苦楝内生真菌抗植物病原真菌活性菌株的筛选

实验对苦楝植株中内生真菌的抗植物病原真菌活性进行了研究。从苦楝（Melia azedarach）的根、茎、叶、花、果实中分离得到290株内生真菌,分别测定各菌株的抗菌活性效果,并对筛选出的9株菌株发酵液进行抗菌活性测定。发现L071027Z3、SX071116Z1-2和XY070430J3菌株发酵液对玉米小斑病,小麦赤霉病,棉花枯萎病,苹果炭疽病的抑制率较高。再对这3株供试菌在发酵液粗提物质量浓度为50 mg/mL时,进行进一步抑菌实验,3个菌株的发酵液粗提物对玉米小斑病,小麦赤霉病,棉花枯萎病,苹果炭疽病具有不同程度的抑制菌丝生长活性作用且有机相提取物的抑制作用较高,其中L071027Z3的抑菌圈与其它菌株差异极显著。     

南方红豆杉内生真菌的分离鉴定及其细胞毒活性研究

采用平板培养法对采自广东省的南方红豆杉进行内生真菌的分离,并通过形态学和分子生物学方法进行分类鉴定;共分离鉴定内生真菌22株,主要为刺盘孢属(Colletotrichum)、球座菌属(Guignardia)、座腔菌属(Botryosphaeria)、节菱孢属(Arthrinium)、炭角菌属(Xylaria)、毛壳菌属(Chaetomium)、交链孢属(Alternaria)、拟茎点霉属(Phomopsis)、长蠕孢属(Helminthosporium)等属。还采用MTT法测定了这些内生真菌发酵粗提物的细胞毒活性,活性研究发现有6个菌株的粗提物在作用浓度为100μg/mL时,对至少1种受试肿瘤细胞株的抑制率在50%以上,其中菌株A223和A240对人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7的抑制率在90%以上。表明南方红豆杉内生真菌多样性丰富,有些菌株具有良好的细胞毒活性,值得进一步深入研究。     

23株海洋真菌的分子鉴定及其抗植物病原真菌和细胞毒活性研究

从南海沉积物中分离得到23株海洋真菌,通过ITS测序进行鉴定。以新月弯孢霉(Curvularia lunata)、柱枝双胞霉(Cylindrocladium scoparium)、链格孢(Alternaria alternata)、胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)为受试植物病原真菌,以神经胶质瘤细胞(SF-268)、乳腺癌细胞(MCF-7)、大细胞肺癌细胞(NCI-H460)和肝癌细胞(HepG-2)为受试肿瘤细胞,分别采用生长速率法和SRB法对这些菌株的发酵液粗提物进行抗植物病原真菌和细胞毒活性测试,发现11个菌株的粗提物在浓度为50 mg/mL时,对至少1种受试植物病原真菌的抑制率在50%以上,有9个菌株的粗提物在浓度为100μg/mL时,对至少1种肿瘤细胞株的抑制率在80%以上,其中菌株Eupenicillium sp.FS100、Penicillium sp.FS105、Dichotomomyces cejpii FS110、Acaromyces ingoldii FS121对植物病原真菌和(或)肿瘤细胞具有明显的抑制活性。     

薯蓣内生真菌抗氧化活性的初步研究

用碘量法研究了4株薯蓣内生真菌的发酵液和菌丝的抗氧化活性。结果表明,4株菌株的菌丝和发酵液具有不同的抗氧化活性,其中从薯蓣块茎中分离得到菌株EDT5发酵液的抗氧化活性最强,从薯蓣种子中分离得到菌株EDS4发酵液的抗氧化活性次之,并且在一定范围内,随着发酵液粗提物浓度的增加,其抗氧化活性增强。EDT5和EDS4发酵液的抗氧化效果高于或近于其宿主薯蓣而高于维生素E的抗氧化效果,表明内生真菌是天然抗氧化产物开发的潜在重要资源之一。     

从红树植物中筛选具有抗菌、抗氧化和抗肿瘤活性的内生真菌

从红树植物无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala),海马齿(Sesuvium portulacastrum)和秋茄(Kandelia candel)中分离得到25株内生真菌,采用滤纸片琼脂扩散法、自由基清除法(DPPH、.OH和ABTS+)和MTT法对其发酵液上清乙酸乙酯抽提物的抗菌、抗氧化和抗肿瘤活性进行研究。结果显示,有12株菌株至少对一种指示菌有抑制作用,占总供测菌株的48%;对DPPH自由基、.OH自由基和ABTS+自由基具有较强清除作用(0 mg/mL﹤EC50≦1 mg/mL)的菌株分别有3株、12株和8株;对HepG2肿瘤细胞或HeLa肿瘤细胞具有抑制作用(抑制率>50%)的有8株菌株。研究结果表明,红树植物来源的内生真菌能够产生丰富的抗菌、抗氧化和抗肿瘤活性物质,是开发抗菌、抗氧化和抗肿瘤药物的重要资源。     

胶孢炭疽菌生防放线菌SD-29的鉴定及抗菌活性评价

【背景】胶孢炭疽菌是引起橡胶炭疽病的一种重要病原菌,可导致橡胶树产胶量下降。【目的】从山东青岛一农田土壤中分离出一株胶孢炭疽菌生防放线菌SD-29,并对其进行鉴定及抗菌活性评价。【方法】采用对峙生长法及菌丝生长速率法对菌株SD-29的拮抗活性进行鉴定;利用乙酸乙酯萃取法提取菌株SD-29发酵液粗提物并进行活性评价;根据菌株SD-29的形态特征、生理生化及16S rRNA基因序列进行鉴定。【结果】菌株SD-29对胶孢炭疽菌具有较强的抑制活性,皿内抑制活性达到82.6%。发酵液粗提物对菌丝生长的EC50为13.6μg/mL,100μg/mL的粗提物对胶孢炭疽菌孢子萌发抑制率达到63.16%,其对感炭疽病橡胶叶片的防治效果达到48.96%。根据该菌的形态特征、生理生化特征及16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定菌株SD-29为Streptomyces yatensis。【结论】菌株SD-29对胶孢炭疽菌有较强的防治效果,具有潜在的应用价值。     

‘海螺’望春花内生真菌EF-WCH-51鉴定及其抑制葫芦科刺盘孢活性成分分析

【背景】药用植物内生真菌产生的次生代谢产物具有多种抗菌活性,因而具有生防菌开发潜力。【目的】鉴定一株对葫芦科刺盘孢(Colletotrichumorbiculare)有抑菌活性的‘海螺’望春花内生真菌EF-WCH-51,并确定其主要抑菌活性成分。【方法】根据形态特征并结合分子序列鉴定EF-WCH-51菌株,利用生长速率法确定EF-WCH-51抑菌活性,并采用半制备型HPLC、HPLC-MS/MS对其活性成分进行分离鉴定。【结果】供试菌株EF-WCH-51为丝枝蜡蚧菌(Lecanicillium aphanocladii),其发酵液粗提物对葫芦科刺盘孢菌丝生长具有较强抑制作用,EC50为0.086 2 mg/mL;抑菌活性组分A (0.085 0 mg/mL)对葫芦科刺盘孢抑制率达到76.08%,通过查询MS、MS/MS数据库以及与相关文献对比,确定该化合物为卵孢菌素(oosporein)。【结论】本研究发现丝枝蜡蚧菌对葫芦科刺盘孢具有较好的抑菌活性,其主要抑菌活性成分为卵孢菌素,具有作为瓜类炭疽病生防菌株的潜力。     

毛筒壳科真菌次级代谢产物生物活性的评价

毛筒壳科Tubeufiaceae真菌具有产新结构、新活性次级代谢产物的潜力,目前对该科真菌次级代谢产物的研究较少。为了寻找具有生物活性的新化合物,有必要对毛筒壳科真菌次级代谢产物及其活性进行系统深入的研究。本文采用平板对峙法、生长速率法和MTT法,分别测定已分离得到的19株该科真菌活体菌株抑菌活性、发酵物抑菌活性以及发酵物粗提物对不同人体肿瘤细胞株增殖的抑制作用。通过平板对峙法,试验共筛选获得13株活性菌株,其中,红棕毛筒腔菌菌株Tubeufia rubra PF02-2对7种植物病原真菌有明显的抑菌效果,抑制率均高于60%且抑菌谱广。采用生长速率法,发现红棕毛筒腔菌菌株PF02-2经液体发酵后,发酵液对其中4种植物病原真菌仍有一定的抑制作用,且菌丝体部分的乙酸乙酯提取物对马铃薯早疫病病菌Alternaria solani（ZYB）的抑制效果最好。通过MTT法,发现发酵物粗提物对3种肿瘤细胞均具有不同程度的细胞毒活性,其中在300μg/mL时,剑叶莎毛筒腔菌菌株Tubeufia machaerinae ML03-2发酵液部分的乙酸乙酯提取物对人宫颈癌细胞株HeLa和人前列腺癌细胞株PC-3的抑制率（%）分别达到了98.92±0.15和97.86±0.18,在400μg/mL时,对人肝癌细胞株HEPG2的抑制率（%）达到了98.88±0.04;在500μg/mL时,明孢新旋卷孢菌菌株Neohelicosporium hyalosporum ML05-1菌丝体部分的乙酸乙酯提取物对人宫颈癌细胞株HeLa细胞的抑制率（%）为98.32±0.02,在600μg/mL时,对人肝癌细胞株HEPG2的抑制率（%）达到了97.62±0.20,在300μg/mL时,对人前列腺癌细胞株PC-3的抑制率（%）达到了98.91±0.02。该研究结果为开发利用毛筒壳科真菌提供了科学依据。     

一株牛蒡共生真菌杀虫活性的研究

为寻找新型微生物农药,对分离自牛蒡茎的一株共生真菌NJ-1菌丝体和发酵液粗提物分别进行杀虫活性研究。采用组织块法从健康牛蒡植物的茎中进行菌株分离;采用卤虫作为生物模型进行杀虫活性物质的筛选。通过PCR扩增鉴定真菌NJ-1为四孢脉孢菌(Neurospora tetrasperma);该真菌菌丝体和发酵液粗提物对卤虫的半数致死量(LD50)分别是0.84 mg/mL和0.27 mg/mL;经与三种常见化学农药氯氰菊酯、敌敌畏和氧乐果对卤虫半数致死量对比,该真菌发酵液粗提物LD50是对照组活性最好的敌敌畏LD50的2.3倍。牛蒡共生真菌NJ-1粗提代谢物具有很强的杀虫活性,可为新型微生物农药开发提供生物来源。     

喜树内生真菌的分离、鉴定以及抗植物病原菌活性的初步研究

对喜树植株中的内生真菌进行分离纯化,共得到126株内生菌株。对126株内生菌株进行液体培养,并对其发酵产物进行抗菌活性测定。发现在供试质量浓度为5mg／mL时,126株菌株中有24株喜树内生真菌的发酵液对水稻纹枯病菌、稻瘟病菌以及辣椒疫霉具有不同程度的抑制菌丝生长的活性作用;其中,菌株XSY09的发酵液对此三种植物病原菌有明显的抑制作用,抑制率分别为74．97％、39．63％和58．49％。在0．1mg／mL的测试浓度下,菌株XSY09发酵液的乙酸乙酯相对三种植物病原菌均有较好的抑制作用。对该菌株的ITS序列进行测序分析,初步鉴定XSY09为炭疽菌属（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides）真菌。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.