亚麻未授粉子房单倍体植株的诱导

通过未授粉子房培养诱导单倍体植株,已在近10种作物上取得成功。我们以亚麻为材料,接种未授粉子房,诱导出单倍体植株。现将结果报道如下。     

问：秋水仙素处理单倍体得到的一定是纯合子吗？

答：单倍体是指体细胞中含有本物种配子染色体数目的个体。那么如果此物种是二倍体如某玉米植株基因型是Aa．其单倍体植株的基因型为A、a两种,当用秋水仙素加倍以后．生成植株的基因型为AA、aa两种纯合子;但如果此物种为四倍体、六倍体、八倍体等偶数倍多倍体时,如某马铃薯植株基因型为从aa时,则形成的单倍体植株的基因型为AA、Aa、aa3种类型。     

从未授粉的小麦及烟草子房培养出单倍体植株

在子房和胚珠培养方面国内外已做了许多工作,但离体培养未授粉的子房获得单倍体植株迄今国内外尚未见报道。从未授粉的子房长出单倍体植株,不但具有育种工作上的实用价值,同时也具有遗传学、胚胎学及细胞学等基础学科的理论意义。我们用未授粉的小麦和烟草子房离体培养,从胚珠中长出了单倍体植株。现将主要的试验结果报道如下:     

问题解答

问:用秋水仙素处理单倍体植株后得到的一定是纯合子吗?答:某教材课后练习第2题选择题的第3小题:"用秋水仙素处理单倍体植株后,得到的一定是()。A.二倍体B.多倍体C.杂合子D.纯合子与之配套的教师教学用书上的参考答案为D。笔者认为此题是不严密的。其理由是:1)单倍体植株只含1个染色体组时,通过秋水仙素处理该植株后,具有2个染色体组,一定为纯合子。如:基因型为A的单倍体植株经秋水仙素处理后得到AA的纯合子,基因型为a的单倍体植株经秋水仙素处理后得到aa的纯合子。     

菊科植物单倍体研究进展

单倍体培养是快速获得菊科纯合系的重要途径。目前已进行单倍体研究的菊科植物共有13个种,其中9个已成功获得单倍体植株。菊科中诱导单倍体的途径有花药培养、小孢子培养、离体雌核培养、远源杂交和辐射花粉诱导单倍体。本文详细论述了不同外植体发育时期、预处理、培养基、培养条件等因素对单倍体植株诱导再生的影响。对菊科植物单倍体诱导的几种途径进行对比总结,指出研究中存在的问题并提出思路和建议。     

百合未授粉子房离体培养胚胎形成及植株再生

未受精子房离体培养是诱导雌核产生单倍体的技术之一。以1个野生种和3个杂种系共7个百合(Lilium)基因型为实验材料, 探讨了基础培养基、花蕾取样时期和外源激素等因素对百合未授粉子房离体培养胚胎形成的影响。结果表明, CBM、MS和BDS三种基础培养基均可诱导百合未授粉子房胚胎形成, 但以BDS培养基诱导效果最佳; 开花前1天的花蕾较适于百合未授粉子房离体培养; 2 mg·L^-1 2,4-D + 2 mg·L^-1 6-BA和2 mg·L^-1 2,4-D + 2 mg·L^-1 KT两种外源激素配方均适用于百合未授粉子房离体培养诱导胚胎形成。在培养过程中, 大多数胚性胚珠中只含有1个胚胎, 位于珠孔端、合子端或极核处, 少数胚性胚珠中含有双胚胎。通过百合未授粉子房离体培养, 从5个基因型材料中共获得146株再生植株。采用根尖染色体计数法对其中的62株进行了倍性测定, 其中43株与母体植株染色体倍性不同。     

从薏苡的未受精子房培养出单倍体植株

通过子房或胚珠的离体培养,诱导大抱子 或雌配子产生单倍体植株,无论在遗传学、胚胎 学、细胞学等基础科学理论方面或在育种实践 方面都具有一定意义。据我们所知,迄今仅在 水稻‘刃、大麦〔,,、小麦〔‘〕、烟草〔‘,、玉米t,,‘,、百合〔们 等植物上获得了单倍体植株。我们继着茵花药 培养获得单倍体植株〔3,之后,最近在未授粉的 昔茵子房培养上,亦获得了单倍体植株。现将 试验结果报道如下：     

用花药培养法由马铃薯雄性不育双单倍体诱导一单倍体植株的研究

用花药培养法由雄性不育材料诱导单倍体尚未见报道。在马铃薯中,所有双单倍体或一单倍体,也都是由有效花粉百分数较高的雄性可育材料诱导产生的。本文首次报道了用花药培养法由一个典型的雄性不育的双单倍体品系诱导产生一单倍体的试验结果。从接种的1850个花药中,诱导出了28个胚状体和23块愈伤组织,并从它们分化出了24株绿苗。分化出的小植株生活力大部分较弱,在继代培养过程中逐渐死亡,但也有一些生活力较强的植株存话下来,经L_1、L_2和L_1 3个胚层细胞的检查表明,它们具有典型的一倍体特征,体细胞染色体数目为2n=x=12。植株之间表现出明显的性状分离,说明它们均来自减数分裂后的小孢子。大部分植株的产量较低,但也有少数生活力强,单株块茎产量达0.5公斤左右的抗病、品质好的植株。所有植株都具有不正常的减数分裂,无有效花粉形成,个别植株能结实,但无种子形成,用四倍体或双单倍体的可育花粉授粉也不能形成种子,进一步证明了它们具有一单倍体特性。对诱导马铃薯一单倍体和利用雄性不育材料进行花药培养诱导单倍体的意义进行了讨论。     

从白魔芋未授粉子房培养出单倍体植株（简报）

通过花药培养已从20多个科的一百多种植物中得到单倍体植物。未授粉子房离体培养人工诱导单倍体的研究,已从二棱大麦、小麦和烟草、水稻、玉米、普通大麦、向日葵、百合、青稞等植物的未授粉子房培养出单倍体植物。1987年我们进行了白魔芋未授粉子房的离体培养,并获得单倍体植物,现将实验初步结果报道如下。     

从未授粉的青稞子房培养出单倍体植株

通过未授粉子房的离体培养诱导产生单倍体植株的研究,虽然只在大麦、小麦、水稻、烟草、玉米、百合等几种作物上取得了进展,但近几年已受到国内外许多学者的关注,这一课题的研究在理论上和育种实践上都具有重要的意义。为此,我们继百合之后,又在青稞上开展了此项研究,获得了单倍体植株。现将结果报道如下。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.