凋亡相关基因p53、bcl-2在乳腺导管非典型增生中表达的研究

为观察凋亡相关基因-p53,bcl-2在乳腺导管非典型增生及乳腺癌中的表达,探讨其与乳腺癌组织发生的关系。本实验应用原位杂交方法检测凋亡相关基因p53,bcl-2mRNA,应用免疫组织化学方法检测p53蛋白在44例乳腺导管非典型增生组织中的表达,并与6例乳腺导管单纯性增生及26例乳腺癌对比分析,实验结果为,p53mRNA在乳腺导管单纯性增生组织中呈较强表达（66.7%),在乳腺导自欺欺人这非典型增生组织中阳性表达为40%（轻度;55.6%,中度：41.7%,重度;26.1%)。在癌组织中的表达率为19.2%(导管内癌：21.4%,浸润性导管癌：16.7%),p53蛋白在导管单纯性增生组无表达,在导管非典型增生组阳性表达为24%（轻度：11.1%,中度;25%,重度;34.8%)。在癌组织中的阳性表达为38.4%(导管内癌：35.7%,浸润性导管癌：41.7%),bcl-2mRNA在单纯性增生组无表达,在非典型增生组中阳性表达为轻度：11.1%,中度：16.7%,重度：39.1%,在乳腺癌组织中阳性表达为导管内癌;78.6%,浸润性导管癌83.3%。实验结果表明,在乳腺导管重度非典型增生组织中可检测到p53基因有较高的表达缺失,突变及bcl-2mRNA过表达。     

cyclin D1, cyclin E 在乳腺良、恶性病变中的表达及其与p16,p21waf1及Rb 蛋白的关系

为探讨cyclinD1,cyclinE在乳腺癌发生发展中的作用及其与细胞周期调控相关基因蛋白的关系,采用免疫组化检测17例非增生乳腺导管上皮、19例不同程度增生的导管上皮及59例乳腺癌中cyclinD1,cyclinE,p16,p21waf1及Rb基因蛋白的表达.结果显示1.非增生乳腺导管上皮除1例cyclinE过表达外均无cyclinD1和cyclinE的过表达.乳腺癌的cyclinD1和cyclinE的过表达率均明显高于良性乳腺组织(P<0.05).2.乳腺癌cyclinD1过表达与淋巴结转移呈正相关(P<0.05),瘤体直径大于5cm者cyclinE过表达呈增加趋势,但差异无显著性意义.3.CyclinD1和cyclinE的过表达呈正相关(P<0.05).4.从非增生乳腺导管上皮到增生直至乳腺癌,p16,p21与cyclinD1,cyclinE含量的比值逐渐递减,而p21含量高于cyclinD1的乳腺癌体积小、淋巴结转移率低(P<0.05).p21阳性率与cyclinD1过表达呈正相关(P<0.01),也随cyclinE的过表达呈上升趋势.Rb基因蛋白的强表达与cyclinD1过表达呈正相关(P<0.01).结果表明CyclinD1和cyclinE蛋白过表达频发于乳腺癌早期,它们可能与p16、p21waf1、pRb共同参与了乳腺癌的发生发展.     

磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶在乳腺导管不典型增生癌变过程中的表达和意义

目的探讨乳腺导管不典型增生癌变过程中PI3-K p85调节亚单位的变化.方法应用免疫组织化学S-P方法检测PI3-K p85调节亚单位在乳腺正常组织及各组病变中的蛋白表达情况.结果 PI3-K p85催化亚单位在乳腺癌组表达最为明显,其阳性表达率明显高于乳腺导管单纯性增生、不典型增生组织,差异有显著性.结论 PI3-K的表达强度在一定程度上与细胞的恶性倾向有关,可能是乳腺癌发生过程中的晚期分子事件;以PI3-K信号成分作为直接切入点设计药物将为乳腺癌的治疗提供新的靶点.     

乳腺癌及良性乳腺组织p185和p16蛋白表达的免疫组织化学研究

应用免疫组化S P法检测了 37例良性乳腺组织 (非上皮增生组 17例、上皮增生组 2 0例 )和 5 9例乳腺癌组织中癌基因蛋白 p185和抑癌基因 p16蛋白的表达状况。结果显示非上皮增生组、上皮增生组和癌的p185阳性率分别为 0 %、15 %和 47%(p <0 0 1) ;p16阳性率分别为 41%、30 %和 34%。p185和p16的表达无明显相关性。乳腺癌早期的 p185过表达和p16失表达率高于浸润性导管癌。两者的阳性率均随组织学级别的增高和瘤体的增大而呈上升趋势 ,但 p >0 0 5。淋巴结转移组的p185阳性率 ( 6 4%)明显高于无淋巴结转移者 ( 32 %) ,p <0 0 5。表明 p185过表达和p16失表达在乳腺癌的发生发展中各自发挥独立的作用。p185是乳腺癌重要的肿瘤标志物。     

MUC1粘蛋白在乳腺肿瘤中的表达及其生物学意义

目的　探讨MIC1粘蛋白在乳腺肿瘤组织中的表达特征及其生物学和临床意义。方法　应用免疫组织化学ABC法对 15例乳腺非典型增生 ,15例乳腺良性肿瘤 ,44例乳腺癌 (2 1例含癌旁组织 )染色 ,观察MUC1在不同类型乳腺组织中的表达特征及其与雌激素受体和孕激素受体表达的关系。结果　MUC1在所检测的乳腺组织中均表达 ,但在不同病变乳腺组织中其表达的方式和强度不同。在癌旁和非典型增生组织中只表达在近管腔或腺腔侧的胞膜上 ,胞浆未见表达。在乳腺癌组织中整个胞膜和胞浆均表达 ,且表达强度与细胞的恶性化程度成正相关 (P <0 0 1)。浸润性癌中MUC1表达明显强于原位癌 (P <0 0 0 5 ) ;乳腺癌组织中MUC1的表达强度与雌激素受体的表达成正相关 (P <0 0 5 ) ,与孕激素受体表达无关 (P >0 0 5 )。乳腺癌组织中MUC1有旁分泌现象。结论　MUC1表达水平可反映乳腺肿瘤恶性化程度 ,并可能作为乳腺癌治疗效果判断和预后评价的参考指标。     

乳腺癌及癌前病变血管生成相关分子的表达及意义

目的探讨血管生成异常与乳腺癌发生发展的关系。方法采用免疫组化方法检测30例正常乳腺,30例普通性增生,30例非典型增生（AH）,20例导管内癌,50例浸润性导管癌组织中微血管密度（MVD）、VEGF及受体Flk-1/KDR的表达变化。结果各组CD34、VEGF及Flk-1/KDR的表达程度不同,浸润性导管癌组最高。随病程演进,MVD增加（P〈0.05）,VEGF及其受体Flk-1/KDR在血管内皮细胞表达渐进增高（P〈0.05）,但在病程初期各主要指标改变不明显,显著变化始于AH阶段。MVD在AH与导管内癌组间差异不显著（P〉0.05）,VEGF及Flk-1/KDR的表达在AH与导管内癌组间有显著差异（P〈0.05）。结论血管生成在乳腺癌发生发展过程中起着重要作用,血管生成异常可能是乳腺癌发生过程中的早期事件。VEGF及其受体Flk-1/KDR的表达异常可能是乳腺普通性增生-AH-乳腺癌这一癌性转化过程中血管生成异常的主要始动因素,VEGF及其受体Flk-1/KDR可能成为乳腺癌早期诊断及治疗的分子靶标。     

乳腺癌组织中VEGF—C和p38MAPK的表达及与伴淋巴结转移的关系

目的探讨乳腺浸润性导管癌组织中血管内皮生长因子C（VEGF—C）和丝裂原激活蛋白激酶p38（p38MAPK）的表达关系,以及与乳腺浸润性导管癌淋巴结转移等生物学行为的关系。方法采用免疫组织化学sP法检测70例乳腺浸润性导管癌组织及15例癌旁正常组织中VEGF-C和p38MAPK蛋白的表达,并采用Westernblot法检测13例伴有淋巴结转移的乳腺癌及12例无淋巴结转移的乳腺癌的新鲜组织中VEGF—C和p38MAPK蛋白表达。结果VEGF—C和p38MAPK在乳腺浸润性导管癌组织中的表达（阳性率分别为67．0％和61．4％）明显高于癌旁正常组织;VEGF-C和p38MAPK蛋白在伴有淋巴结转移组的乳腺癌组织中的表达均高于无淋巴结转移组（P=0．005,P=0．005）;在乳腺浸润性导管癌组织中VEGF-C和p38MAPK表达存在显著正相关（r=0．383,P=0．001）,并与乳腺浸润性导管癌的TNM分期（P=0．019,P=0．010）有关;VEGF-C和p38MAPK蛋白表达与乳腺浸润性导管癌肿块的大小（P=0．203,P=0．086）和患者的年龄（P=0．0．266,P=0．087）无明显关系。Western blot也证实,VEGF-C和p38MAPK蛋白在有淋巴结转移组中表达高于无淋巴结转移组。结论VEGF-C和p38MAPK的蛋白表达与乳腺浸润性导管癌的淋巴结转移密切相关,其有望成为乳腺癌治疗的新靶点。     

p16和cyclinD1基因蛋白在卵巢囊腺瘤组织中的表达和意义

应用s-p免疫组织化学方法观察人卵巢囊腺癌,交界性囊腺瘤和良性囊腺瘤中细胞增殖周期调控因子p16和cy-clinD1的表达和意义。结果表明,在卵巢囊腺癌p16蛋白表达阳性率为45%。明显低于良性囊腺瘤（95%）,染色强度大部分为弱阳性或阳性（ ）,cyclinD1蛋白表达阳性率为80%,明显高于良性囊腺瘤（25%）,染色强度大部分为阳性（ ）,强阳性（ ）。p16蛋白表达阳性率随着卵巢囊腺瘤恶性程度的降低而升高。cyclinD1蛋白表达阳性率与卵巢囊腺瘤恶性程度有关,本研究结果表明p16蛋白抑制肿瘤细胞增殖,而cyclinD1蛋白促进肿瘤细胞增殖这一细胞增殖这一细胞增殖调控机制,可能与卵巢囊腺癌的发生发展有关。     

B7-H4和FOXP3在乳腺癌中的表达及临床意义

目的:研究B7-H4和FOXP3在乳腺癌中的表达及其相互关系和临床意义.方法:应用S-P免疫组化法检测B7-H4蛋白和FOXP3蛋白在11例正常乳腺、25例乳腺良性病变、272例乳腺癌组织中的表达情况;运用原位杂交检查B7-H4 mRNA在10例正常乳腺、10例良性病变、20例乳腺癌组织中的表达情况.结果:B7-H4蛋白在乳腺癌中的阳性表达率(83.39%)高于乳腺良性病变组(64.00%)和乳腺正常组(54.55%),差异有统计学意义(p＜0.05);FOXP3在乳腺癌中的阳性表达率(82.67%)高于乳腺良性病变组(60.00%)和乳腺正常组(54.55%),差异有统计学意义(p＜0.05);B7-H4和FOXP3在乳腺癌中的阳性表达率与患者年龄、肿块大小和组织学分型无关(p＞0.05),而与组织学分级和淋巴结转移相关(p＜0.05);B7-H4和FOXP3在乳腺癌组织中的表达呈正相关(r=0.306,p＜0.001);B7-H4 mRNA在正常乳腺组、乳腺良性病变组、乳腺癌组中的阳性表达率差异没有统计学意义(p＞0.05);B7-H4 mRNA在乳腺癌中的阳性表达率与年龄、肿块大小、组织学分级、淋巴结转移无关(p＞0.05).结论:B7-H4和FOXP3在乳腺癌中表达上调,可能与乳腺癌的转移和预后相关.     

Snail mRNA及其蛋白在乳腺癌中的表达研究

目的观察Snail蛋白及mRNA在人乳腺癌组织中的表达及其与临床病理特征的关系,并探讨它在乳腺癌发生、发展及转移中的作用。方法应用SP免疫组织化学和原位分子杂交方法检测Snail蛋白和Snail mRNA在70例乳腺浸润性导管癌、30例乳腺导管内癌、30例乳腺单纯性增生组织中的表达。结果①70例乳腺癌中,Snail蛋白和Snail mRNA阳性率分别为87.2%(61/70)、81.4%(57/70),分别高于乳腺导管内癌组织53.3%(16/30)、46.7%(14/30)和乳腺单纯性增生组织26.7%(8/30)、23.3%(7/30),三者相比有统计学意义(χ2=36.4,P<0.01;χ2=32.4,P<0.01)。②Snail蛋白和SnailmRNA在有淋巴结转移组中的阳性率为97.6%(40/41)、95.1%(39/41),无转移组阳性率为72.4%(21/29)、62.1%(18/29),两者相比有统计学意义(χ2=8.29,P<0.01);组织学分级Ⅲ级组明显高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ级组表达,但无统计学意义(χ2=0.72,P>0.05;χ2=0.98,P>0.05)。③Snail蛋白与Snail mRNA的表达与年龄、肿瘤大小均无关(P>0.05)。结论 Snail蛋白与Snail mRNA的表达呈正相关,与乳腺癌的发生发展、淋巴结转移密切相关,可作为判断乳腺癌预后、转移的生物学标志。     

Stereotaxic fine needle aspiration cytology of clinically occult malignant and premalignant breast lesions

Stereotaxic fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology was used to study clinically occult (nonpalpable) breast lesions in 114 consecutive patients with mammographically suspicious findings prior to excisional biopsy. The aspirate contained insufficient material for cytologic evaluation in 15 cases (13.2%), which were histologically diagnosed as benign (7 cases), atypical hyperplasia (7 cases) or carcinoma in situ (1 case). The cytologic findings indicated a benign lesion in 77 cases (67.5%), which were histologically diagnosed as benign (71 cases) or atypical ductal hyperplasia (6 cases). The cytologic sample showed atypia in eight cases (7.0%), which were histologically diagnosed as severe atypical ductal hyperplasia (three cases), carcinoma in situ (one case) or proliferative fibrocystic disease (four cases). In the eight cases (7.0%) cytologically interpreted as probably malignant, histology confirmed six invasive carcinomas, one carcinoma in situ and one fibrocystic disease. Of six cases (4.4%) cytologically reported as malignant, five were histologically diagnosed as invasive carcinoma and one as carcinoma in situ. Overall, stereotaxic FNA cytology reported as malignant or probably malignant 14 of the 15 cases with a histologic confirmation of malignancy, for a sensitivity of 93.3%. Cytology correctly identified 78 of the 83 histologically negative cases, for a specificity of 94.0%. The 16 cases histologically diagnosed as ductal hyperplasia, which carries a high risk for subsequent malignancy, were studied in detail in an effort to define histologic and cytologic criteria for this entity. Using selected histologic criteria, 11 of these cases were graded as showing mild-to-moderate atypical hyperplasia and 5 as showing severe atypical hyperplasia. Three of the latter cases were similarly identified by an analogous cytologic grading; the other two cases had insufficient cytologic samples. The total results in this series of 114 cases support the use of stereotaxic FNA cytology in the diagnosis of these nonpalpable breast lesions, examples of which are illustrated. In particular, it may help to raise the low specificity yielded by mammography alone, which would represent a significant advance for the patient in terms of the accuracy, expediency and reduced cost of diagnosing these lesions.     

血管内皮生长因子-C与乳腺癌淋巴管生成和淋巴结转移的关系

目的探讨血管内皮生长因子-C与乳腺癌淋巴管生成和淋巴结转移的关系。方法免疫组化法检测21例乳腺增生组和68例乳腺浸润性导管癌组病灶组织内VEGF-C蛋白的表达,并用淋巴管内皮细胞特异性标志物D2-40标记肿瘤新生淋巴管,计数肿瘤淋巴管的密度（LVD）。结果乳腺浸润性导管癌组VEGF-C的表达和淋巴管的密度（LVD）都明显高于乳腺增生组（P〈0．01）;乳腺浸润性导管癌中VEGF-C阳性组中淋巴管的密度（11．32±5．78）与VEGF-C阴性组中的淋巴管密度（8．75±3．53）,差别有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;乳腺浸润性导管癌中VEGF-C蛋白的表达和淋巴管密度（LVD）都与有无腋窝淋巴结转移及淋巴结转移个数有关（P〈0．05）。结论VEGF-C在乳腺浸润性导管癌淋巴管的生成中起着重要的作用;VEGF-C的高表达和淋巴管密度（LVD）的升高是促进乳腺导管癌淋巴结转移的重要的影响因素。     

Fibroblast growth factor 8 increases breast cancer cell growth by promoting cell cycle progression and by protecting against cell death

Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF-8) is expressed in a large proportion of breast cancers, whereas its level in normal mammary gland epithelium is low. Previous studies have shown that FGF-8b stimulates breast cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. To explore the mechanisms by which FGF-8b promotes growth, we studied its effects on cell cycle regulatory proteins and signalling pathways in mouse S115 and human MCF-7 breast cancer cells. We also studied the effect of FGF-8b on cell survival. FGF-8b induced cell cycle progression and up-regulated particularly cyclin D1 mRNA and protein in S115 cells. Silencing cyclin D1 with siRNA inhibited most but not all FGF-8b-induced proliferation. Inhibition of the FGF-8b-activated ERK/MAPK pathway decreased FGF-8b-stimulated proliferation. Blocking the constitutively active PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK pathways also lowered FGF-8b-induced cyclin D1 expression and proliferation. Corresponding results were obtained in MCF-7 cells. In S115 and MCF-7 mouse tumours, FGF-8b increased cyclin D1 and Ki67 levels. Moreover, FGF-8b opposed staurosporine-induced S115 cell death which effect was blocked by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt pathway but not the ERK/MAPK pathway. In conclusion, our results suggest that FGF-8b increases breast cancer cell growth both by stimulating cell cycle progression and by protecting against cell death.     

Moderate overexpression of AIB1 triggers pre-neoplastic changes in mammary epithelium

Here we report a new model of pre-clinical breast cancer which has been generated by overexpressing the steroid receptor coactivator AIB1 at moderate levels in breast epithelium. Transgenic female mice display mammary hyperplasia at the onset of puberty, consistent with enhanced proliferation of primary mammary epithelial cultures and augmented levels of cyclin D1 and E-cadherin. Studies of BrdU incorporation revealed that AIB1 localizes to the nucleus during or after S phase, implicating a new role for AIB1 in cell-cycle progression subsequent to G1. Our findings suggest that moderate overexpression of AIB1 may represent one of the pre-neoplastic changes in breast tissue.