针毛鼠的形态及其种群生态特征

为丰富针毛鼠种群生态学资料,给其测报及防治提供依据。对贵州省余庆县、岑巩县、雷山县、凯里市1984~2013年针毛鼠的形态及其种群生态特征统计分析,结果表明:雌、雄鼠形态特征无显著性差异。该鼠主要栖息于旱地耕作区,占总鼠数的3.84%,平均捕获率为0.19%。不同年度之间种群数量存在明显差异,全年种群数量在5月和10月出现2个数量高峰,平均捕获率均为0.27%,春季、夏季和秋季种群数量明显高于冬季。种群总性比为0.82,平均怀孕率为27.92%,平均胎仔数为5.12只,平均子宫斑数为5.36只,平均睾丸下降率为59.89%,平均繁殖指数为0.65。3~9月为主要繁殖期,其间在3~4月和7~8月出现2个种群繁殖高峰,春季和夏季为主要繁殖季节。每年4月和8月是防治该鼠的最佳时期,防治重点区域为旱地耕作区。     

社鼠种群生态研究

1983—1987年在北京西山研究了社鼠的种群生态学,共捕获标本870只,用胴体重方法划分5个年龄组。种群年龄组成,随季节而有变化。年龄锥体有季节和年度差异。雌雄性比亦有年度变化。在多数年份中,幼体和亚成体的雌性比例高于雄性。社鼠一般在3—4月开始繁殖,9月基本结束,10月见到个别孕鼠。雄性个体性成熟时的睾丸重量在0.8克以上,雌性产仔数平均为5.20。多数雌体一年繁殖2次,个别可繁殖3次。生态寿命约一年半或更长一些。有些雌体参加两年的繁殖活动。社鼠的种群数量,有明显的季节和年度变化。     

千岛湖岛屿社鼠的种群年龄结构和性比

2009年7月至11月以及2010年3月至11月在千岛湖地区2个岛屿上对社鼠(Niviventer confucianus)种群进行标志重捕,通过对社鼠种群年龄结构和性比的研究,探讨陆桥岛屿环境下生境片段化对社鼠种群结构的影响。结果显示:社鼠种群年龄结构整体上均表现为由上半年幼年组和亚成年组占优势逐渐过渡到下半年成年组和老年组占绝对优势,岛屿环境对社鼠年龄结构变化的影响与陆地环境有所不同;两岛社鼠种群数量与性比(♀:♂)之间均存在显著的负相关性(B岛2010年7-11月除外),当种群数量处于高峰期时,雌性少于雄性,而种群数量处于低潮期时,雌性多于雄性,这可能是社鼠种群数量变动内部调节机制的一种表现;由于9-10月和2-3月的繁殖高峰以及高的胎仔数,翌年上半年种群数量就能恢复并达到全年最高峰。     

我国黄羊种群结构及动态趋势的研究

随机抽取1988年12月猎于内蒙古西旗的1026只黄羊,对其种群结构的研究表明:1988年黄羊种群可划分成8个年龄组,当年出生的幼体比重较大,占39.7％;具繁殖能力的雌体数占24.95％;4.5岁以上年龄组个体数占12.7％;是典型的增长型年龄结构。种群全体、2.5、3.5、5.5岁以上年龄组的性比((?)/♀♀)与1:1差异显著(P<0.05),此结果与1979年差异较大。生命表和死亡率曲线表明:种群有3个死亡高峰,分别发生在0.5、3.5和6.5岁以上年龄组。1979年和1988年黄羊种群的净生殖率(R。)分别为1.1335和0.864;1988年雌性开始繁殖的年龄有比1979年提前的趋势。30年来黄羊种群数量明显减少,分布区迅速缩小。由于黄羊的繁殖能力强和增长型的年龄结构,只要加强保护和管理,恢复扩大种群是可能的。     

木垒草原兔尾鼠数量下降期种群结构变化

2000年9月至2001年9月在新疆木垒县分4个时段采用样方法对草原兔尾鼠(Lagurus lagurus)进行野外调查,实验室采用数学生态学方法研究草原兔尾鼠的种群年龄结构和繁殖结构变化。结果表明,随着草原兔尾鼠数量的下降,种群的年龄结构和繁殖结构都发生了明显的变化。     

棉田烟粉虱种群动态及杀虫剂的影响

本文记述了烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius))各龄若虫形态特征、生物学特性,以及1977—1984年八年的田间种群动态及杀虫剂对其影响.烟粉虱是上海郊区常发性棉田害虫,但密度较低,为害不重,除棉花外还为害大豆等作物.烟粉虱从7月上旬在棉田出现,8—9月为发生盛期.一般年份有三个高峰日,每年高峰日出现有一定规律.烟粉虱田间种群积累增长数和10℃以上积温呈S形曲线相关,文中给出不同数量类型年份的相关曲线,可以用于预测种群增长趋势.10月下旬以后种群数量明显下降.调查中发现二种寄生蜂寄生若虫,对粉虱种群有一定影 响.在每年用药7—9次的常规用药田块粉虱种群可以被压制到较低水平,但寄生蜂也全部损失,在每年用药3—4次的控药田块,虽粉虱数量较多,但寄生蜂数量也有上升趋势,而影响粉虱种群数量.     

内蒙古乌审召察汗淖尔遗鸥繁殖群数量及繁殖点分布变化

2015—2020年每年的5—6月,对内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市乌审召镇察汗淖尔的遗鸥Ichthyaetus relictus繁殖数量和繁殖点分布进行了监测和研究。结果表明,2015—2020年遗鸥繁殖种群数量分别为2 000巢、364巢、2 782巢、3 360巢、3 407巢和3 914巢。除2016年外,该地的繁殖遗鸥种群数量一直呈增长态势。6年间共记录12个有遗鸥繁殖巢群分布的湖心岛,其中4个较稳定,一直维持着该地绝大多数遗鸥繁殖群数量。该地已成为遗鸥一个重要的繁殖地。因此,呼吁相关部门对这一湿地进行重点保护和监管。     

中国动物园白鹤圈养种群统计学与遗传学分析

根据《圈养白鹤中国地区谱系簿2012》提供的数据,应用种群管理软件SPARKSv1.6和PMxv1.0对中国动物园白鹤圈养种群进行统计学和遗传学分析。结果显示该种群面临着许多困难,未知性别比例过高(截止到2012年10月31日,中国动物园白鹤圈养种群数量达到92只,其中雄性24只,雌性29只,未知性别39只)、年龄结构不合理(育龄个体数量充足,但幼龄个体数量仅有14只,约占现存种群的15.22%)、基因多样性丢失快(野外来源个体数量较多,达到58只,约占总数的63.04%,但是实际参与繁殖的奠基者仅有7只;该群体中某些奠基者的后代数量较多,种群平均亲缘关系值MK=0.15,从而导致现有种群只保留了野生个体85.25%的基因多样性)、种群数量增长乏力(2006～2012年种群的平均增长率λ=0.98)。因此,为了建立一个健康的白鹤圈养种群,应尽快开展性别鉴定工作,改善饲养环境条件,减少创伤引发的死亡,同时采用各种技术(如人工授精)增加潜在奠基者的繁殖机会,从而尽快扩大种群数量,并减少后代过多个体奠基者的繁殖机会。     

黑线姬鼠(Apodemus agrarius)的种群繁殖参数及其地理分异特征

黑线姬鼠（Apodemus agrarius）是我国广大地区的主要害鼠之一,是余庆县农田害鼠优势种,占总鼠数的94.81%。探讨其种群繁殖参数的变动规律及其地理分异特征,对其种群数量预测预报具有重要意义。通过对1987-2005年贵州省余庆县黑线姬鼠种群繁殖参数分析结果表明：研究期间共解剖标本5497只,其中,雌鼠2698只,雄鼠2799只,黑线姬鼠在当地1-11月份均可繁殖,主要繁殖期在3-10月份,每年4-5月份和8-9月份出现2次妊娠高峰。种群总性比（♀/♂）为0.96,多年平均怀孕率为36.91%±6.79%,平均胎仔数为5.33±1.07只,平均繁殖指数为0.81±0.17,平均睾丸下降率为59.13%±7.89%。不同年龄组种群繁殖力存在显著差异,随着种群年龄的增长繁殖力不断增加,成年Ⅰ组、成年Ⅱ组、老年组是种群繁殖的主体。种群繁殖参数不同年度之间比较稳定,不同月份、不同季节之间变化差异较大,具有明显的季节变化特征。年均种群密度与年均繁殖指数呈极显著正相关,与胎仔数显著正相关,与年均怀孕率、睾丸下降率、性比相关性不显著,繁殖指数是影响黑线姬鼠种群密度的重要因子。比较全国各地黑线姬鼠种群繁殖参数的地理分异特征认为,黑线姬鼠种群繁殖参数具有明显的地理分异现象,胎仔数、生殖强度由南向北逐渐增加,具有随纬度的升高趋向增加的特征;在高纬度地区繁殖时间较短;性比与纬度、经度的变化关系密切;各繁殖参数与海拔的变化相关性不明显,可排除海拔因素的影响。     

东北草地异质生境芦苇种群根茎芽年龄结构及输出规律

为明确异质生境条件下芦苇种群根茎芽年龄结构及输出规律,揭示芦苇种群的营养繁殖特性,采用单位土体挖掘取样,分别计数各龄级根茎芽的调查与统计方法,对东北草甸草原草甸土和盐碱土两个生境单优群落芦苇种群根茎芽动态进行比较分析。结果表明,两个生境芦苇种群根茎芽库主要均由6个龄级组成;草甸土生境在6—10月均为增长型年龄结构;盐碱土生境6—7月份为衰退型年龄结构,8月份为稳定型年龄结构,9—10月份为增长型年龄结构。根茎芽数量1—4a普遍以草甸土生境高于盐碱土生境,5—6a普遍以盐碱土生境高于草甸土生境,各龄级根茎芽数量与月份之间均符合y=a+bx直线关系(P0.05)。随着龄级的增加,休眠芽比率呈逐渐下降趋势,而萌发芽比率则呈逐渐上升趋势,5个生育期的休眠芽比率和萌发芽比率与龄级之间均符合y=a+bx直线关系(P0.01)。各龄级根茎的休眠芽具有一个相对稳定的萌发输出过程,草甸土生境根茎休眠芽按每年11%的比率萌发输出,而盐碱土生境根茎休眠芽按每年7%的比率萌发输出。虽然芦苇种群根茎芽年龄结构及年龄谱在异质生境中存在显著差异,但却有着相同的季节变化规律,均以不断形成新根茎的芽来维持着种群的营养繁殖更新。     

Population proteomics: an emerging discipline to study metapopulation ecology

Proteomics research has developed until recently in a relative isolation from other fast-moving disciplines such as ecology and evolution. This is unfortunate since applying proteomics to these disciplines has apparently the potential to open new perspectives. The huge majority of species indeed exhibit over their entire geographic range a metapopulation structure, occupying habitats that are fragmented and heterogeneous in space and/or through time. Traditionally, population genetics is the main tool used to studying metatopulations, as it describes the spatial structure of populations and the level of gene flow between them. In this Viewpoint, we present the reasons why we think that proteomics, because of the level of integration it promotes, has the potential to resolve interesting issues specific to metapopulation biology and adaptive processes.     

A general measure of human population growth regulation

A general measure relating the relative effects of mortality and fertility in damping population growth has been derived from stable population theory. This measure, called the Index of Growth Regulation, can be calculated from a life table and a fertility schedule. It is a single number which integrates the fertility and mortality aspects of a population. It has intuitive meaning, and can be related to social aspects of the population. It can be used to compare any two populations, and for this purpose it has advantages over traditional comparative statistics such as life expectancy, which consider only mortality. By selecting life tables representing general stages of human cultural evolution, it has been shown that hunting-gathering populations were regulated more by mortality than by fertility factors. That is, more growth which could have occurred did not occur due to the incidence of mortality than to the incidence of infecundity. The two forces were of about equal weight before the industrial revolution, and fertility has had a predominant role in population regulation since the beginning of industrialization.     

黄腹角雉的种群数量及其结构研究

1983—1986年在浙江省乌岩岭自然保护区,应用标图法和线路统计法,对野生黄腹角雉种群、数量进行了统计分析。结果表明冬季种群约50只。种群数量有明显的季节变动:繁殖后期数量增加,秋末冬初开始明显下降。黄腹角雉繁殖力低,卵的损失率高,使种群数量上升十分缓慢。成体性比接近1:1,在各样区之间略有差异。在性比偏离1:1较大的样区,亚成体比例较高。     

Synchronous dynamics and rates of extinction in spatially structured populations

We explore extinction rates using a spatially arranged set of subpopulations obeying Ricker dynamics. The population system is subjected to dispersal of individuals among the subpopulations as well as to local and global disturbances. We observe a tight positive correlation between global extinction rate and the level of synchrony in dynamics among thesubpopulations. Global disturbances and to a lesser extent, migration, are capable of synchronizing the temporal dynamics of the subpopulations over a rather wide span of the population growth rate r. Local noise decreases synchrony, as does increasing distance among the subpopulations. Synchrony also levels off with increasing r: in the chaotic region, subpopulations almost invariably behave asynchronously. We conclude that it is asynchrony that reduces the probability of global extinctions, not chaos as such: chaos is a special case only. The relationship between global extinction rate, synchronous dynamics and population growth rate is robust to changes in dispersal rates and ranges.     

Evidence of population structuring following population genetic analyses of Fasciola hepatica from Argentina

Fasciola hepatica, the liver fluke, is a trematode parasite that causes disease of economic importance in livestock. As a zoonosis this parasite also poses a risk to human health in areas where it is endemic. Population genetic studies can reveal the mechanisms responsible for genetic structuring (non-panmixia) within parasite populations and provide valuable insights into population dynamics, which in turn enables theoretical predictions of evolutionary dynamics such as the evolution of drug resistance. Here we genotyped 320 F. hepatica collected from 14 definitive hosts from four provinces in Argentina. STRUCTURE analysis indicated three population clusters, and principal coordinate analysis confirmed this, showing population clustering across provinces. Similarly, pairwise F_ST values amongst all four provinces were significant, with standardised pairwise F_ST (F′_ST) ranging from 0.0754 to 0.6327. Therefore, population genetic structure was evident across these four provinces in Argentina. However, there was no evidence of deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, so it appears that within these sub-populations there is largely random mating. We identified 263 unique genotypes, which gave a clonal diversity of 82%. Parasites with identical genotypes, clones, accounted for 26.6% of the parasites studied and were found in 12 of the 14 hosts studied, suggesting some clonemate transmission.     

武夷山木荷种群结构和动态的研究

 本文采用“空间序列代替时间变化”的方法,对武夷山区常绿阔叶林演替过程中木荷种群动态规律进行了研究,结果表明,在木荷种群侵入黄山松幼林向木荷林以及成熟木荷、甜槠、青冈林的发展过程中,种群结构由增长型→稳定型→成熟型→衰退型,空间分布格局由随机型趋于集群分布,种群密度呈现负增长;在成熟木荷、甜槠、青冈林中,由于种间和种内竞争的影响以及林窗效应,木荷种群结构和密度有一个波动性的变化过程,在这一变化过程中,木荷种群仍趋于集群分布。此外,对成熟木荷、甜槠、青冈林中木荷种群不同大小级的分布格局动态进行了研究,表明其幼苗、幼树和中树等级的个体均呈集群分布,而大树等级的个体呈随机分布。根据上述研究结果,对木荷种群动态机制作了探讨。     

Comparing the genetic diversity and structure of indigenous Korean and Chinese populations of Laodelphax striatellus Fallén using mitochondrial haplotypes

The small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus Fallén, is a major migratory pest from China to Korea and transmits viral diseases of rice plants. In this study, we compared the genetic structures of overwintered indigenous Korean and Chinese populations. The eight Korean populations consisted of 33 haplotypes, and 16 of these were newly identified. The genetic diversity of the Korean population revealed high haplotype diversity (Hd) and low nucleotide diversity (π) of 0.86 ± 0.017 and 0.0024 ± 0.0001 on average, respectively. These values for the Chinese population were Hd = 0.92 ± 0.016 and π = 0.0026 ± 0.0002. Overall, genetic distances by pairwise F_ST were generally low, ranging from ? 0.022 to 0.089. Moreover, the Korean population revealed its ongoing population expansion by showing negative values in the neutrality test (Tajima's D = ? 1.4, Fu's Fs = ? 15.8) and a unimodal pattern in the mismatch distribution analysis. The genetic structures and population relationships were determined using 8 indigenous Korean and 30 Chinese populations by Bayesian approaches and population tree construction, respectively. The genetic structure was inferred as five (K = 5), and all indigenous Korean populations as well as 10 Chinese populations from the Shanghai city, Anhui, Henan, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shandong, and Zhejiang provinces were grouped into ‘G3’. These results provide partial support for unidirectional gene flow by migratory Chinese populations into Korea. Further analysis conducted using specimens from China and Korea collected in similar periods is necessary to clarify the migration population's origin and its effect on the genetic structure of the indigenous populations.     

Phenotypic consequences of nonrandom migration in the Jirels of Nepal

The phenotypic structure of human populations is shaped by a number of factors such as population size and marital migration. This paper examines the impact of migration on the between-village phenotypic differentiation of the Jirels, a tribal group of eastern Nepal. Data on stature and five cranial measurements for 526 individuals (males and females) are utilized to illustrate the patterns of phenotypic variation. A permutation method is used to generate the phenotypic consequences of random migration constrained to observed levels of movement. The results suggest that Jirel migration is nonrandom and that it produces higher levels of phenotypic differentiation than would result from a random migration process.