetraploid embryos were also produced by gynogenesis from eggs of the newly discovered multiple tetraploid females inseminated with milt from red common carp. Gradient gel electrophoresis indicated that the band types and staining intensity of 4 isozymes expressed in haploid embryos of crucian carp and red common carp were similar to that in the correlative diploid embryos. In natural triploid silver crucian carp embryos, the zymograms of MDH and SOD isozymes were identical with that of diploid crucian carp embryos, but the EST and LDH isozymes manifested more new enzyme bands in comparison with diploid embryos. The corresponding expressed products of some bands in the triploid embryos, such as EST5 and EST6, could be observed also in red common carp embryos, which provided evidence for hybrid origin about the gynogenetic fish. The multiple tetraploids incorporated one foreign genome of red common carp, therefore, the effects of genes from the foreign genome could be observed in the multiple tetraploid embryos. Gene expression of the isozymes in the tetraploid embryos was somewhat similar to that in hybrids. Owing to interaction of triploid silver crucian carp genomes and common carp haploid genome, some isozyme bands, such as EST5 and EST6, changed in quantity, and some bands increased, such as s-SOD1, s-SOD2, s-SOD3 and s-SOD4 in the tetraploid embryos. Moreover, the heterogeneity was revealed among embryos developed from gynogenetic eggs of 3 different multiple tetraploid individuals.  相似文献   

16.
Morphological and karyological comparisons of 25–28 hybrid grass carp from each of 3 year-classes (1979–1981) indicated that diploid fish resulted during 1979 (82.1%) and 1980 (76.0%) the others being triploid. All of the fish tested from the 1981 year-class were triploid. Most triploid fish differed from diploid fish by having a faster growth rate, fewer scales in the lateral line and transverse series below the lateral line, a relatively longer gut, and fewer deformities.  相似文献   

17.
Characteristics of sperm of polyploid Prussian carp Carassius gibelio   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Wild-captured 16 diploid, five triploid and one tetraploid Prussian carp Carassius gibelio males produced motile haploid, aneuploid (1·5n) and haploid to aneuploid (> 2n) sperm, respectively, in similar concentration and with the lowest percentage of live spermatozoa in sperm for the tetraploid male (mean ± s . d . 83·03 ± 1·76%; P < 0·05) compared to diploid and triploid males (97·37 ± 1·11% and 96·70 ± 1·45%; P > 0·05).  相似文献   

18.
The ploidy of silver crucian carp Carassius auratus gibelio individuals, originating from nine natural habitats of Hungary, was estimated by erythrocyte nucleus area analysis. On the basis of DNA polymorphism, the genetic homogeneity or heterogeneity and the chromosome number of different offspring derived from the crossing of triploid and diploid populations and of two types of silver crucian carp females with other cyprinid males ( Cyprinus carpio, Carassius carassius, Carassius auratus and Barbus conchonius ) were determined. The results of chromosome and RAPD analysis demonstrated that diploid females could reproduce sexually with silver crucian carp and other cyprinid males and that the offspring of intra‐ and interspecific crosses contained the paternal DNA. Triploid females usually reproduced by gynogenesis and their offspring were clones, however, in very rare cases paternal genes were actually transmitted ( i.e . paternal leakage) to the offspring and the progeny were triploid interspecific hybrids. RAPD analysis showed that while the paternal DNA appeared in the offspring, the maternal phenotype was strongly expressed.  相似文献   

19.
Population structure and growth parameters of Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) were studied in 12 freshwater ecosystems of the Donbass region (Eastern Ukraine). These ecosystems differed significantly with respect to their surface area, water transparency and annual concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen. Amongst the studied ecosystems, diploid males and females as well as a smaller percentage of triploid females were found. The population structure of C. a. gibelio varied significantly in terms of the percentage of triploids and sex ratio amongst diploids. A considerable proportion of triploid females (>10%) was found in four ecosystems with intermediate surface area (38–50 ha) and relatively high growth rate of specimens. The sex ratio amongst diploids was significantly female-biased in seven of 12 ecosystems, including those where triploids were present in considerable numbers. The growth parameters of Prussian carp were significantly correlated with ecosystem characteristics, but the growth patterns of diploids and triploids were not significantly different from each other. The restricted distribution of triploid specimens suggests that the triploid form might counter diverse environmental challenges, whereas the diploid form of Prussian carp seems to be efficiently adapted to a wide range of ecosystem conditions.  相似文献   

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