水文尺度转换研究进展

介绍了水文尺度、尺度问题和尺度转换的概念,重点与难点在流域的空间异质性和水文通量的时空变异性;给出了进行尺度转换的3种途径,即分布式水文模拟、分形理论和统计自相似性分析;最后在已有成果的基础上,提出了目前研究中存在的问题及未来的发展方向。     

水文过程及其尺度响应

水文循环机制涉及到各个尺度界面的水文过程关系.水文变量(降雨、径流等)随时间和空间变化很大,是与尺度响应的非线性过程.尺度转换是建立合适的参数去描述这些过程, 涉及到如何穿越不同尺度约束体系(水文过程)的限制.基于对水文响应及其尺度转换认识所建立起来的现行水文模型的主流是还原分析方法,采用小尺度演绎方法,过度参数化成为习以常规,导致无资料流域预测结果的很大不确定性.因此,尺度转换是水文过程研究所面临的主要难点和热点问题.水文模型只有建立在对尺度相关的水文过程深刻理解基础上,对于预测水文响应才是有效的.预测径流在时间和空间的结果是根据径流系统穿越尺度过程的动态分析得出的,把尺度分析转变于水文变量的谱分析,即通过水文变量的谱相分析,认识发生在不同尺度范围内潜在的秩序和规律,研究他们形成的机制,寻求决定水文过程规则的通用表达方式,开发尺度转换的方法.     

流域径流泥沙对多尺度植被变化响应研究进展

植被变化与流域水文过程构成一个反馈调节系统,是目前生态水文学研究的重点对象.由于植被自身的生长发育以及受自然因素和人为干扰的作用,植被变化具有多尺度性;由于受流域水文环境的异质性和水文通量的变化性的影响,流域水文过程也同样具有多尺度性.因此,只有通过对不同尺度生态水文过程分析,才能揭示流域径流泥沙对植被变化的响应机理.从不同时空尺度回顾了植被生长、植被演替、植被分布格局变化、造林以及森林经营措施等对流域径流泥沙影响的主要研究成果;概括了目前研究采用的3种主要方法,即植被变化对坡面水流动力学影响的实验室模拟、坡面尺度和流域尺度野外对比观测实验以及水文生态模型模拟方法;分析了植被变化与径流泥沙响应研究要考虑的尺度问题,从小区尺度上推至流域尺度或区域尺度时应考虑不同的生物物理控制过程.研究认为,要确切理解植被与径流泥沙在不同时空尺度的相互作用,必须以等级生态系统的观点为基础,有效结合生态水文与景观生态的理论,从地质-生态-水文构成的反馈调节入手,系统地理解植被变化与径流泥沙等水分养分之间的联系及反馈机制,建立尺度转换的基础.同时,作为有效的研究工具,今后水文模型的发展应更加注重耦合植被生理生态过程以及景观生态过程,从流域径流泥沙对多尺度植被变化水文响应的过程与机制入手,为植被恢复与重建、改善流域水资源状况和流域生态环境奠定基础.     

2013年水文土壤学与自然资源可持续利用国际学术研讨会述评

水文土壤学与自然资源可持续利用国际学术研讨会于2013年6月29日—30日在北京师范大学举行,共有来自国内外相关领域的150余位专家学者和研究人员参会。本届会议内容主要包括:水文土壤学基本理论与地球关键带,景观-土壤-水文过程的空间异质性与多尺度耦合,田间监测、制图与模型;会议强调在水文土壤学研究中应当注重多学科交叉、尺度转换和多功能综合监测站点建设等问题。会议认为,现阶段水文土壤学主要面临着尺度转换、技术和教育方面的挑战,同时也存在学者对水文土壤学基本概念的质疑。在今后发展中应重视多学科综合应用,通过创新技术和方法推进水文土壤学的发展。对我国水文土壤学研究主要有以下启示:(1)重视跨学科综合性人才的培养;(2)推进水文土壤学理论的进一步发展和完善;(3)加强国际交流,尽快缩短与国外的研究差距。     

基于模式识别的景观格局分析与尺度转换研究框架

景观格局分析和尺度转换是生态学和地理学研究的核心问题之一.尽管多年来投入了大量的精力,然而由于尺度效应的复杂性和尺度转换过程的不确定性,仍然没有找到合适的方法.目前关于尺度转换的研究存在两个误区,其一是过分重视空间尺度的转换,忽略了过程尺度的转换;其二是过分强调了对不同尺度间数量关系的外推与转换,忽略了不同尺度间生态规律的外推与转换.在系统分析了景观格局与尺度转换研究现状、存在问题和难点的基础上,提出了借用模式识别的原理和方法,针对特定的生态过程,开展景观格局分析与尺度转换的思路.认为尺度转换的关键在于通过识别不同尺度上影响生态过程的主导因子,找到各个尺度上“格局（环境因子空间组合）-过程”、尺度间“格局-格局”之间的对应关系,通过建立“环境-格局-过程”模式识别数据库,就能够建立不同尺度之间基于模式识别的尺度转换方法.     

异质景观中水土流失的空间变异与尺度变异

综述了景观格局与水土流失过程的空间变异与尺度变异的理论和方法研究进展,提出了水土流失空间变异与尺度变异的研究方向。景观格局与生态过程的尺度变异一般处于单一尺度变异和多重尺度变异的连续体之中。尺度转换即尺度外推包括尺度上推和尺度下推,其可行性决定于尺度变异特征。水土流失不仅是多因子综合影响的一个复杂的时空变异过程,而且也是一个典型的多重尺度变异过程。传统的水土流失研究一般集中在坡面径流小区和小流域两个单一尺度上,这在很大程度上限制了水土流失的空间尺度外推和过程分析。近年来,尽管国内外很多学者开始关注水土流失的尺度变异及其影响因子．但只是对水土流失在不同大小的样地尺度以及小集水区尺度上的差异及其影响因子进行了初步的比较研究,尤其缺乏水土流失及其相关环境因子的连续尺度变异特征的机制分析。空间变异和尺度变异研究方法包括统计模型模拟法、物理模型与物理过程模拟法以及综合分析与综合预报法三大类。每种方法都有其优缺点和其特定的适宜性,最佳方法组合的选取因研究对象、研究地区和研究时间的不同而异。土壤侵蚀预报模型包括经验统计模型和物理过程模型,就解决水土流失的跨尺度关系而言,基于物理过程的空间分布式的土壤侵蚀预报模型显著优于经验模型。这些模型在关键参数的空间变异性描述和水土流失的尺度变异性分析方面非常薄弱,尤其缺乏模型分辨率和研究范围对输出结果的影响研究。完善水土流失的“尺度一格局一过程”理论,加强多重尺度上水土流失及其相关环境因子的空间变异格局和尺度变异性的实地观测与数学分析,改进土壤侵蚀预报模型这3个方面是将来的研究重点。     

植被-大气相互作用中的气孔导度及其尺度转换

气孔导度是衡量植物和大气间水分、能量及CO2平衡和循环的重要指标,探讨气孔导度在叶片、冠层及区域尺度间的尺度转换及累积效应,对更好地认识植被与大气间的水热运移过程,合理评价植被在陆面过程中的地位和作用具有重要意义.本文着重从叶片尺度气孔导度模拟、气孔导度在冠层尺度的累积表现、冠层到区域尺度转换研究及气孔导度累积效应在陆面过程模型中的作用等4个层次总结了近期国内外研究状况,指出其中存在的异质性等问题,并就今后应加强多尺度间的同步观测提出了展望.     

湿地生态系统服务价值评估的空间尺度转换研究进展

湿地生态系统服务取决于一定空间尺度中的生态系统结构和生态过程,而人类从湿地生态系统获得利益的大小也与其空间尺度有着密切联系。同时,湿地生态系统服务价值评估的空间尺度转换问题也一直是整个湿地生态学研究中的热点和难点之一。在分析湿地生态系统服务空间尺度特征的基础上,提出了湿地生态系统服务价值评估研究中空间尺度转换的概念,即是指通过一个已经有的、与被估算湿地生态系统相似的更大空间范围的或更小空间范围的另一湿地生态系统的价值来估算该湿地生态系统的价值量的过程。介绍了常用的空间尺度转换的方法,主要包括成果参照法和空间模型分析两种方法,成果参照法又包括数值直接外推法和调整函数参照法(Meta分析法)。对目前空间尺度转换研究中存在问题进行总结,并对未来的研究进行了展望。     

黄土高原生态水文过程研究进展

以黄土高原水文过程为主线,围绕水资源短缺、水量分布不均衡、水文过程的复杂性和非稳态等特性,梳理了黄土高原水文过程的主要现状及研究进展,包括水资源分布、水量平衡和水文循环等过程;融合生态水文尺度效应,从土壤、微生物、植物冠层、坡面、流域和景观等方面归纳和总结了黄土高原生态水文过程;针对该区生态水文过程的时空异质性,提出未来更需要通过多学科交叉与融合手段,加强宏观与微观过程的集成与联网研究;采用多尺度、多要素、多时空的综合观测与模拟手段,定量重要生态功能区水分承载力及生态阈值;从生态学和水文学方面揭示不同时空尺度下水分转移与分配特征;为解决黄土高原水资源的宏观调控与最优分配模式提供理论基础。     

生态学研究中的尺度问题

尺度是生态学中的核心问题,时间和空间尺度包含于任何生态过程中,尺度在生态学研究中越来越显现出其重要性,原因是解决地球环境问题要求在大尺度上理解格局和过程,而以前生态学调查的数据主要是基于小尺度的,并且有许多研究表明,一个生态问题的结论在很大程度上取决于研究所采纳的尺度。但目前尺度研究还存在很多的问题;一些相关概念易与尺度混淆;缺乏成熟的尺度识别方法和系统完备的尺度转换方法等。针对这些问题,本文首先阐明了尺度的确切含义,并对尺度研究的发展历史,重要性作了问题的阐述：分析探讨了尺度与等级理论,格局的关系,及尺度识别,尺度转换的方法和发展趋势。     

Effects of flow regime alteration on fluvial habitats and riparian quality in a semiarid Mediterranean basin

The Segura River Basin is one of the most arid and regulated zones in the Mediterranean as well as Europe that includes four hydrologic river types, according to their natural flow regime: main stem rivers, stable streams, seasonal streams and temporary streams. The relationships between flow regime and fluvial and riparian habitats were studied at reference and hydrologically altered sites for each of the four types. Flow regime alteration was assessed using two procedures: (1) an indirect index, derived from variables associated with the main hydrologic pressures in the basin, and (2) reference and altered flow series analyses using the Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA) and the Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration in Rivers (IAHRIS). Habitats were characterized using the River Habitat Survey (RHS) and its derived Habitat Quality Assessment (HQA) score, whereas riparian condition was assessed using the Riparian Quality Index (RQI) and an inventory of riparian native/exotic species. Flow stability and magnitude were identified as the main hydrologic drivers of the stream habitats in the Segura Basin. Hydrologic alterations were similar to those described in other Mediterranean arid and semiarid areas where dams have reduced flow magnitude and variability and produced the inversion of seasonal patterns. Additionally, the Segura Basin presented two general trends: an increase in flow torrentiality in main stems and an increase in temporality in seasonal and temporary streams. With the indirect alteration index, main stems presented the highest degree of hydrologic alteration, which resulted in larger channel dimensions and less macrophytes and mesohabitats. However, according to the hydrologic analyses, the seasonal streams presented the greatest alteration, which was supported by the numerous changes in habitat features. These changes were associated with a larger proportion of uniform banktop vegetation as well as reduced riparian native plant richness and mesohabitat density. Both stream types presented consequent reductions in habitat and riparian quality as the degree of alteration increased. However, stable streams, those least impacted in the basin, and temporary streams, which are subject to great hydrologic stress in reference conditions, showed fewer changes in physical habitat due to hydrologic alteration. This study clarifies the relationships between hydrologic regime and physical habitat in Mediterranean basins. The hydrologic and habitat indicators that respond to human pressures and the thresholds that imply relevant changes in habitat and riparian quality presented here will play a fundamental role in the use of holistic frameworks when developing environmental flows on a regional scale.     

Hydrologic sources of carbon cycling uncertainty throughout the terrestrial–aquatic continuum

Linking hydrologic interactions with global carbon cycling will reduce the uncertainty associated with scaling-up empirical studies and facilitate the incorporation of terrestrial–aquatic linkages within global and regional change models. Much of the uncertainty in estimates of carbon fluxes associated with precipitation and hydrologic transport results from the extensive spatial and temporal heterogeneity in both intrinsic functioning and anthropogenic modification of hydrological cycles. To better understand this variation we developed a landscape ecological approach to coupled hydrologic–carbon cycling that merges local mechanisms with multiple-scale spatial heterogeneity. This spatially explicit framework is applied to examine variability in hydrologic influences on carbon cycling along a continental scale water availability gradient with an explicit consideration of human sources of variability. Hydrologic variation is an important component of the uncertainty in carbon cycling; accounting for this variation will improve understanding of current conditions and projections of future ecosystem responses to global change.     

Big Moose Basin: simulation of response to acidic deposition

The ILWAS model has been enhanced for application to multiple-lake hydrologic basins. This version of the model has been applied to the Big Moose basin, which includes Big Moose Lake and its tributary streams, lakes, and watersheds. The basin, as defined, includes an area of 96 km², with over 20 lakes and ponds, and 70 km of streams. Hydrologic and chemical calibrations have been made using data from seven sampling stations. When total atmospheric sulfur loading to the basin is halved, the model predicts, after four years of simulation, a decreasing sulfate concentration and to a lesser extent a rising alkalinity at Big Moose Lake outlet. At the end of four years, the results show an increase in pH of 0.1 to 0.5 pH units depending upon season.     

Maintaining and restoring hydrologic habitat connectivity in mediterranean streams: an integrated modeling framework

Hydrologic alterations designed to provide a stable water supply and to prevent flooding are commonly used in mediterranean-climate river (med-rivers) basins, and these alterations have led to habitat loss and significant declines in aquatic biodiversity. Often the health of freshwater ecosystems depends on maintaining and recovering hydrologic habitat connectivity, which includes structural components related to the physical landscape, functionality of flow dynamics, and an understanding of species habitat requirements for movement, reproduction, and survival. To advance our understanding of hydrologic habitat connectivity and benefits of habitat restoration alternatives we provide: (1) a review of recent perspectives on hydrologic connectivity, including quantitative methods; and (2) a modeling framework to quantify the effects of restoration on hydrologic habitat connectivity. We then illustrate this approach through a case study on lateral hydrologic habitat connectivity that results from channel restoration scenarios using scenarios with different historic and climate-change flows to restore fish floodplain habitat in a med-river, the San Joaquin River, California. Case study results show that in addition to the channel alterations, higher flows are required to recover significant flooded habitat area, especially given reductions in flows expected under climate change. These types of studies will help the planning for restoration of hydrologic habitat connectivity in med-rivers, a critical step for mediterranean species recovery.     

The influence of dams on ecohydrological conditions in the Huaihe River basin, China

Maintaining natural hydrologic variability is essential in conserving native riverine biota and river ecosystem integrity. Hydrologic regimes play a major role in structuring the biotic diversity within river ecosystems, as they control key habitat conditions within the river channel, the floodplain, etc. Alterations in streamflow regimes may modify many of these habitat attributes and impair ecosystem connectivity. There are many dams constructed in the Huaihe River basin that are drastically altering the natural hydrologic regimes of the river. We selected the Bengbu Sluice as a control node to study the influence of the Bengbu Sluice and all its upstream dams on the hydrologic regime. Using Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration and Range of Variability Approach methods, we assessed hydrologic alteration at the streamgauge site to demonstrate the influence of dams on ecohydrological conditions in the Huaihe River basin. The results show that dams have a strong influence on ecohydrological conditions, especially in dry seasons. The river ecohydrological targets and the minimum ecological and environmental flow requirements for the Bengbu section defined by this study can support ecosystem management and restoration plans and provide ecological operations for the Bengbu Sluice.     

Developing fish community based ecohydrological indicators for water resources management in Taiwan

With concerns about the maintenance of both aquatic communities and flow conditions, a number of hydrologic indicators have been developed. These indicators are generally based on the development of hydrologic statistics for flows that are important to the maintenance of aquatic ecosystems. Although the hydrologic basis for indicators is well defined by common techniques in stochastic hydrology, the basis for ecological integration is still being developed. A critical evaluation of hydrologic indicators intended to protect aquatic ecosystems finds that proposed indicators are based more on standard hydrologic statistics and measures of hydrologic alteration than the habitat needs and ecological requirements of local or desired aquatic communities. We argue that hydrologic indicators are not ecohydrological indicators unless direct connections between flow events and aquatic community habitat and ecological needs are the basis of the indicator development and selection. In this article, we identify ecohydrological indicators that are based on habitat and ecological needs of fish communities. The indicator identification process is initiated with the analysis of community needs using an autecology matrix. Hydrologic statistics are then selected that are appropriate to the target fish community. The resulting ecohydrological indicators provide a direct connection to fish community flow requirements and the physical habitat conditions and associated ecology and life history needs of fish species. Handling editor: J. A. Cambray     

Testing scale dependent assumptions in regional ecosystem simulations

Abstract. We present a Regional Ecosystem Simulation System (RESSys) which uses satellite data to define vegetation properties, topographic and soil data to define site characteristics, and a climate generator program to build a topographically sensitive microclimate map. We use a 150-km² mountainous forested watershed in Glacier National Park to test the consequences of modeling various ecosystems processes using different versions of RESSys with increasing simplification of the landscape: (1) spatial scaling generated using 30 m x 30 m Landsat Thematic Mapper data versus 1 km x 1 km Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer data for vegetation definition; (2) modeling hydrologic dynamics produced by using a topographic routing model versus a simple soil ‘bucket’ model; (3) variable landscape partitioning based on patterns of topographic complexity; and (4) representation of annual net primary productivity (ANPP) using an absorbed photosynthetic active radiation (APAR) model. We evaluate results of these simulations by comparison with average values and areal distributions of photosynthesis, evapotranspiration, hydrologic outflow, and ANPP. Our primary goal is to test whether areal average flux of carbon and water can be scaled linearly over a complex landscape. We found that daily photosynthesis could be predictably estimated between modeling scales with correlation coefficients ranging between 0.89 to 0.99. ANPP was highly correlated among the modeling scales with maximum differences between ANPP prediction of ca. 0.5Mg C ha^-1 yr^-1. Evapotranspiration was similarly predictable between scales but was influenced by differences associated with hydrologic modeling. Hydrologic outflow was not highly correlated between different modeling scales as a function of the different hydrologic models used at different scales.     

Does hydrologic regime affect fish diversity? -A case study of the Yangtze Basin (China)

The Yangtze Basin is taken as a case study to investigate statistically whether the hydrologic regime affects fish diversity. Jaccard’s similarity index (I _JS) is used to characterize the fish species similarity of any pair of sample rivers. On the basis of the IHA (Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration) method, a series of hydrologic indicators, some of which are modified according to the practical hydrologic characters of the Yangtze Basin, are used to characterize the hydrologic regime. A new index, named the degree of the hydrologic regime difference (I _DHRD) is constructed to measure the difference between hydrologic regimes of any pair of sample rivers. An exponential model is used to estimate the correlation curve of I _JS and I _DHRD. We observed a negative relationship between I _JS and I _DHRD, which suggests that hydrologic regime affects fish diversity.     

生态学中的尺度及尺度转换方法

尺度作为生态学的重要范式,已经引起了广泛重视,但对尺度问题的研究还不够成熟.尺度具有多维性特点,即功能尺度、空间尺度、时间尺度等,但生态学研究的重点是空间和时间尺度.并且时空尺度还具有复杂性、变异性特征.尺度研究的根本目的在于通过适宜的空间和时间尺度来揭示和把握复杂的生态学规律.为此,科学有效的尺度选择和尺度转换方法不可或缺.常见的尺度转换方法有图示法、回归分析、变异函数、自相关分析、谱分析、分形和小波变换,同时遥感和地理信息系统技术在尺度研究中也发挥着重要作用.结合实例对上述方法进行了分析和论述,认为各种方法都有其内在的优势和不足,新方法的引入和应用对于尺度转换方法体系的充实和完善非常重要.有关尺度的研究将进一步加强,研究的重点是尺度变异性、不同尺度间的相互作用机制以及尺度转换方法等.     

Hydrologic-Process-Based Soil Texture Classifications for Improved Visualization of Landscape Function

Soils lie at the interface between the atmosphere and the subsurface and are a key component that control ecosystem services, food production, and many other processes at the Earth’s surface. There is a long-established convention for identifying and mapping soils by texture. These readily available, georeferenced soil maps and databases are used widely in environmental sciences. Here, we show that these traditional soil classifications can be inappropriate, contributing to bias and uncertainty in applications from slope stability to water resource management. We suggest a new approach to soil classification, with a detailed example from the science of hydrology. Hydrologic simulations based on common meteorological conditions were performed using HYDRUS-1D, spanning textures identified by the United States Department of Agriculture soil texture triangle. We consider these common conditions to be: drainage from saturation, infiltration onto a drained soil, and combined infiltration and drainage events. Using a k-means clustering algorithm, we created soil classifications based on the modeled hydrologic responses of these soils. The hydrologic-process-based classifications were compared to those based on soil texture and a single hydraulic property, K_s. Differences in classifications based on hydrologic response versus soil texture demonstrate that traditional soil texture classification is a poor predictor of hydrologic response. We then developed a QGIS plugin to construct soil maps combining a classification with georeferenced soil data from the Natural Resource Conservation Service. The spatial patterns of hydrologic response were more immediately informative, much simpler, and less ambiguous, for use in applications ranging from trafficability to irrigation management to flood control. The ease with which hydrologic-process-based classifications can be made, along with the improved quantitative predictions of soil responses and visualization of landscape function, suggest that hydrologic-process-based classifications should be incorporated into environmental process models and can be used to define application-specific maps of hydrologic function.