放牧对短花针茅荒漠草原植物多样性的影响

放牧干扰对草原植物多样性影响机制是放牧生态学研究的核心问题。以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟苏尼特右旗的短花针茅荒漠草原的长期放牧控制实验为平台,系统研究了放牧调控下植物多样性随组织尺度转换的影响,为荒漠草原植物多样性尺度推绎提供理论基础。结果显示:1)现存草地物种数未放牧最高,适度放牧次之,重度放牧最低,差异体现在多年生杂类草和一年生草本2个功能群上,且各功能群的权重基本不受放牧强度影响;2)群落尺度,放牧强度没有显著影响丰富度指数,未放牧小区的植物Simpson生态优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数与Pielou均匀度指数大于适度放牧小区,显著大于重度放牧小区(P0.05);功能群尺度,多年生禾草与一年生草本的多样性指数对放牧无显著响应,多年生杂类草的多样性指数未放牧小区最高,适度放牧小区次之。3)Godron群落稳定性指数显示,适度放牧的小区稳定性高于未放牧小区和重度放牧小区。研究表明,放牧强度的上升使短花针茅荒漠草原不同组织尺度植物多样性降低,但群落稳定性结果显示适度放牧的草地表现出了更高的稳定性,植物多样性与稳定性的权衡将是合理制定区域科学放牧强度的重要途径。     

Genetic diversity of Stipa grandis P.Smirn populations across the species’ range in the Inner Mongolia Plateau of China

In order to investigate the genetic diversity of dominant species under the background of climate change and grassland utilization in the Inner Mongolia Plateau of China, we sampled seven Stipa grandis populations along an increasing aridity gradient in the present study. The Nei’s gene diversity of populations (He) was estimated to be 0.15 and the percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL) was 49.28%. The genetic differentiation among populations (Φ_ST) was 0.2431. There was a significant relationship between genetic distance and geographic distance among the S. grandis populations by Mantel's test. The genetic diversity was significantly correlated with longitude and annual mean precipitation, which suggested that a combination of climatic factors affected the genetic diversity. The populations in the marginal habitat should be paid more attention because of their low genetic diversity and its significance for conservation of the whole species.     

荒漠草原异常降水对不同载畜率植物群落物种组成及多样性的影响

放牧和异常降水对荒漠草原生态系统产生了显著的影响,群落物种组成及多样性因降水和载畜率的改变而变化。然而不同载畜率下荒漠草原植物群落物种组成及多样性对异常降水的响应尚不明晰。本研究以内蒙古短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)荒漠草原为研究对象,调查并分析不同载畜率(绵羊,CK:不放牧、LG:0.93、MG:1.82和HG:2.71羊单位hm^-2半年^-1)放牧区植物群落物种组成及其数量特征。结果表明：降水增加对群落数量特征和物种多样性促进作用显著,但对群落物种优势度指数有显著抑制作用;降水增加使得不同功能属性物种数目增多,引起建群种物种综合优势度降低,从而改变群落物种组成及多样性;不同功能属性物种对载畜率的响应存在差异,群落物种组成及多样性在响应异常降水变化时,降水与载畜率之间协同变化和相互制约,但直根系C3植物和群落总密度的变化主要受载畜率影响。异常降水可影响长期过度放牧引起的生态系统过程,对草地生态系统恢复有积极作用。     

不同放牧强度下短花针茅荒漠草原植被-土壤系统有机碳组分储量特征

草地生态系统作为陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,在全球碳循环中发挥着重要作用。以内蒙古短花针茅荒漠草原不同放牧强度样地为研究对象,通过分析地上植物、凋落物、根系、土壤中有机碳和土壤轻组有机碳,研究草原植被-土壤系统有机碳组分储量的变化特征,从碳储量角度为合理利用草原提供指导。研究结果表明:(1)不同放牧强度荒漠草原地上植物碳储量为11.98—44.51 g/m~2,凋落物碳储量10.43—36.12 g/m~2,根系(0—40cm)碳储量502.30—804.31 g/m~2,且对照区(CK)均显著高于中度放牧区(MG)、重度放牧区(HG);(2)0—40cm土壤碳储量为7817.43—9694.16 g/m~2,其中轻度放牧区(LG)碳储量为9694.16 g/m~2,显著高于CK、HG(P0.05);(3)植被—土壤系统的碳储量为8342.14—10494.80 g/m~2,LGMGCKHG,有机碳主要储存于土壤当中,占比约90.54%—93.71%,适度放牧利用有利于发挥草地生态系统的碳汇功能;(4)土壤轻组有机碳储量为484.20—654.62 g/m~2,LG储量最高,表明适度放牧有助于草原土壤营养物质的循环和积累。     

RAPD analysis of genetic diversity and population genetic structure of Stipa krylovii reshov. in Inner Mongolia steppe

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to characterize the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of Stipa krylovii populations in Inner Mongolia steppe of North China. Thirteen 10-bp oligonucleotide primers, which generated 237 RAPD bands, were used to analyze 90 plants of five populations from three regions, meadow steppe, typical steppe and desert steppe, from the east to the west. The genetic diversity of Stipa krylovii that was revealed by observed number of alleles (na), expected number of alleles (ne), Nei’s diversity index (h), Shannon’s diversity index (H), amplificated loci, polymorphic loci and the percentage of polymorphic loci (PPB) increased from the east to the west. The Pearson’s correlation analysis between genetic diversity parameters and ecological parameters indicated that the genetic diversity of Stipa krylovii was associated with precipitation and cumulative temperature variations along the longitude (humidity were calculated by precipitation and cumulative temperature). Dendrogram based on Jaccard’s genetic distance showed that the individuals from the same population formed a single subgroup. Although most variation (56.85%) was within populations, there was high genetic differentiation among populations of Stipa krylovii, high differentiation within and between regions by AMOVA analysis. Either Nei’s unbiased genetic distance (G _ST) or gene flow (Nm) among pairwise populations was not correlated with geographical distance by Mantel’s test (P > 0.05), suggesting that there was no consistency with the isolation by distance model in these populations. Natural selection may have played a role in affecting the genetic diversity and population structure, but habitat destruction and degradation in northem grassland in China may be the main factor responsible for high genetic differentiation among populations, within and among regions. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

牧压梯度对克氏针茅生长和繁殖的影响

用比较样地法调查了牧压梯度对克氏针茅生长和繁殖的影响,结果表明：长期过度放牧使克氏针茅株丛发生破碎和小型化,营养生长的株丛密度增加,生殖生长的株丛密度减少,生殖枝比例下降,枝条生物量和种子产量下降,分蘖节向地表移动,株丛茎基部和根系的储藏碳水化合物含量显著减少。而中度放牧干扰使克氏针茅的株丛大小和生殖枝营养枝比例保持适中,有利于发挥株丛和枝条各自的生长和繁殖潜力。     

Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the grand jackknife clam Solen grandis (Bivalvia: Veneroida)

The grand jackknife clam Solen grandis (Dunker, 1861) is an overexploited bivalve species. In order to promote a conservation program for this species, it is necessary to evaluate its genetic diversity and population genetics. For this purpose, we isolated the first set of 18 polymorphic microsatellite markers and examined their allelic variation using a total of 30 wild individuals collected from one locality. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 5 to 24, and the observed and expected heterozygosity varied from 0.300 to 0.967 and from 0.721 to 0.952, respectively. The high variabilities at these loci indicated that they would be useful tool for exploring the population genetics of S. grandis.     

载畜率对荒漠草原冷蒿植物种群密度及其空间分布的影响

载畜率是衡量草原生产能力的指标之一,研究荒漠草原冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)植物种群在不同载畜率下的耐牧程度和空间分布特征,对退化草原的恢复具有重要的指导意义。以短花针茅荒漠草原优势种冷蒿为研究对象,在4个不同载畜率放牧试验设计(对照区CK(0只/hm~2)、轻度放牧区LG(0.93只/hm~2)、中度放牧区MG(1.82只/hm~2)和重度放牧区HG(2.71只/hm~2))小区中选择代表性样地(面积为40m×40m),采用机械取样法进行取样,记录冷蒿植物种群的密度,使用SAS 9.4软件对其进行描述性统计和方差分析,并用地统计学软件GS+9.0进行空间异质性统计分析。结果表明：荒漠草原优势种冷蒿密度、出现频率和单位均值上的变异值随载畜率增大都明显下降,其植物种群空间分布的决定性因素随载畜率增大由结构性因素转变为随机性因素。LG和HG处理区的空间自相关距离较大,但这两者表现结果的影响因素存在差异。在CK和HG区,冷蒿空间分布斑块化较为明显,LG区的冷蒿空间分布的特征表现为带状分布,MG区冷蒿空间分布形成了一处大的条带和零星的几块斑块。基于上述研究结果可以得出,随着载畜率...     

RAPD analysis of genetic diversity and population genetic structure of Stipa krylovii Reshov. in Inner Mongolia steppe

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to characterize the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of Stipa krylovii populations in Inner Mongolia steppe of North China. Thirteen 10 bp oligonucleotide primers, which generated 237 RAPD bands, were used to analyze 90 plants of five populations from three regions, meadow steppe, typical steppe and desert steppe, from the east to the west. The genetic diversity of Stipa krylovii that was revealed by observed number of alleles (na), expected number of alleles (ne), Nei's diversity index (h), Shannon's diversity index (H), amplificated loci, polymorphic loci and the percentage of polymorphic loci (PPB) increased from the east to the west. The Pearson's correlation analysis between genetic diversity parameters and ecological parameters indicated that the genetic diversity of Stipa krylovii was associated with precipitation and cumulative temperature variations along the longitude (humidity were calculated by precipitation and cumulative temperature). Dendrogram based on Jaccard's genetic distance showed that the individuals from the same population formed a single sub-group. Although most variation (56.85%) was within populations, there was high genetic differentiation among populations of Stipa krylovii, high differentiation within and between regions by AMOVA analysis. Either Nei's unbiased genetic distance (G(ST)) or gene flow (Nm) among pairwise populations was not correlated with geographical distance by Mantel's test (P > 0.05), suggesting that there was no consistency with the isolation by distance model in these populations. Natural selection may have played a role in affecting the genetic diversity and population structure, but habitat destruction and degradation in northern grassland in China may be the main factor responsible for high genetic differentiation among populations, within and among regions.     

Genetic diversity of wild and cultured swamp eel (Monopterus albus) populations from central China revealed by ISSR markers

Asian swamp eel is a highly commercial fish, primarily for China and other Asian countries. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the genetic diversity of wild and cultured samples of Asian swamp eel Monopterus albus using ISSR markers. A total of 129 individuals belonging to three wild samples, Xiantao (XT), Huanggang (HG), Xinyang (XY) and three cultured samples, Wuhan (WH), Jingzhou (JZ) and Nanjing (NJ) were randomly selected for genetic analysis. Twelve ISSR primers were used for screening the six populations and 110 loci were obtained. The polymorphic loci were estimated to be 54%, 56.3%, 58.2%, 60.6%, 69.5% and 71% in NJ,WH, JZ, XT, HG and XY samples, respectively. Average heterozygosity value varied from 0.1956 to 0.2449. The three wild samples showed higher genetic diversity than the cultured samples (P < 0.05), including polymorphic bands (PPB), observed number of alleles per locus (_to), effective number of alleles per locus (Ne), Nei’s gene diversity index (H) and Shannon’s information index (I).     

Population structure and genetic diversity of Stipa grandis P. Smirn,a dominant species in the typical steppe of northern China

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to characterize genetic heterogeneity within and among five populations of Stipa grandis in the Xilingol Plateau. Estimates of the percentage of polymorphic bands, Shannon's diversity information index and Nei's gene diversity index were comparatively high in the five populations, and the Population GSM was found to have the highest genetic diversity among all populations. An analysis of molecular variance indicated that the majority of variation existed within populations (74.12%), and that there was significant differentiation among populations (Φ_ST = 25.88%, P < 0.001). Genetic distance (Φ_ST) ranged from 0.198 to 0.310 and the differentiation between pair-wise populations was significant when individual pairs of populations were compared. Based on the Φ_ST values, gene flow (Nm) was estimated and was found to vary from 0.556 to 1.013 between pair-wise populations and 0.7412 among populations. The results of UPGMA cluster analysis and nonmetric multi-dimensional scaling analysis indicated that most variation occurred within populations and that genetic differentiation had happened between populations. These findings are important for a better understanding of the adaptive strategy of S. grandis in northern China and will be useful for conservation managers to work out an effective strategy to protect this important species.     

Identification of candidate AFLP markers for shell color of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) under artificial selection

The shell color of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is a desirable trait, but only a few genetic studies on shell color have been documented. Through successive selective breeding, four shell color variants of white (W), gold (G), black (B) and purple (P) C. gigas have been developed. The amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique was used to scan the genomes of the four variants with different shell colors and one wild population (C) to identify candidate markers for shell polymorphism. Fifteen AFLP primer combinations were used, 1079 loci were scored as polymorphic loci, and the percentage of polymorphic bands was 95.5%. In the gold, white, black, purple and wild populations, the percentages of polymorphic loci were estimated to be 90.5% (G), 90.0% (W), 91.1% (B), 95.3% (P) and 93.2% (C); the expected heterozygosity values were 0.3115 (G), 0.3044 (W), 0.3102 (B), 0.3285 (P) and 0.3105 (C). The white shell variant was observed to have slightly lower genetic diversity than others, with a F_ST value of 0.1483. These results indicated that the four different shell color variants had high genetic diversity and that the genetic differentiation of populations mostly results from genetic diversity of individuals within populations. Furthermore, 11 outlier loci were considered candidate markers for shell color. This work provides new insights on relationships among color variants of C. gigas.     

珍稀濒危植物长叶红砂种群遗传多样性的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术,对濒危小灌木长叶红砂(Reaumuria trigyna) 集中分布的5个种群的遗传多样性水平和遗传结构进行了研究。14条引物共检测到114个位点,其中99个为多态位点,多态位点比率为86.84％,长叶红砂种群具有较高的遗传多样性。物种水平上Shannon多样性指数(I)为0.468 8,Nei基因多样性指数(H)为0.308 4;种群水平上,多态位点比率P为77.89%,I为0.410 6,H为0.260 9,基因分化系数Gst为0.106 9,揭示了长叶红砂种群遗传变异多存在于种群内,种群间的遗传分化较小,占10.69%。 基因流(Nm)为4.178 7＞1,说明种群间的基因交流,防止了由于遗传漂变导致的遗传分化。聚类分析表明长叶红砂种群遗传距离与地理距离之间无显著的相关性。研究结果说明遗传多样性水平与物种本身特性和所处不同群落有关,濒危植物并不一定表现为遗传变异水平的降低。     

Genetic comparisons between seed bank and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stipa krylovii</Emphasis> plant populations

The soil seed bank represents the potential plant population since it is the source for population replacement. The genetic structure of a Stipa kryiovii (Roshev.) plant population and its soil seed bank was investigated in the Xilinguole Steppe of Inner Mongolia using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses. The population was sampled at two sites that were in close proximity to each other (0.5 km apart). Thirty plants and 18 seed bank samples were taken from each site to determine the genetic diversity between sites and between sources (plant or seed). The material was analyzed using 13 primers to produce 92 loci. Eighty-six were multi-loci, of which 23 loci (26.74%) of allele frequencies showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05). The genetic similarity between two seed bank sites was 0.9843 while the genetic similarity between two plant sites was 0.9619. Their similarities were all greater than that between the seed bank and plant populations. An analysis of their genetic structure showed that 87.86% of total variation was derived by two-loci. Genetic structures between plant and soil seed bank populations in S. krylovii were different due to the variance of mean gametic disequilibria and mean gene diversity. AMOVA results showed that the majority of variance (88.62%) occurred within sites, 12.75% was from between-groups. Further research is needed to investigate the selective function in maintaining the genetic diversity of Stipa krylovii plant populations.     

Response of dominant grassland species in the temperate steppe of Inner Mongolia to different land uses at leaf and ecosystem levels

In order to study the responses of dominant species to different land uses in the semiarid temperate grassland of Inner Mongolia, we tested the physiological responses of Stipa grandis, Leymus chinensis, and Artemisia frigida to mowing, grazing exclusion, and grazing land uses at the leaf and ecosystem levels. The grazing-exclusion and mowing sites released CO₂, but the grazing site was a net carbon sink. L. chinensis and S. grandis contributed more to the ecosystem CO₂ exchange than A. frigida. At the grazing-exclusion and mowing sites, Leymus chinensis and Stipa grandis both exhibited a higher light-saturation point and higher maximum photosynthetic rate than that at the grazing site, which increased photosynthesis and growth compared to those at the grazing site. In contrast, A. frigida possessed a higher nitrogen content than the other species, and more of the light energy used for photosynthesis, particularly at the grazing site.     

Effects of Grazing Intensity and Environmental Factors on Species Composition and Diversity in Typical Steppe of Inner Mongolia,China

In the present study, we aim to analyze the effect of grazing, precipitation and temperature on plant species dynamics in the typical steppe of Inner Mongolia, P.R. China. By uncoupling biotic and abiotic factors, we provide essential information on the main drivers determining species composition and species diversity. Effects of grazing by sheep were studied in a controlled experiment along a gradient of seven grazing intensities (from ungrazed to very heavily grazed) during six consecutive years (2005–2010). The results show that plant species composition and diversity varied among years but were little affected by grazing intensity, since the experimental years were much dryer than the long term average, the abiotic constraints may have overridden any grazing effect. Among-year differences were predominantly determined by the abiotic factors of precipitation and temperature. Most of the variation in species dynamics and coexistence between C3 and C4 species was explained by seasonal weather conditions, i.e. precipitation and temperature regime during the early-season (March-June) were most important in determining vegetation dynamics. The dominant C3 species Stipa grandis was highly competitive in March-June, when the temperature levels were low and rainfall level was high. In contrast, the most common C4 species Cleistogenes squarrosa benefited from high early-season temperature levels and low early-season rainfall. However, biomass of Stipa grandis was positively correlated with temperature in March, when effective mean temperature ranges from 0 to 5°C and thus promotes vernalization and vegetative sprouting. Our results suggest that, over a six-year term, it is temporal variability in precipitation and temperature rather than grazing that determines vegetation dynamics and species co-existence of grazed steppe ecosystems. Furthermore, our data support that the variability in the biomass of dominant species, rather than diversity, determine ecosystem functioning. The present study provides fundamental knowledge on the complex interaction of grazing – vegetation – climate.     

放牧对大针茅草原建群种与优势种空间分布关系的影响

为探讨放牧下大针茅草原建群种大针茅(Stipa grandis)和优势种羊草(Leymus chinensis)及糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)种群空间分布特点及关系,本实验以内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟毛登牧场大针茅草原建群种大针茅、优势种羊草和糙隐子草为研究对象,通过野外试验,以地统计学为基础,采用半方差函数、分形维数及克里格插值法,分析了围封(CK)和放牧(G)样地大针茅、羊草及糙隐子草种群小尺度空间分布关系。结果表明:围封样地大针茅、羊草及糙隐子草植株密度分别为10.94株/m~(2 )、12.95株/m~(2 )、13.60株/m~(2 ),放牧样地植株密度分别为16.84株/m~(2 )、48.28株/m~(2 )、28.63株/m~(2 ),放牧显著增加大针茅、羊草及糙隐子草种群密度(P0.05);半方差函数进行模型拟合发现,大针茅、羊草及糙隐子草种群空间分布函数关系均符合高斯模型;通过对空间分布函数关系分析,围封和放牧样地结构比为G (93.3%) CK(60.4%),表明放牧样地大针茅种群空间分布主要受结构性因素影响,而围封大针茅种群则受随机性因素影响较大;围封和放牧样地分形维数值为CK(1.796) G(1.361),表明放牧样地大针茅、羊草和糙隐子草所形成的空间分布格局相比围封样地较为复杂,大针茅空间分布对羊草和糙隐子草空间分布的依赖性较弱;通过立体图分析,在放牧利用过程中,羊草处于中低密度时,及糙隐子草处于高密度时,均与大针茅种群间的关系从围封中的竞争关系变为放牧过程中的亲和关系,可见放牧导致种间关系改变。     

木荷种群在演替系列群落中的遗传多样性

利用ISSR分子标记对木荷种群在3个演替系列群落中的遗传多样性进行了研究。12个随机引物共检测到203个可重复的位点,其中多态位点183个,总多态位点百分率（P）为90.15%,平均多态位点百分率为82.27%。Shannon信息指数（I）估算的总遗传多样性为0.524 4,平均为0.477 8。Nei指数（h）计算的总基因多样性为0.358 7,平均为0.326 5。3个种群的P、I、h大小顺序均为针叶林>针阔混交林>常绿阔叶林。AMOVA分子变异显示91.56%变异来源于种群内,8.44%变异来源于种群间。种群间的遗传分化系数（G_ST）为0.089 7,基因流（N_m）为5.073 1。种群间的遗传相似度平均为0.928 4,遗传距离平均为0.074 4,针叶林种群与针阔混交林种群遗传相似度最高。     

内蒙古典型草原放牧压力评价及土壤N储量响应

放牧是草原生态系统的重要干扰,是草原氮循环的重要影响因素。为了揭示放牧对土壤N储量的影响,在内蒙古典型草原,基于单位草原面积草原载畜量和单位草原生产力,建立了放牧压力评价模型,并利用1990—2011年以县为单位统计的放牧牲畜数据和2001—2011每年合成的MODIS-NDVI_(max)影像数据评估了放牧压力的空间分布。基于2011年野外调查的95个样点和2010年调查的41个样点数据,对处于低放牧压力(LG),中放牧压力(MG)和高放牧压力(HG)的样点数据进行了统计分析。结果表明:放牧压力对土壤容重(BD),土壤全碳(TC)含量和土壤全氮(TN)含量具有显著影响,特别在土壤表层(0—10cm),土壤容重、TC含量和TN含量在LG,MG和HG之间存在显著差异。TC含量和TN含量随放牧压力增加而降低,BD随放牧压力增加而增加;黏粒含量(CC)在3个放牧压力梯度上不存在显著差异;土壤N储量表现出和TN含量相似的变化特征,随土壤深度增加而降低,随放牧压力增加而减少,在0—50cm范围内,土壤N储量在LG、MG和HG之间存在显著差异(2011,P0.05;2010,P0.1)。重度放牧是草原生态系统氮损失的主要因素之一,降低放牧压力有助于降低草原氮损失和恢复植被生产力。     

Genetic diversity of nine faba bean (Vicia faba L.) populations revealed by isozyme markers

Seven isozyme systems (Sod, 6-Pgd, Me, Est, Skdh, Fdh and Gdh) representing nine loci were used to study the genetic diversity of nine faba bean populations. Seven loci revealed polymorphic bands and showed the same quaternary structure as that found in several species. They revealed a high number of phenotypes. Indeed, from 3 to 9 phenotypes per locus were investigated in this study. The percentage of polymorphic loci (P = 59.3 %) was higher than that mentioned in the autogamous species (P = 20.3 %) and less than the optimum (P=96 %) indicated for allogamous plants. Total genetic diversity (H _T) and within population genetic diversity (H _S) were estimated with the isozyme markers. The contribution of among population genetic diversity (D _ST) to total genetic diversity was 22%. Enzyme markers pointed out an average inbreeding level for whole population (F _IT) and within population (F _IS). Within population genetic diversity represents 78% of total diversity. Intra-population genetic diversity (H _S = 0.206) was ranged with the respect of allogamous species and was clearly higher than that of among population genetic diversity (D _ST = 0.057) indicating an out-crossing predominance in the studied populations. The expected heterozygosity was higher than that observed heterozygosity at the allogamous species was confirmed in this study. Although, the mean estimated gene flow was less than 1(Nm=0.814), the dendrogram based on Nei’s genetic distance of the 9 populations using UPGMA method showed some genetic drift between populations.