家鸽睾丸精子超微结构的观察

家鸽(Columbadomestica)精子分为头部、颈部及尾部。尾部又区分为中段、主段及末段。头部呈圆柱形,主要被精细胞核占据,核的前面包绕顶体,后端连接颈部。颈部有两个中心粒,与头部相邻接的是与精子纵轴垂直的近侧中心粒,远侧中心粒形成基底体向后发出尾部的轴丝。轴丝的结构为9+2型。中段在轴丝之外有线粒体鞘包绕,最外面为质膜。主段和末段无线粒体鞘,轴丝之外直接被以质膜。     

可口革囊星虫的精子发生及精子结构

为了探究可口革囊星虫(Phascolosoma esculenta)精子发生过程及结构上的特殊性,用显微及亚显微技术研究了可口革囊星虫的精子发生和精子结构。可口革囊星虫的精巢位于收吻肌基部,为一曲折的带状组织。成熟精巢内可观察到精原细胞、精母细胞以及精细胞等各阶段的生精细胞。在精子形成早期,很多精细胞脱离精巢,以精细胞团的形式掉落到体腔中。精细胞团内的精细胞同步发育为精子后,脱离精子团进入肾管。成熟精子由头部和尾部组成。头部由钟形顶体与鼓形细胞核构成。顶体后段下包于精核的前端。顶体分内、中、外三层,外层有横隔;顶体下腔内有颗粒状物质不均匀分布,中央有一束丝状纤维组成的顶体棒。核物质电子密度高,核内含空泡。无核前窝,具浅的核后窝。尾部分中段和末段,中段由6个(偶见5个或7个)线粒体围绕近、远端中心粒构成;末段细长鞭状,由轴丝及包绕轴丝的质膜组成,轴丝为典型的"9 2"结构。分析认为:可口革囊星虫精子发生过程以及超微结构上存在特殊的结构与机制:①精细胞团保证了精子形成的同步性;②顶体后段下包于精核的前端使精子头部小而灵巧,利于快速运动;③顶体的横隔使精子顶体的牢固性增强,确保受精时顶体反应的正常进行;④中段较多的线粒体使精子具有更强的环境适应性,有利于有效的受精。     

蓝尾石龙子精子的超微结构

蓝尾石龙子(Eumeces elegans)附睾以2．5％戊二醛和1％锇酸双重固定,按常规制作超薄切片,用H-600透射电镜研究观察精子的超微结构。精子由头部和尾组成,头部由顶体复合体和核组成,尾由颈段、中段、主段和末段组成。头部的顶体囊前部扁平,分为皮质和髓质,顶体下锥由类结晶状的顶体下物质组成,穿孔器顶端尖,、穿孔器基板塞子状,细胞核延长,核内小管缺,核伸展部前端具一电子透明区,核肩圆,核陷窝锥形。颈段具片层结构,近端中心粒和远端中心粒的长轴呈直角,9束外周致密纤维与远端中心粒相应的9束三联微管相联,向后与轴丝相应的9束双联微管相联,中央纤维与2个中央单微管相联。中段短,含有线状嵴的柱状线粒体,由连续的规则小卵状或小梯形致密体组成线粒体间的环状结构,纤维鞘伸入中段,终环紧贴于细胞膜的内表面。线粒体与环状结构的模式为：rs1／mi1,rs2／mi2,rs3／mi3,rs4／mi4,横切面上每圈线粒体数目为10个。主段前面部分具薄的细胞质颗粒区。纤维3和8至主段前端消失。轴丝复合体呈“9 2”型。蓝尾石龙子精子超微结构与已描述的石龙子科种类比较发现,与蜓蜥群和胎生群的石龙子相似;但没有发现石龙子科精子的独征。     

平疣桑椹石磺精子结构观察

通过电光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察了平疣桑椹石磺精子的形态及其超微结构。平疣桑椹石磺成熟精子属于进化型,由头部、中段和末段组成。头部由顶体和精核构成,顶体长约0.7μm,呈细奶嘴状,内含物分布均匀,电子密度稍低于细胞核。顶体基部与精核前端紧密相连,无间隙。精核长约3.8μm,宽约1.0μm,核质高度浓缩,电子密度高,无核泡,纵切似辣椒状,核后端内凹形成核后窝。中段加长,结构复杂,线粒体演化成线粒体鞘,螺旋状包绕轴丝。精子末段由轴丝及包绕轴丝的质膜组成,轴丝为典型的“9＋2”结构。比较了平疣桑椹石磺精子与相关腹足类精子结构的异同,进一步证实了腹足纲贝类精子结构之间的区别主要在于顶体有无及形态,精核的长短与外形、中段线粒体的数目及其排列方式等。     

虾夷扇贝精子的超微结构

用扫描和透射电镜研究了虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)精子的超微结构.虾夷扇贝精子为典型的原生型,全长50μm左右,头部长约3 μm.精子主要由头部、中段和尾部三部分组成.头部顶体突出,呈倒"V"形;顶体下方为精核,电子密度较高且占头部大部分,具有核前窝(anterior nuclear fossa)、核后窝(posterior nuclear fossa)和植入窝(implantation fossa);4～5个近圆形的线粒体围绕着中心粒复合体形成精子的中段.尾部细长,尾部鞭毛横切面为典型的"9 2"结构.     

中华蝈螽与中华螽斯精子超微结构研究(直翅目,螽斯总科)

研究了中华蝈螽Gampsocleis sinensis与中华螽斯Tettigonia chinensis精子的超微结构.两种精子的顶体复合体侧生于核上且包裹了核的一部分,顶体复合体横切面两侧角分离或两侧角与细胞核远离,或仅见其一侧角;中华蝈螽顶体外层在顶体本体两侧角外多呈晕圈状;轴丝为典型的9 9 2型;轴丝两侧的副纤维结构为2副微管;轴丝与线粒体衍生体之间的连接带3条;中华蝈螽有的横切面中两扁平膜池连接在一起;两种精子的中心粒侧体部位具五纵层细胞器.     

瘤背石磺的精子结构

用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜技术研究了瘤背石磺精子的结构特点,分析了其生理生态适应性以及在肺螺亚纲系统演化中的意义。瘤背石磺的精子由头部、中段和末段组成。头部由奶嘴形的顶体和长圆筒状的细胞核构成。顶体包括顶体囊和顶体构架体两部分;两者的内含物都分布均匀,电子密度稍低于细胞核;顶体基部平整,与核前端之间有一空隙,内含物电子密度极低。细胞核由电子密度高的均匀颗粒物质组成,并出现核泡;核的后端有一"杯形"的凹陷,称为核后窝。中段结构复杂,主要包括一对位于核后窝内的中心粒、轴丝、质膜、线粒体及由线粒体衍生的糖原质螺旋体、基质层和类晶体层等。末段由"9 2"结构的轴丝及外包的质膜组成,无糖原质螺旋体和其它线粒体衍生物。比较瘤背石磺精子与肺螺亚纲其它物种的精子结构,我们认为该物种的精子属于"进化型",是一类在进化地位中比基眼目高等的动物。     

膜翅目精子结构研究新进展

根据观察,膜翅目昆虫精子由顶体,精核,中部,尾部四个主要部分构成。顶体具顶体丝,中部具轴丝,中部与精核间具线粒体衍生物。本文同时对膜翅目,分别隶属12个科,10个总科中的2个亚目昆虫精子的顶体、精核、线粒体衍生物、轴丝等结构的研究状况进行概括,并应用精子结构特征对上述类群的系统发育状况进行讨论。     

中国绿螂精子的超微结构

应用透射电镜技术观察了中国绿螂(Glaucomya chinensis)精子的超微结构。精子为典型的原生型,包括头部、中段和尾部三部分。头部由顶体和细胞核组成。顶体呈倒"V"字型。细胞核呈长圆柱形,没有核前窝,具有核后窝。中段由4个线粒体环绕中心粒而成。尾部细长,为典型的"9+2"结构。文中还讨论了双壳类精子形态结构的种属间差异。     

北草蜥精子的超微结构--兼评不同类群蜥蜴精子形态的差异

应用透射电镜对北草蜥精子的超微结构研究结果表明,北草蜥精子头部顶体囊始终呈圆形,由皮质和髓质组成;顶体囊单侧脊的皮质与髓质问具电子透亮区;穿孔器1个,无穿孔器基板;具顶体下腔;细胞核长形,核内小管缺,核前电子透亮区缺,核肩圆。尾部颈段具片层结构。中段短,多层膜结构缺;纵切面上具2层线粒体;横切面上每圈线粒体6个;2组致密体,具连续的环状结构;线粒体与环状结构的排列模式：rs1／mi1、rs2／mi2;纤维鞘伸人中段,具终环。主段前面部分具薄的细胞质颗粒区;纤维3和8至主段前端消失;轴丝呈“9＋2”型。蜥蜴科内不同种类的线粒体数目不同,但都具有2组致密体。不同类群蜥蜴的顶体囊、顶体下腔、核前电子透亮区、穿孔器基板、核肩,以及线粒体与致密体的数目和排列方式等精子超微结构特征都为研究蜥蜴的系统发生提供了辅助信息。     

Ultrastructure of euspermatozoa and paraspermatozoa in the marine gastropod Adelomelon beckii (Caenogastropoda, Volutidae)

The sperm morphology of Adelomelon beckii is described by optical and transmission electron microscopy. Both euspermatozoa and paraspermatozoa were found in the specimens studied. Euspermatozoa are filiform and have an elongate nucleus capped by an acrosome. A small basal plate lies between the base of the acrosome and the nucleus. The mid-piece consists of U-shaped mitochondria wrapped helically around the central axoneme. A dense annulus at the junction of the mid-piece and glycogen piece is found, ending in a short end-piece, composed of the axoneme surrounded by a plasma membrane. Two types of paraspermatozoa are found, both vermiform but differing internally with respect to the disposition and number of axonemes, as well as to the types of secretory vesicles. We suggest the use of paraspermatozoa as a systematic character to reveal phylogenetic relationships in this family.     

Spermiogenesis in caecilians Ichthyophis tricolor and Uraeotyphlus cf. narayani (Amphibia: Gymnophiona): analysis by light and transmission electron microscopy

Spermiogenesis, known as spermateleosis in lower vertebrates, is the transformation of the round spermatid into a highly specialized spermatozoon with a species-specific structure. Spermateleosis and sperm morphology of two species of caecilians, Ichthyophis tricolor and Uraeotyphlus cf. narayani, from the Western Ghats of Kerala, India, were studied using light and transmission electron microscopy. Spermateleosis is described in early, mid-, and late phases. During the early phase, the spermatid nucleus does not elongate, but the acrosome vesicle is Golgi-derived and its material is produced as a homogeneous substance rather than as discrete granules. In development of the acrosome, the centrioles shift in position to the lower half of the cell. The acrosomal vesicles take the full shape of the acrosome with the establishment of the perforatorium in midphase. An endonuclear canal develops and accommodates the perforatorium. The incipient flagellum is laid down when the proximal centriole attaches to the posterior side of the nucleus and the distal centriole connects to the proximal centriole, which forms the basal granule of the acrosome. The axial fiber also appears during midphase. The mitochondria shift in position to the posterior pole of the cell to commence establishment of the midphase. Late phase is characterized by nuclear condensation and elongation. Consequently, the final organization of the sperm is established with the head containing the nucleus and the acrosome. The undulating membrane separates the axoneme and axial fiber. Most of the cytoplasm is lost as residual bodies.     

Sperm ultrastructure in the inseminating Macropsobrycon uruguayanae (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae)

Macropsobrycon uruguayanae is a small, inseminating characid (tetra) of the tribe Compsurini. Although spermatozoa can be found within the ovarian cavity close to oocytes, the exact moment of fertilization has not yet been determined. Spermatozoa have moderately elongate nuclei with electron-dense chromatin. During spermiogenesis, nuclear rotation takes place. Elongate mitochondria with lamellar cristae are found posterior to the nucleus. Centrioles are parallel to one another with the proximal centriole slightly anterior to the longer distal one. The anterior tip of the proximal centriole is located within a shallow nuclear fossa. Electron-dense spurs are associated within the anterior and posterior ends of the distal centriole. Striated centriolar rootlets radiate both anteriorly and posteriorly from the distal centriole. Nine longitudinal accessory microtubules surround the axoneme in the proximal flagellum. The flagellum has a typical 9 + 2 axoneme with no intratubular differentiation. Atypical spermatozoa are also found in the testicular lumen. These cells resemble spermatozoa in most aspects, except that their nuclei are variable in shape, with the granular chromatin less electron-dense than that seen in spermatozoa. The origin and function of these cells could not be determined. The specializations seen in the spermatozoa are discussed as possible adaptations related to the habit of insemination.     

Spermiogenesis in Polyplacophora,with special reference to acrosome formation (Mollusca)

Summary The present study examines spermiogenesis, and in particular the formation of the acrosome, in ten species of chitons belonging to four families. This study emphasizes the formation of the acrosome but brings to light several other structures that have received little or no mention in previous studies. The process of spermiogenesis is essentially similar in each species, although Chaetopleura exhibits some significant differences. In early spermiogenesis the Golgi body secretes numerous small pro-acrosomal vesicles that gradually migrate into the apical cytoplasm. The chromatin condenses from granules into fibres which become twisted within the nucleus. A small bundle of chromatin fibres projects from the main nuclear mass into the anterior filament; this coincides with the appearance of a developing manchette of microtubules around the nucleus that originates from the two centrioles. Radiating from the distal centriole is the centriolar satellite complex, which is attached to the plasma membrane by the annulus. The distal centriole produces the flagellum posteriorly and it exits eccentrically through a ring of folded membrane that houses the annulus. Extending from the annulus on one side of the flagellum, in all but one species, is a dense fibrous body that has not been previously reported. The proximal centriole lies perpendicular to the end of the distal centriole and is attached to it by fibro-granular material. Pro-acrosomal vesicles migrate anteriorly through the cytoplasm and move into the anterior filament to one side of the expanding nucleus. Eventually these vesicles migrate all the way to the tip of the sperm, where they fuse to form one of two granules in the acrosome. In mature sperm the nucleus is bullet-shaped with a long anterior filament and contains dense chromatin with occasional lacunae. The mitochondria vary in both number and position in the mature sperm of different species. Both centrioles are housed eccentrically in a posterior indentation of the nucleus, where the membranes are modified. The elongate flagellum tapers to a long filamentous end-piece that roughly corresponds to the anterior filament and may be important in sperm locomotion for hydrodynamic reasons. An acrosome is present in all ten species and stained positively for acid phosphatase in three species that were tested.     

褐菖■精细胞晚期的变化及精子结构研究

本文研究卵胎生硬骨鱼褐菖（Ｓｅｂａｓｔｉｓｃｕｓｍａｒｍｏｒａｔｕｓ）精细胞的成熟变化和精子结构。褐菖精细胞发育晚期已具有硬骨鱼类精子的结构雏形：细胞核的背面较平坦,腹面稍外鼓,呈弧面;染色质浓缩成团块状,核的腹侧和后端的染色质较致密;中心粒复合体由近端中心粒和基体组成,近端中心粒和基体排成“Ｌ”形;近端中心粒向细胞核的背侧伸出中心粒附属物,中心粒附属物由９条微管组成,９条微管围成一筒状结构,类似轴丝。在晚期精细胞形成精子的过程中,中心粒附属物和近端中心粒相继退缩以至消失不见,同时细胞核后端的形状也随着发生变化。中心粒附属物和近端中心粒的相继消失可以看作是成熟的最后标志。精子的中心粒复合体由基体及其上方的基体帽组成,袖套接于核的后端,其中约有３０～４０个线粒体;鞭毛从袖套腔中伸出,鞭毛的中心结构是轴丝;轴丝外方为细胞质形成的侧鳍,在鞭毛的近核段,轴丝两侧的侧鳍较宽且不对称。     

Ultrastructure of the spermatozoon of the American Alligator,Alligator mississippiensis (Reptilia: Alligatoridae)

This study details the ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of the American Alligator, Alligator mississippiensis. American Alligator spermatozoa are filiform and slightly curved. The acrosome is tapered at its anterior end and surrounded by the acrosome vesicle and an underlying subacrosomal cone, which rests just cephalic to the nuclear rostrum. One endonuclear canal extends from the subacrosomal cone through the rostral nucleus and deep into the nuclear body. The neck region separates the nucleus and midpiece and houses the proximal centriole and pericentriolar material. The distal centriole extends through the midpiece and has 9 × 3 sets of peripheral microtubules with a central doublet pair within the axoneme that is surrounded by a dense sheath. The midpiece is composed of seven to nine rings of mitochondria, which have combinations of concentrically and septate cristae. The principal piece has a dense fibrous sheath that surrounds an axoneme with a 9 + 2 microtubule arrangement. The sheath becomes significantly reduced in size caudally within the principal piece and is completely missing from the endpiece. Dense peripheral fibers, especially those associated with microtubule doublets 3 and 8, penetrate into the anterior portion of the principal piece axoneme. The data reported here hypothesize that sperm morphology is highly conserved in Crocodylia; however, specific morphological differences can exist between species. J. Morphol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

埃及尼罗河鲶的精子发生和精子的超微结构

用扫描和透射电子显微镜研究了尼罗河鲶——盾头歧须鮠(Synodontis schall)的精子发生和精子的超微结构。精巢中含有无数肾形的生精小叶,我们将其称为"精原无限型"。尽管其精子发生的大体过程与同类鱼无异。但是,在细节上仍具其独特之处。这些特点未见在其他硬骨鱼中报道过。其特点主要是:生精过程中不发生细胞核的旋转,中心粒复合体和轴丝起始段直接发生在核的基底面垂直线上,有无数的粗的固定纤维将近端中心粒和远端中心粒的近侧部连接到细胞核上。另外,精子发生过程中还包括染色质浓缩,细胞质和线粒体向细胞核的尾端迁移,在核的后端中轴位置上形成中等大小的核后凹,近端中心粒和远端中心粒的一部分嵌在核后凹之内,短的胞质内陷管将线粒体与鞭毛分隔开。精子头部接近圆形,无顶体或顶体泡,鞭毛的中段及胞质内陷管均较短,整个鞭毛却很长,鞭毛侧面无翼膜,轴丝呈典型的9 2结构。上述结果显示,盾头歧须鮠的精子发生具有类型Ⅰ和类型Ⅱ的共同派生特征,这种特征在常见的其他硬骨鱼中也是常有的。但是,正如文献所报道过的另两种尼罗河鲶——金鯵(Chrysichthys auratus)和电鲶(Malapterurus electricus)中的情况一样,盾头歧须的精子发生与类型Ⅲ的精子发生过程更为相似。