中国瓢蜡蝉科一新记录属--德里瓢蜡蝉属

报道了瓢蜡蝉科中国1新记录属——德里瓢蜡蝉属Delhina Distant及中国新记录种德里瓢蜡蝉D.eurybrachydoides Distant,绘制了其主要外形特征,首次描记雄性外生殖器特征。     

脊额瓢蜡蝉属分类研究（同翅目：蜡蝉总科：瓢蜡蝉科）

综述了脊额瓢蜡蝉属的分类研究历史,记述中国脊额瓢蜡蝉属Gergithoides Schumacher 4个种,其中2个新种：Gergithoides undulatus Wang et CHe,sp.nov.和Gergithoides gibbosus Chou et Wang,sp.nov.,绘制了雄性外生殖器及外部形态主要特征图,并列有种的检索表。新种模式标本均保存在西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆。     

蒙瓢蜡蝉属Mongoliana Distant的分类研究(同翅目: 蜡蝉总科: 瓢蜡蝉科)

综述蒙瓢蜡蝉属的分类研究历史,记述中国蒙瓢蜡蝉属Mongoliana Distant 7种,其中包括5新种矛尖蒙瓢蜡蝉Mongoliana lanceolata, sp. nov.,三角蒙瓢蜡蝉Mongoliana triangularis, sp. nov.,锯缘蒙瓢蜡蝉Mongoliana serrata, sp. nov.,褐斑蒙瓢蜡蝉Mongoliana naevia, sp. nov. 和曲纹蒙瓢蜡蝉Mongoliana sinuata, sp. nov.;绘制了雄性外生殖器及前翅主要特征图,并列有分种检索表.新种模式标本均保存在西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆.     

中国瓢蜡蝉科一新记录属

报道中国新记录属广瓢蜡蝉属Macrodaruma Fennah及中国新记录种广瓢蜡蝉M.pertinax Fennah,绘制了其主要外形特征及雄性外生殖器图,首次描记了雌虫的主要外形特征。     

蒙瓢蜡蝉属Mongliana Distant的分类研究（同翅目：蜡蝉总科：瓢蜡蝉科）

综述蒙瓢蜡属的分类研究历史，记述中国蒙瓢蜡蝉属Mongliana Distant 7种，其中包括5新种：柔尖蒙飘蜡蝉Mongoliana lanceolata,sp.nov.,三角蒙飘蜡蝉Mongoliana triangularis,sp.nov，锯缘蒙瓢蜡蝉Mongoliana serrata,sp.nov.,褐斑蒙瓢蜡蝉Mongoliana naevia,sp.nov.和曲纹蒙瓢蜡蝉Mongoliana sinuata,sp.nov.绘制了雄性外生殖器及前翅主要特征图，并列有分种检索表。新种模式标本均保存在西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆。     

中国6种雄性圆瓢蜡蝉形态比较(蜡蝉总科,瓢蜡蝉科)

对中国6种圆瓢蜡蝉Gergithus的外部形态及其雄性外生殖器进行了形态比较研究。结果表明:6种雄性圆瓢蜡蝉体色存在差异,雄虫尾节可分为有刺和无刺2种类型;肛节可根据其端缘凹凸情况分为凹入、近平直和凸出3种类型;6种雄性圆瓢蜡蝉阳茎的结构特征差异最为突出,尤其在其端部的结构上,可作为区别种间的最佳分类依据。此外,本文根据不同形态特征给出了这6种圆瓢蜡蝉的分类检索表,并建议将中胸背板长宽比(2∶1)作为圆瓢蜡蝉属的属征之一。     

中国圆顶瓢蜡蝉属回顾及一新种描记（半翅目：蜡蝉总科：瓢蜡蝉科）

对中国圆顶瓢蜡蝉属Thabena Stl,1861进行了分类回顾,共有4种:海南圆顶瓢蜡蝉T.hainanensis(Ran & Liang,2006)(中国海南)、兰坪圆顶瓢蜡蝉T.lanpingensis sp.nov.(中国云南)、黎桃圆顶瓢蜡蝉T.litaoensis(Yang,1994)(中国台湾、海南)和云南圆顶瓢蜡蝉T.yunnanensis(Ran & Liang,2006)(中国云南)。对其中2个种兰坪圆顶瓢蜡蝉T.lanpingensis和黎桃圆顶瓢蜡蝉T.litaoensis进行了描记或重新描记,绘制了特征图。提供了中国圆顶瓢蜡蝉属全部已知种的检索表。     

恶性席瓢蜡蝉的生物学特性

恶性席瓢蜡蝉Sivaloka damnosusChouetLu是山东省最近发现的新害虫。首次记述了其幼期形态特征、生物学特性及其天敌种类,首次报道其寄生性天敌宽额螯蜂Dryinus latusOlmi。该虫在山东商河1年发生2代,以卵在寄主枝条内越冬。用吡虫啉和阿维菌素类制剂4 000~5 000倍液喷雾防治若虫,具有较好的防治效果。     

黄瓢蜡蝉属分类研究(半翅目,蜡蝉总科,瓢蜡蝉科)

对东洋区黄瓢蜡蝉属Flavina Stal(半翅目,蜡蝉总科,瓢蜡蝉科)的种类进行了分类研究,描记2新种,即尖胸黄瓢蜡蝉Flavina acuta sp nov.(Laos,Vietnam)和四刺黄瓢蜡蝉Flavina quadrispina sp.nov.(Thailand).新种模式标本保存在Bernice P.Bishop Museum,Honolulu,Hawaii,USA.     

扁足瓢蜡蝉属分类研究(半翅目,蜡蝉总科,瓢蜡蝉科)

对扁足瓢蜡蝉属Neodurium Fennah(半翅目,蜡蝉总科,瓢蜡蝉科)进行了重新描记,该属目前已知3种,其中2新种,即指扁足瓢蜡蝉Neodurium digitiformum Ran et Liang,sp.nov.和平扁足瓢蜡蝉Neodurium flatidumRan et Liang,sp.nov..新种模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所.     

宽额螯蜂的幼期形态及生物学特性研究

宽额螯蜂Dryinus latus Olmi在山东商河寄生恶性席瓢蜡蝉Sivaloka damnosus Chouet Lu若虫,具有捕食和寄生的双重控制作用。首次明确该蜂寄主,记述其幼期形态特征、生活史、生活习性。在山东商河1年发生2代,以4龄老熟幼虫在茧内越冬。翌年4月下旬至5月上旬为化蛹盛期,5月中旬越冬代成虫开始出现,捕捉寄主若虫补充营养。成虫主要产卵于恶性席瓢蜡蝉3～5龄若虫前后翅芽下紧贴体背的淡绿色组织上。第1代卵历期平均78.1h,幼虫孵化至脱囊平均历时209.5h,产卵至脱囊平均历时280.0h,蛹期平均386.4h。幼虫作茧于枝条、叶片或地面枯叶上,茧外缀有枝条表皮或叶片碎屑。7月下旬至8月上旬出现第1代成虫,第2代幼虫8月上旬开始脱囊结茧越冬。野外寄生率27.8%～45.7%,控制作用显著。     

Decrease in cell surface galactose residues of Schizosaccharomyces pombe enhances its coflocculation with Pediococcus damnosus

Pediococcus damnosus can coflocculate with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and cause beer acidification that may or may not be desired. Similar coflocculations occur with other yeasts except for Schizosaccharomyces pombe which has galactose-rich cell walls. We compared coflocculation rates of S. pombe wild-type species TP4-1D, having a mannose-to-galactose ratio (Man:Gal) of 5 to 6 in the cell wall, with its glycosylation mutants gms1-1 (Man:Gal = 5:1) and gms1Delta (Man:Gal = 1:0). These mutants coflocculated at a much higher level (30 to 45%) than that of the wild type (5%). Coflocculation of the mutants was inhibited by exogenous mannose but not by galactose. The S. cerevisiae mnn2 mutant, with a mannan content similar to that of gms1Delta, also showed high coflocculation (35%) and was sensitive to mannose inhibition. Coflocculation of P. damnosus and gms1Delta (or mnn2) also could be inhibited by gms1Delta mannan (with unbranched alpha-1,6-linked mannose residues), concanavalin A (mannose and glucose specific), or NPA lectin (specific for alpha-1,6-linked mannosyl units). Protease treatment of the bacterial cells completely abolished coflocculation. From these results we conclude that mannose residues on the cell surface of S. pombe serve as receptors for a P. damnosus lectin but that these receptors are shielded by galactose residues in wild-type strains. Such interactions are important in the production of Belgian acid types of beers in which mixed cultures are used to improve flavor.     

Detection and quantification of Brettanomyces bruxellensis and 'ropy' Pediococcus damnosus strains in wine by real-time polymerase chain reaction

AIMS: Brettanomyces bruxellensis is a well-known wine spoilage yeast that causes undesirable off-flavours. Likewise, glucan-producing strains of ropy Pediococcus damnosus are considered as spoilage micro-organisms because the synthesis of glucan leads to an unacceptable viscosity of wine. METHODS AND RESULTS: We developed a real-time PCR method to detect and quantify these two spoilage micro-organisms in wine. It is based on specific primer pairs for amplification of target DNA, and includes a melting-curve analysis of PCR products as a confirmatory test. CONCLUSIONS: The detection limit in wine was 10(4) CFU ml(-1) for B. bruxellensis and 40 CFU ml(-1) for ropy Pediococcus damnosus. The real-time PCR proved to be reliable for the early, sensitive detection and quantification of B. bruxellensis and ropy P. damnosus in wine. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The real-time PCR-based method described in this study provides a new tool for monitoring spoilage micro-organisms in wine. Time-consuming culture and colony isolation steps are no longer needed, so winemakers can intervene before spoilage occurs.     

Genome sequence of the phage clP1, which infects the beer spoilage bacterium Pediococcus damnosus

Pediococcus damnosus (P. damnosus) bacteriophage (phage) clP1 is a novel virulent phage isolated from a municipal sewage sample collected in Southern Ireland. This phage infects the beer spoilage strain P. damnosus P82 which was isolated from German breweries. Sequencing of the phage has revealed a linear double stranded DNA genome of 38,013 base pairs (bp) with an overall GC content of 47.6%. Fifty seven open reading frames (ORFs) were identified of which 30 showed homology to previously sequenced proteins, and as a consequence 20 of these were assigned predicted functions. The majority of genes displayed homology with genes from the Lactobacillus plantarum phage phiJL-1. All genes were located on the same coding strand and in the same orientation. Morphological characterisation placed phage clP1 as a member of the Siphoviridae family with an isometric head (59 nm diameter) and non-contractile tail (length 175 nm; diameter 10nm. Interestingly, the phage clP1 genome was found to share very limited identity with other phage genome sequences in the database, and was hence considered unique. This was highlighted by the genome organisation which differed slightly to the consensus pattern of genomic organisation usually found in Siphoviridae phages. With the genetic machinery present for a lytic lifecycle and the absence of potential endotoxin factors, this phage may have applications in the biocontrol of beer spoilage bacteria. To our knowledge, this study represents the first reported P. damnosus phage genome sequence.     

Comparative analysis of conserved genetic markers and adjacent DNA regions identified in beer-spoilage lactic acid bacteria

AIMS: To conduct an inter-species comparative study on the nucleotide sequences of the conserved DNA regions surrounding ORF5, a genetic marker for differentiating beer-spoilage lactic acid bacteria. METHODS AND RESULTS: The conserved DNA regions surrounding ORF5 were examined by PCR analysis, using three beer-spoilage strains, Lactobacillus brevis ABBC45C, L. paracollinoides LA2T and Pediococcus damnosus ABBC478. As a result, the DNA regions containing ORF1-7, originally found in ABBC45C, appeared to be conserved among the three strains, while the downstream region was not found in L. paracollinoides LA2T and P. damnosus ABBC478. The sequencing analysis of the conserved DNA regions of LA2T and ABBC478 revealed ca 99% nucleotide sequence identities with that of ABBC45C. CONCLUSIONS: The nucleotide sequences of the ca 8.2 kb DNA regions containing ORF1-7 were virtually identical among the three strains belonging to different species. The internal organizations of the ORFs were found to be remarkably similar. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The level of nucleotide sequence identities suggests the DNA regions surrounding ORF5 were horizontally acquired by these beer-spoilage strains belonging to the three different species of lactic acid bacteria.     

Direct polymerase chain reaction detection of ropy Pediococcus damnosus strains in wine

AIMS: Glucan-producing strains of Pediococcus damnosus are considered as spoilage micro-organisms because synthesis of glucan leads to an unacceptable viscosity of wine. In this report, we present a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure to detect the presence of such strains in wines. METHODS AND RESULTS: We developed a direct DNA isolation method from the wine microflora using polyvinylpyrrolidone in order to decrease the polyphenolic concentration. The sequence of the plasmid involved in glucan production allowed the design of a primer pair usable for a specific and sensitive PCR procedure, leading to the amplification of a 563-bp fragment. CONCLUSION: The detection limit in wine was 102 cfu ml-1. The detection sensitivity could be increased by using a second primer pair in nested PCR assays. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The method proved to be efficient for the early and sensitive detection of ropy Ped. damnosus strains during wine-making. Time-consuming culture and colony isolation steps are no longer needed.     

Cloning, sequence analysis and expression of the F1F0-ATPase beta-subunit from wine lactic acid bacteria

The nucleotide sequences of the genes encoding the F1F0-ATPase beta-subunit from Oenococcus oeni, Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides, Pediococcus damnosus, Pediococcus parvulus, Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus hilgardii were determined. Their deduced amino acid sequences showed homology values of 79-98%. Data from the alignment and ATPase tree indicated that O. oeni and L. mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides formed a group well-separated from P. damnosus and P. parvulus and from the group comprises L. brevis and L. hilgardii. The N-terminus of the F1F0-ATPase beta-subunit of O. oeni contains a stretch of additional 38 amino acid residues. The catalytic site of the ATPase beta-subunit of the investigated strains is characterized by the two conserved motifs GGAGVGKT and GERTRE. The amplified atpD coding sequences were inserted into the pCRT7/CT-TOPO vector using TA-cloning strategy and transformed in Escherichia coli. SDS-PAGE and Western blot analyses confirmed that O. oeni has an ATPase beta-subunit protein which is larger in size than the corresponding molecules from the investigated strains.     

Cloning and expression of the malolactic gene of Pediococcus damnosus NCFB1832 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Wine production is characterized by a primary alcoholic fermentation, conducted by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, followed by a secondary malolactic fermentation (MLF). Although most lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have the ability to metabolize L-malate, only a few species survive the high ethanol and SO2 levels in wine. Wines produced in colder viticultural regions have a lower pH than wines produced in warmer regions. The decarboxylation of L-malate in these wines leads to an increase in pH, more organoleptic complexity and microbiological stability. MLF is, however, difficult to control and problems often occur during filtering of such wines. Pediococcus spp. are known to occur in high pH wines and have strong malolactic activity. However, some pediococci synthesize exocellular polysaccharides, which may lead to abnormal viscosity in wine. In this study, the malolactic gene from Pediococcus damnosus NCFB1832 (mleD) was cloned into S. cerevisiae and co-expressed with the malate permease gene (mae1) of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Expression of the mleD gene was compared to the expression of two other malolactic genes, mleS from Lactococcus lactis MG1363 and mleA from Oenococcus oeni Lal1. The genetically modified strain of S. cerevisiae decreased the level of L-malate in grape must to less than 0.3 gl(-1) within 3 days. This is the first expression of a malolactic gene from Pediococcus in S. cerevisiae.