基于地统计分析西印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼围网渔获量的空间异质性

西印度洋公海海域是世界上围网黄鳍金枪鱼渔业的主要作业海域之一,根据印度洋金枪鱼委员会1999—2004年的1°×1°的各月黄鳍金枪鱼围网渔获量统计数据,采用地统计方法探索该海域黄鳍金枪鱼渔获量的空间异质性特征及其相关生态动力过程。进行了如下分析:(1)利用GIS制图观察渔获量的时空分布特征,发现其空间格局的变异受到的季节变化和年际变化共同影响,且前者明显强于后者。(2)采用地统计方法计算各月渔获量的空间异质性参数,并按照年际和季节情况分别进行了统计分析,发现渔获量的地统计参数值和变异函数模型有明显的季节和年际差异;渔获量的空间相关距离(变程)平均在1000nm左右,冬季要小于夏季;渔获量的空间变异函数模型主要为相关距离较大且空间依赖性较弱的指数模型;渔获量的空间结构方差比例(平均为65.82%)远大于随机性方差比例(平均为34.18%);渔获量在1°×1°尺度下具有明显的空间自相关性。(3)对地统计参数值和渔获量的相关关系研究,并探讨季节变化下渔获量的空间异质性特征与相关生态动力过程关系,发现各月渔获量随着空间总变异(基台值)增加而增加,两者存在强相关性;各月渔获量和南北和西北-东南向分维数值有一定相关性,意味着海洋动力过程在南北和西北—东南向过程越强,渔获量越低。西印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼围网渔获量的空间变异原因在于季风气候和ENSO循环过程引起的海洋流场、营养盐和温跃层等变化外在因素,以及围网捕捞方式和鱼类的行为方式的内在因素共同导致的。     

热带印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼渔场时空分布与温跃层的关系

根据Argo浮标剖面温度数据重构热带印度洋各月月平均温跃层特征参数,并结合印度洋金枪鱼委员会(IOTC)黄鳍金枪鱼延绳钓数据,绘制了月平均温跃层特征参数和月平均CPUE的空间叠加图,用于分析热带印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼渔场时空分布和温跃层特征参数的关系。结果表明:热带印度洋温跃层上界深度、温度和下界深度,以及黄鳍金枪鱼中心渔场分布都具有明显的季节性变化特征,黄鳍金枪鱼中心渔场分布和温跃层季节性变化有关。在东北季风期间,高值CPUE渔区的温跃层上界深度的范围为30-40m,超过70m的渔区CPUE值普遍偏低;在西南季风期间温跃层上界最深达到120m。在东北季风期间,高值CPUE渔区温跃层下界深度不超过200m,在西南季风期间,深度会超过300m。在东北季风期间,高值CPUE渔区对应的温跃层上界温度都超过25℃,温度小于24℃的渔区CPUE值普遍较低;在西南季风期间,高值CUPE区域对应的温跃层上界温度范围变大,温跃层上界温度延伸到22℃,在22℃以下渔区CPUE值都很低。采用频次分析和经验累积分布函数计算其最适温跃层特征参数分布,得出黄鳍金枪鱼最适的温跃层上、下界温度范围分别是25-29℃和13-16℃;其上、下界深度范围分别为30-70m和140-200m。K-S检验结果表明,上述结论可靠。     

印度洋中西部和大西洋西部水域大眼金枪鱼的食性比较

根据2004年8月至2005年3月大西洋西部水域及2003年12月份至2004年5月份在印度洋中西部水域金枪鱼延绳钓渔业所获取的大眼金枪鱼数据，对两个诃查区域内的大眼金枪鱼食性进行了研究。结果表明，印度洋中西部水域大眼金枪鱼的食物组成包括沙丁鱼、鱿鱼、乌贼等13个饵料类群，其中主要摄食鱿鱼和沙丁鱼；大西洋西部水域大眼金枪鱼主要摄食沙丁鱼、鱿鱼、虾类等13种饵料类群，主要以沙丁鱼为饵，其次为鱿鱼。印度洋中西部水域大眼金枪鱼空胃率非常高，基本上维持在60％以上；大西洋西部水域大眼金枪鱼空胃率相对较低，基本上都在30％以下。印度洋中西部水域大眼金枪鱼平均饱满指数变化不大，基本上维持在0．40～0．55之间。大西洋西部水域大眼金枪鱼平均饱满指数变化也不太大。印度洋中西部水域大眼金枪鱼各月平均饱满指数高于大西洋西部水域，且各月空胃率高于后者。印度洋中西部和大西洋西部水域大眼金枪鱼Shannon-Weiner多样性指数H’基本上都1．50～2．00之间变化。相同调查月份内，印度洋中西部水域大眼金枪鱼食物Pielou均匀度指数J’均高于大西洋西部水域。     

热带大西洋黄鳍金枪鱼垂直分布空间分析

为了解热带大西洋黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)延绳钓适宜渔获水温的等温线时空分布,分析黄鳍适宜的垂直和水平空间分布范围,采用Argo浮标剖面温度数据重构热带大西洋13℃和距海洋表层水温8℃(Δ8℃)的月平均等温线场,网格化计算了13℃和Δ8℃等温线深度值和温跃层下界深度差,并结合大西洋金枪鱼会委员(International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas ICCAT)的黄鳍金枪鱼延绳钓渔业数据,绘制了13℃和Δ8℃等温线深度与月平均CPUE的空间叠加图,用于分析热带大西洋黄鳍金枪鱼中心渔场单位捕捞努力渔获量(Catch per unit effort CPUE)时空分布和次表层环境季节性变化关系。结果表明,13℃等温线,在高值CPUE出现的海域深度值大多小于250 m,主要在170—249 m,深度值超过250 m的海域CPUE普遍较小。5°S—9°N区域,Δ8℃等温线高值CPUE出现的海域深度值大多小于150 m,主要在50—139 m;7—10月份在南半球的非洲西海岸,在Δ8℃等温线深度值为150—350 m的海域也会出现中心渔场。全年在低纬度区域,高渔获率的垂直分布深度更加集中。13℃等温线影响热带大西洋黄鳍金枪鱼的空间分布,温跃层下界温度影响黄鳍金枪鱼的垂直分布。采用频次分析和经验累积分布函数计算其适宜次表层环境因子分布,13℃等温线180—240 m;Δ8℃等温线50—139 m;与下界深度差:13℃等温线-70—29 m;海表以下8℃等温线30—149 m。文章初步得出热带大西洋黄鳍金枪鱼适宜的水平、垂直深度分布区间。结果可以辅助渔情预报,为热带大西洋黄鳍金枪鱼实际生产作业和资源管理提供参考依据。     

大西洋中部延绳钓黄鳍金枪鱼渔场时空分布与温跃层的关系

为了解大西洋延绳钓黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)渔场适宜的温跃层参数分布区间,采用Argo浮标水温信息和大西洋金枪鱼会委员(International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas ICCAT)的黄鳍金枪鱼延绳钓渔获数据,绘制了大西洋中部月平均温跃层特征参数和月平均单位捕捞努力量渔获量(Catch per unit effort CPUE)的空间叠加图,用于分析大西洋中部延绳钓黄鳍金枪鱼中心渔场时空分布和温跃层特征参数关系。分析结果表明:大西洋中部温跃层上界深度、温度具有明显的季节性变化,而温跃层下界深度、温度没有明显的季节变化特征。空间叠加图显示,1-6月份在赤道地区中心渔场主要分布在温跃层上界深度为20-60 m之间。7-9月份在60-80 m,同期在纳米比亚外海,中心渔场区域温跃层上界深度超过100 m。10-12月份,中心渔场区域温跃层上界深度下降到60 m左右。全年在赤道区域,中心渔场CPUE主要分布在温跃层上界温度26-29 ℃,低于24℃区域渔获率很低;温跃层下界深度在160-250 m,集中在230 m;温跃层下界温度在12-14 ℃之间,在此区间外CPUE值都比较低。7-11月份,在纳米比亚外海的中心渔场区域上界温度会低至20 ℃,下界深度分布在140-160 m,下界温度在14-15 ℃左右。数值计算得出大西洋中部黄鳍金枪鱼适宜的温跃层上界温度是26-28.9 ℃;适宜的温跃层下界温度和深度分别是12-14.9 ℃和150-249 m,而上界深度和中心渔场CPUE关系不明显。研究得出大西洋延绳钓黄鳍金枪鱼中心渔场温跃层各特征参数的适宜分布区间及季节变化特征,为延绳钓黄鳍金枪鱼实际生产作业和资源管理提供理论参考。     

基于栖息地指数的东太平洋黄鳍金枪鱼渔场预报

黄鳍金枪鱼是东太平洋海域重要的金枪鱼种类之一,也是我国金枪鱼延绳钓的主要捕捞对象之一。根据2011年东太平洋海域(20°N—35°S、85°W—155°W)延绳钓生产统计数据,结合表温(SST)和海面高度(SSH)的遥感数据,采用频次分析法获得黄鳍金枪鱼分布的SST和SSH适宜范围;运用一元非线性回归方法,以渔获量为适应性指数,按季度分别建立了基于SST和SSH的长鳍金枪鱼栖息地适应性指数,采用算术平均法获得基于SST和SSH环境因子的栖息地指数综合模型,并用2012年各月实际作业渔场进行验证。结果显示,黄鳍金枪鱼渔场多分布在SST为24—29℃、SSH为0.3—0.7 m的海域。采用一元非线性回归建立的各因子适应性指数模型在统计上均为显著(P0.05)。经与2012年实际生产情况比较,作业渔场预报准确性达66%以上。研究获得栖息地指数模型可为金枪鱼延绳钓渔船寻找中心渔场提供参考。     

中国淡水渔业碳汇强度估算

【背景】碳汇是指从大气中消除二氧化碳的过程、活动或机制,我国最先提出碳汇渔业概念。【方法】捕捞鱼类的碳均来自天然饵料,故以其平均碳含量估算碳移出量。而养殖鱼类中,一般假定不考虑施肥养鱼的碳输入;鲢和鳙是滤食性鱼类,主要摄食浮游生物,鳜属鱼类以其他种鱼类为食物,而这些鱼类主要摄食天然饵料,故可以认为其碳均来自天然饵料。此外,假设草鱼、鲫和鲤等产量的20%来自天然饵料,而河蟹产量的50%来自天然饵料。基于渔业统计年鉴(2011—2015年),估算了我国近5年来淡水渔业碳汇强度。【结果】2010—2014年,全国淡水养殖碳移出量逐年稳步增长,分别为136.2万、140.5万、146.0万、153.0万和164.5万t,平均每年的碳移出量为148.0万t。2010—2014年全国淡水捕捞碳移出量分别为29.3万、28.7万、29.6万、29.7万和29.6万t,平均每年的碳移出量为29.4万t。【结论与意义】在自然资源日益减少的情况下,淡水养殖渔业碳汇的发展必然会成为淡水渔业经济发展的主体。     

南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼渔场CPUE时空分布及其与关键海洋环境因子的关系

根据2009—2012年南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus alalunga)延绳钓生产统计数据及遥感获取的海表温度(sea surface temperature,SST)、叶绿素a浓度(chlorophyll a concentration,Chl-a)和海面高度距平(sea surface height anomaly,SSHA)等环境数据,分析了长鳍金枪鱼单位捕捞努力量渔获量(catch per unit of fishing effort,CPUE)的时空分布及其与环境因子的相关性。结果表明:长鳍金枪鱼作业渔场主要集中在4°S—28°S、158°E—176°E附近海域;长鳍金枪鱼渔场CPUE呈明显的季节性变化,1—3月CPUE值较低(12.5尾·千钩-1),随后逐渐增加,至7月达到最大值为18.1尾·千钩-1,而8—12月基本呈逐渐降低趋势;1月渔场重心位于16°S、168°E附近海域,2—3月向西北偏移,而在3—7月逐渐向东南方向转移,8月以后开始逐渐回撤至西北方向,在9—12月渔场重心变化幅度相对较小,主要位于15°S—16°S、168°E—169°E海域;总体来说,长鳍金枪鱼中心渔场最适SST为27.0~30.5℃,次适SST为20~24℃;最适叶绿素a浓度为0.02~0.08mg·m-3,最适海面高度距平为3~23 cm。     

长江生物多样性变迁—鱼类

<正>长江流域内共记录鱼类378种,其中纯淡水鱼类339种,占我国淡水鱼总数的1/3。长江中还栖息着149种珍稀的特有鱼类。长江流域渔产量约占全国淡水渔业产量的2/3。长江流域自然资源捕捞量1954年曾达到45万吨,到八十年代初下降到20余万吨,近几年捕捞量维持在6万吨左右;六十年代长江主要经济鱼类的产量约占总产量的28%,     

长江上游长鳍吻鮈的种群特征及其物种保护

根据2005—2007年对长江上游攀枝花、宜宾、合江、木洞、万州江段渔业资源调查资料,运用体长频率分析法(FiSATⅡ软件)对长鳍吻鮈的生长、死亡参数进行估算。结果表明:长鳍吻鮈的体质量与体长的关系式为W=8×10-6L3.1577;用Shepherd技术拟合vonBertalanffy生长方程的各参数为L∞=530.5mm,K=0.21a-1,t0=-0.5a;根据Pauly经验公式得出自然死亡系数M=0.24,以长度变换渔获曲线法估算总死亡系数Z=2.67,捕捞死亡系数F=2.43;种群补充模式表明,长鳍吻鮈每年5—9月为主要补充期,开发率E=91.2%,长鳍吻鮈处于资源过度利用状态。     

Estimation of overall fishing intensity of tuna longline fishery-yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) fishery in the indian ocean as a case study

According to the FAO catch statistics, the total catch of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) from the Indian Ocean is characterised by decline in the longline fishery and rapid increase in the surface fishery. In the present communication, an attempt has been made to estimate the overall effective fishing intensity of longline fishery for yellowfin tuna by the Japanese longliners during the years 1973–1975. The results on areas and seasons of effective effort expended are presented, along with estimates of tuna availability, effective fishing intensity and the relative gear efficiency.     

Studying small purse‐seine vessel fishing behavior with tuna catch data: Implications for eastern Pacific Ocean dolphin conservation

Despite achievements in dolphin conservation for the tuna purse‐seine fishery of the eastern Pacific Ocean, debate continues about the magnitude and importance of dolphin mortality caused by small (unobserved) vessels. In‐port sampling of tuna catch size composition is a potentially cost‐effective means of identifying unobserved vessels that may be catching tunas associated with dolphins because yellowfin tuna caught in association with dolphins are larger, on average, than those caught in other types of purse‐seine sets. A classification algorithm to predict purse‐seine set type (“dolphin” vs. “nondolphin”) was built from port‐sampling data on yellowfin tuna length‐frequencies and the date and location of fishing of large (observed) vessels. This classification algorithm was used to screen the port‐sampling data of small vessels collected during 2006‐2009, assuming the fishing practices of the two groups resulted in similar catch characteristics. From these results, hypothetical time series of dolphin mortality for small vessels were constructed and incorporated into a population dynamics model, along with mortalities of large vessels. Results suggest that any dolphin mortality of small vessels is unlikely to be substantially affecting trends in dolphin abundance. These results underscore the importance of in‐port sampling, in combination with at‐sea observation and fishery‐independent surveys, to effective management.     

Optimum fishing strategies for Isostichopusfuscus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in the Gulf Of California, Mexico

The Isostichopus fuscus fishery in Mexico was heavily exploited until 1994, when it was closed due to overfishing. However, no information existed on the status of the populations. The fishery was evaluated through an age structured simulation model, and according to our analysis of the stock, the fishery can be feasible and sustainable as long as fishing mortality and age of first catch are optimized. In order to evaluate exploitation strategies, several scenarios were simulated considering different combinations of fishing intensities and ages of first catch. Input data for the model included population parameters, commercial catch and costs and benefits of the fishing operations. Yield production was strongly influenced by the fishing pressure and by the age of first capture. When the first one increased, significant decreases in yield and profits occurred. The best exploitation strategy was these parameters: fishing mortality level F = 0.15, age at first capture t(c) = 4 years, and yielding of approximately 430 tons. However, since the species reproduces for the first time at 5 years, extracting younger specimens would collapse the population. The critical value of fishing mortality was detected at Fc = 0.25. If exceeded, the population tends to exhaustion and the fishery is no longer profitable. In conclusion, I. fuscus fishery is highly vulnerable to overfishing and age of catch. It must be taken into account that the management policies should be considered as pilot and used on a regional basis. Continuous monitoring of the stock, control of the number of fishing licenses and extracting only specimens 5 yeasr-old and older (around 20 cm and >400 g), will allow the populations to recover from fishing activities. Rev. Biol. Trop.     

Fishing diseased abalone to promote yield and conservation

Past theoretical models suggest fishing disease-impacted stocks can reduce parasite transmission, but this is a good management strategy only when the exploitation required to reduce transmission does not overfish the stock. We applied this concept to a red abalone fishery so impacted by an infectious disease (withering syndrome) that stock densities plummeted and managers closed the fishery. In addition to the non-selective fishing strategy considered by past disease-fishing models, we modelled targeting (culling) infected individuals, which is plausible in red abalone because modern diagnostic tools can determine infection without harming landed abalone and the diagnostic cost is minor relative to the catch value. The non-selective abalone fishing required to eradicate parasites exceeded thresholds for abalone sustainability, but targeting infected abalone allowed the fishery to generate yield and reduce parasite prevalence while maintaining stock densities at or above the densities attainable if the population was closed to fishing. The effect was strong enough that stock and yield increased even when the catch was one-third uninfected abalone. These results could apply to other fisheries as the diagnostic costs decline relative to catch value.     

The fate of a roach Rutilus rutilus stock under an extremely strong fishing pressure and its predicted development after the cessation of mass removal

The effects of very intensive exploitation on a roach stock over 5 years are estimated. The total roach catch of the mass removal carried out with trawls was 507 metric tons (195 kg ha⁻¹, 54% of the total catch). According to the virtual population analysis the biomass of the stock has decreased from 180 kg ha⁻¹ in 1989 to c . 50 kg ha⁻¹ in 1993. The production of the stock has fallen from 64 to 33 kg ha⁻¹. The stock is dominated by younger age groups than before the mass removal. The future development of the stock is predicted by considering different levels of natural and fishing mortality. If the exploitation is stopped totally after 1993, roach biomass is predicted to double in 3 years. A constant fishing mortality rate of 0.3 (yearly catches 45–50 metric tons) would prevent the recovery of the stock, providing that 1–year–old and older roaches are exploited.     

Assessing the risk of alternative management strategies in a Mediterranean fishery: protecting the younger vs reducing fishing effort

A stochastic age-structured population model was developed to explore biologically favourable levels of effort and closing periods within the sardine pelagic fishery in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Results suggested that the developed age-structured model captured the observed biomass fluctuations and catches reasonably well and represents the first comprehensive investigation of alternative management strategies for eastern Mediterranean sardine fishery that include stochasticity. The present study provided direct evidence for the importance of the correct timing of the temporal fishing ban. Significant benefits were found both in terms of biomass and catch from a corrective shift in the fishing closed period. The current findings suggested that protecting the younger age groups from fishing in the period October–December, by shifting the ban period earlier than December may profit, biologically, the stock and economically the fishing sector. Progressive reductions in fishing mortality/effort also yield significant positive biological and fishery benefits in the short term.     

Fingerling production and stock enhancement of Mahisefid (Rutilus frisii kutum) lessons for others in the south of Caspian Sea

Rutilus frisii kutum (Kamensky 1901) is one of the economically important fishes that migrate for spawning to rivers in the Caspian Sea. However, the fish populations have slowly decreased in recent years. The declining of these resources has resulted from some activities by the Iranian Fisheries Organization (IFO is responsible for stock enhancement) to catch some broodstocks of Rutilus frisii kutum from their natural spawning rivers. The broodstocks are caught for artificial propagation of the fish. Artificial propagations are carried out every year to produce fingerlings to be released into the rivers in the Caspian Sea. In recent years, total catch of this fish have greatly fluctuated due to the disruption of the natural spawning grounds and over fishing. The substantial reduction to 1,298 metric tons, the lowest total catch reported in 1984–1985, could be due to over-exploitation of the fishery resources. However, the total catch has increased after the fingerlings release programs started in 1979. The total numbers of Rutilus frisii kutum fingerlings released had increased from 12 million to 225 million in 2002, to 155 million pieces in 2003, to 179 million pieces in 2004, 229 million pieces in 2005, 174 million pieces in 2006, 262 million pieces in 2007 and 187.1 in 2008. The total catch was also increased from 6,417 metric ton to 8,984 metric ton, to 7,036 metric ton, to 9,631 metric ton and 16,117, 17,196, 14,835 in years 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively.     

What is multispecies MSY? A worked example from the North Sea

The concept of an optimum yield at intermediate levels of fishing (the so called maximum sustainable yield or MSY) has been with us since the 1930s and is now enshrined in legislation as a key objective of fisheries management. The concept seems intuitively reasonable and is readily applicable to a single stock treated in isolation and assuming a constant environment. However, translating this concept into a mixed and multispecies fishery, where there are complex trade-offs between fleets and stocks and in general no simple optimum solution, has been problematic. Here I introduce a framework for thinking about multispecies MSY in terms of an integrated risk of stock depletion and expected long-term yield. Within this framework I consider the performance of a set of simple harvest control rules based upon a single-limit fishing mortality rate (F) which is common to all stocks and a target biomass which is a set fraction of a stock's virgin biomass. Using a multispecies management strategy evaluation, I compare expected outcomes for a set of these harvest control rules with alternative scenarios, in which each stock has its own F based on the assessment process. I find that the simple framework can produce outcomes that are similar to those from the more sophisticated estimates of F. I therefore conclude that achieving multispecies MSY may depend more upon setting reasonable biomass targets and faithfully applying a harvest control rule approach rather than determining the best possible Fs for each stock.