实时定量PCR及其在轮状病毒检测中的应用

实时定量PCR(Real-time polymerase chain reaction/quantitative Real-time polymerase chain reaction,Real-time PCR/qPCR)就是在PCR扩增过程中,通过荧光信号对PCR进程进行实时监测。它具有特异性强、灵敏度高、定量准确和快速等优点,在生物医学领域中得到广泛的应用。对实时定量PCR技术的原理和类型,实时定量PCR技术在生物医学领域的应用,尤其在轮状病毒诊断、检测及疫苗研究中的应用及其未来前景进行了综述。     

实时定量PCR技术的介绍

实时定量PCR(real-timePCR)技术是近几年发展起来的新技术 ,既保持了PCR技术灵敏、快速的特点 ,又克服了以往PCR技术中存在的假阳性污染和不能进行准确定量的缺点。另外 ,还有重复性好、省力、低费用等优点。实时定量PCR技术是从传统PCR技术发展而来 ,其基本原理是相同的 ,主要不同之处是其定量的体系。下面简单介绍一下该技术定量的原理。1　荧光染料的应用荧光染料的应用是实时PCR技术能够进行定量检测的一个重要部分 ,在PCR反应体系中应用荧光标记物 ,通过监测荧光信号的累积实现对整个PCR循环进程的观察。目前主要有四种方法…     

实时荧光定量PCR 技术的原理及其应用研究进展

自从1983年Mullis发明聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)以来,PCR技术很快成为科研、临床诊断的热点技术。但是传统PCR技术在应用中一是不能准确定量,二是容易交叉污染,产生假阳性。直到近年来荧光共振能量转移(fluorescence resonance energy transfer,FRET)技术     

数字聚合酶链反应及其在感染性疾病中的应用

数字聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)采用与定量PCR相同的荧光化学原理和不同的数学原理来实现对靶标核酸序列的绝对定量,其摒弃了对外部参照的依赖,同时具有更高的数据精密度,提高了重复性和再现性。数字PCR的应用涵盖生命科学众多领域,特别是在医学检验领域,其对疾病相关核酸分子标记的准确分析,为疾病的早期诊断、进展监测、疗效评估提供了动态量化指标。数字PCR的出现将推动基于核酸扩增技术的分子生物学检测迈入精准定量阶段。本文就数字PCR尤其是微滴式数字PCR在感染性疾病中的应用进展及前沿进行综述。     

拟南芥CHS 基因表达的实时荧光定量PCR 检测

在简要介绍实时荧光定量PCR反应和定量原理的基础上, 采用TaqMan荧光定量PCR技术, 研究了UV-B辐射对拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)CHS(查耳酮合成酶基因)表达的诱导, 获得了与传统Northern杂交一致的结果。实时荧光定量PCR用于基因表达的定量检测, 具有特异性强、自动化程度高、高效快捷, 避免使用放射性同位素, 能同时对多个样品中的起始模板进行准确定量等特点, 因此该方法已逐渐被广泛用于基因表达的定量分析。     

实时荧光定量PCR及其在传染性疾病检测中的应用

实时荧光定量PCR技术被广泛应用于实验研究、临床检测中。与普通的PCR相比,实时荧光定量PCR技术具有特异性强、灵敏度高、重复性好、定量准确、速度快、全封闭反应等优点。我们综述了实时荧光定量PCR技术的原理、定量方法,及其在传染性疾病检测研究中的应用。     

A组轮状病毒实时定量PCR检测方法的研究进展

A组轮状病毒是引起婴幼儿急性肠胃炎的最主要病原之一。目前已建立的轮状病毒检测方法有电镜检测、酶免疫法、反转录PCR法、实时定量PCR法。实时定量PCR法与其他方法相比具有特异性强、敏感度高、可以分型、定量准确等优势。本文就实时定量(Real-time)PCR技术应用于A组RV检测的研究进展进行简单概述。     

拟南芥CHS基因表达的实时荧光定量PCR检测

在简要介绍实时荧光定量PCR反应和定量原理的基础上,采用TaqMan荧光定量PCR技术,研究了UV-B辐射对拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)CHS(查耳酮合成酶基因)表达的诱导,获得了与传统Northern杂交一致的结果.实时荧光定量PCR用于基因表达的定量检测,具有特异性强、自动化程度高、高效快捷,避免使用放射性同位素,能同时对多个样品中的起始模板进行准确定量等特点,因此该方法已逐渐被广泛用于基因表达的定量分析.     

双标准曲线相对定量PCR试验原理与方法

实时荧光定量PCR(FQ-PCR)是一种准确有效的核酸定量分析技术,具有易操作、高通量、高敏感性、高特异性、高度自动化和低污染等优点,并随新定量PCR仪及新操作方法的发展而得到广泛应用,但是,定量PCR的高敏感性特点使得实验操作严格而繁琐。阐述了一种改进的相对定量方法——双标准曲线法的试验原理和特点,描述了定量PCR体系的优化方式,探讨了试验误差分析方法及试验操作技巧,并就试验数据的处理方法进行讨论。试验证明,双标准曲线法是一种经济、简单而准确的定量方法。     

实时荧光定量PCR技术及其在昆虫学研究中的应用

实时荧光定量PCR(real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction, FQ-PCR)是一种利用荧光信号实时监测体外DNA分子PCR复制过程中每个循环的扩增产物，从而实现对DNA模板进行定量分析的技术，具有准确、快速、灵敏、特异等优点，在动植物基因工程、动植物检疫、微生物鉴定与分类、食品安全检测和医学等领域中得到广泛应用。本文对实时荧光定量PCR技术的原理、优缺点及近年来新的荧光探针的原理、类型进行了评述，并对实时荧光定量PCR技术在昆虫学研究中的应用进行了综述。     

Non-gel based techniques for plant pathogen genotyping

The introduction of real-time PCR technology has significantly improved and simplified the quantification of nucleic acids, and this technology has become an invaluable tool for many scientists working in different disciplines. Particularly in the field of molecular diagnostics and genotyping, real-time PCR-based assays have gained favour in the recent past. Rapid real-time PCR diagnosis can result in appropriate control measures and eradication procedures in a faster and more accurate way than traditional methods based on pathogen isolation. Real-time quantitative PCR represents a highly sensitive and powerful technique for the gel-free detection of nucleic acids. In this review, the main chemistries used for the detection of PCR product during real-time PCR, as well as advantages and limitations of real-time PCR will be depicted. Furthermore, the existing literature as it applies to plant pathogens detection in the routine and research laboratory will be reviewed in order to focus on one of the many areas in which the application of real-time PCR has provided significant methodological benefits.     

Real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for rapid and sensitive detection of anthrax spores in spiked soil and talcum powder

Real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) is a laboratory technique based on PCR. This technique is able to detect sequence-specific PCR products as they accumulate in “real time” during the PCR amplification, and also to quantify the number of substrates present in the initial PCR mixture before amplification begins. In the present study, real-time PCR assay was employed for rapid and real-time detection of Bacillus anthracis spores spiked in 0.1 g of soil and talcum powder ranging from 5 to 10⁷ spores. DNA was isolated from spiked soil and talcum powder, using PBS containing 1 % Triton-X-100, followed by heat treatment. The isolated DNA was used as template for real-time PCR and PCR. Real-time PCR amplification was obtained in 60 min under the annealing condition at 60°C by employing primers targeting the pag gene of B. anthracis. In the present study, the detection limit of real-time PCR assay in soil was 10³ spores and10² spores in talcum powder, respectively, whereas PCR could detect 10⁴ spores in soil and 10³ spores in talcum powder, respectively.     

Nested real-time PCR for hepatitis A detection

Aims:  The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is one of the most important human foodborne pathogens causing a number of worldwide outbreaks each year. The detection of HAV in food samples remains a complex issue, because commonly used detection tools, such as conventional or even real-time PCR assays, are often unable to detect HAV with sufficient sensitivity. The aims of this study were to develop highly sensitive and specific nested real-time PCR (NRT-PCR)-based method for HAV detection in food and to compare it with currently available methods.
Methods and Results:  By combining conventional PCR, nested PCR and real-time PCR techniques, we have developed a specific NRT-PCR assay for the detection of HAV. The procedure involves two consecutive PCRs, the first of which is performed as a conventional RT-PCR using primers specific for HAV 5' noncoding region. The second reaction involves a real-time PCR using a nested primer pair specific for the first PCR product and a TaqMan probe.
Conclusions:  We have developed a novel NRT-PCR method capable of detecting as little as 0·2 PFU of HAV, which is significantly more sensitive than any other PCR technique tested in our system.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  NRT-PCR provides a potentially useful method for detecting HAV at extremely low levels, as frequently found in food samples, and can be potentially adopted as a regulatory method to ensure food safety.     

实时荧光定量PCR在猪肺炎支原体检测中的应用

实时荧光定量PCR技术是一种利用荧光检测方法来定量核酸的技术,具有高度的灵敏性、特异性和精确性.综述了荧光定量PCR技术的基本原理及其在猪肺炎支原体检测中的应用.     

Real-time PCR assay is superior to other methods for the detection of mycoplasma contamination in the cell lines of the National Cell Bank of Iran

Mycoplasmas are the most important contaminants of cell cultures throughout the world. They are considered as a major problem in biological studies and biopharmaceutical economic issues. In this study, our aim was to find the best standard technique as a rapid method with high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for the detection of mycoplasma contamination in the cell lines of the National Cell Bank of Iran. Thirty cell lines suspected to mycoplasma contamination were evaluated by five different techniques including microbial culture, indirect DNA DAPI staining, enzymatic mycoalert^® assay, conventional PCR and real-time PCR. Five mycoplasma-contaminated cell lines were assigned as positive controls and five mycoplasma-free cell lines as negative controls. The enzymatic method was performed using the mycoalert^® mycoplasma detection kit. Real-time PCR technique was conducted by PromoKine diagnostic kits. In the conventional PCR method, mycoplasma genus-specific primers were designed to analyze the sequences based on a fixed and common region on 16S ribosomal RNA with PCR product size of 425 bp. Mycoplasma contamination was observed in 60, 56.66, 53.33, 46.66 and 33.33 % of 30 different cell cultures by real-time PCR, PCR, enzymatic mycoalert^®, indirect DNA DAPI staining and microbial culture methods, respectively. The analysis of the results of the different methods showed that the real-time PCR assay was superior the other methods with the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, predictive value of positive and negative results of 100 %. These values were 94.44, 100, 96.77, 100 and 92.85 % for the conventional PCR method, respectively. Therefore, this study showed that real-time PCR and PCR assays based on the common sequences in the 16S ribosomal RNA are reliable methods with high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures and other biological products.     

实时定量PCR技术及其应用

实时定量PCR(Real—time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction,RQ—PCR)技术是20世纪90年代中期发展起来的一种新型核酸定量技术。该技术具有实时监测、快速、灵敏、精确等特点,是对原有PCR技术的革新,扩大了PCR的应用范围。本文综述了RQ—PCR技术的原理、RQ—PCR仪、RQ—PCR实时定量检测系统及其应用。     

A real-time PCR antibiogram for drug-resistant sepsis

Current molecular diagnostic techniques for susceptibility testing of septicemia rely on genotyping for the presence of known resistance cassettes. This technique is intrinsically vulnerable due to the inability to detect newly emergent resistance genes. Traditional phenotypic susceptibility testing has always been a superior method to assay for resistance; however, relying on the multi-day growth period to determine which antimicrobial to administer jeopardizes patient survival. These factors have resulted in the widespread and deleterious use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials. The real-time PCR antibiogram, described herein, combines universal phenotypic susceptibility testing with the rapid diagnostic capabilities of PCR. We have developed a procedure that determines susceptibility by monitoring pathogenic load with the highly conserved 16S rRNA gene in blood samples exposed to different antimicrobial drugs. The optimized protocol removes heme and human background DNA from blood, which allows standard real-time PCR detection systems to be employed with high sensitivity (<100 CFU/mL). Three strains of E. coli, two of which were antimicrobial resistant, were spiked into whole blood and exposed to three different antibiotics. After real-time PCR-based determination of pathogenic load, a ΔC(t)<3.0 between untreated and treated samples was found to indicate antimicrobial resistance (P<0.01). Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined for susceptible bacteria and pan-bacterial detection was demonstrated with 3 gram-negative and 2 gram-positive bacteria. Species identification was performed via analysis of the hypervariable amplicons. In summary, we have developed a universal diagnostic phenotyping technique that assays for the susceptibility of drug-resistant septicemia with the speed of PCR. The real-time PCR antibiogram achieves detection, susceptibility testing, minimum inhibitory concentration determination, and identification in less than 24 hours.     

Statistical diagnostics emerging from external quality control of real-time PCR

Besides the application of conventional qualitative PCR as a valuable tool to enrich or identify specific sequences of nucleic acids, a new revolutionary technique for quantitative PCR determination has been introduced recently. It is based on real-time detection of PCR products revealed as a homogeneous accumulating signal generated by specific dyes. However, as far as we know, the influence of the variability of this technique on the reliability of the quantitative assay has not been thoroughly investigated. A national program of external quality assurance (EQA) for real-time PCR determination involving 42 Italian laboratories has been developed to assess the analytical performance of real-time PCR procedures. Participants were asked to perform a conventional experiment based on the use of an external reference curve (standard curve) for real-time detection of three cDNA samples with different concentrations of a specific target. In this paper the main analytical features of the standard curve have been investigated in an attempt to produce statistical diagnostics emerging from external quality control. Specific control charts were drawn to help biochemists take technical decisions aimed at improving the performance of their laboratories. Overall, our results indicated a subset of seven laboratories whose performance appeared to be markedly outside the limits for at least one of the standard curve features investigated. Our findings suggest the usefulness of the approach presented here for monitoring the heterogeneity of results produced by different laboratories and for selecting those laboratories that need technical advice on their performance.     

Improving Precision of Proximity Ligation Assay by Amplified Single Molecule Detection

Proximity ligation assay (PLA) has been proven to be a robust protein detection method. The technique is characterized by high sensitivity and specificity, but the assay precision is probably limited by the PCR readout. To investigate this potential limitation and to improve precision, we developed a digital proximity ligation assay for protein measurement in fluids based on amplified single molecule detection. The assay showed significant improvements in precision, and thereby also detection sensitivity, over the conventional real-time PCR readout.     

Qualitative PCR-ELISA protocol for the detection and typing of viral genomes

PCR is an established technique providing rapid and highly productive amplification of specific DNA sequences. The demand for equally rapid, sensitive and objective methods to achieve detection of PCR products has led to the coupling of PCR with ELISA. PCR-ELISA involves direct incorporation of labeled nucleotides in amplicons during PCR-amplification, their hybridization to specific probes and hybrid capture-immunoassay in microtiter wells. PCR-ELISA is performed in 1 d and is very flexible, with the ability to process simultaneously up to 96 or 384 samples. This technique is potentially automatable and does not require expensive equipment, and thus can be fundamental in laboratories without access to a real-time PCR thermocycler. PCR-ELISA has mainly been used to detect infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa and fungi. A PCR-ELISA protocol for the qualitative detection of papillomavirus genomes and simultaneous typing of different genotypes are detailed here as an example of the technique.