离子吸收分布与几种荒漠植物适应性的关系

用压力室灌流挤压法结合原子吸收分光光度计测定了胡杨、沙枣、柽柳、梭梭和花棒等5种荒漠优势植物组织以及细胞内和质外体溶液中K+、Na+含量,并用TPS-1型光合蒸腾测定系统和露点微伏压计测定了叶片(同化枝)的蒸腾速率和组织渗透势,以分析荒漠植物离子吸收特点与其适应性的关系。结果表明:5种植物叶片(同化枝)中K+含量差异较小,但Na+含量却有极显著差异,其中梭梭Na+含量最高、胡杨和柽柳次之、花棒和沙枣相对较低,且梭梭和柽柳的根系和组织细胞膜对Na+也具有更高的透性。另外,实验结果还显示组织Na+含量与组织渗透势和蒸腾失水率均呈显著负相关,即Na+的吸收、积累可能在渗透调节和减少水分散失中具有重要作用。由此可见,梭梭和柽柳能够通过大量吸收和积累无机离子来降低渗透势、增强吸水力,同时减少蒸腾失水,具有很强的荒漠环境适应能力;而胡杨蒸腾耗水量较大、花棒和沙枣生理吸水的动力不足,与梭梭和柽柳相比,其荒漠环境适应能力相对较弱。     

极端干旱条件下多年生植物水分关系参数变化特性

通过对生长在塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘极端干旱区野外生境条件下的4种多年生植物胡杨、柽柳、沙拐枣和骆驼刺的主要水分关系参数(P100为膨压最大时的渗透势;P0为膨压为零时的渗透势;emax为最大细胞弹性模量;RWCa为细胞在质壁分离点时的相对含水量)在植物生长周期内的变化特征进行了分析,结合对植物清晨水势和土壤含水率变化的系统进行测定。结果表明:4种植物在低水势下保持膨压能力大小的排序为柽柳>胡杨>骆驼刺>沙拐枣。4种植物应对水分胁迫的共同反应是在细胞出现质壁分离时,保持高的体内含水量;在耐旱机理上,沙拐枣和骆驼刺属于高水势延迟脱水类型,胡杨和柽柳属于低水势忍耐脱水类型;在植物生长期内,4种植物清晨水势的变化特征是,骆驼刺的清晨水势值最高,沙拐枣和胡杨的清晨水势值的季节变化较为稳定,柽柳的清晨水势值最低;植物清晨水势的变化趋势同其水分关系参数的变化特性基本一致;4种植物没有受到严重的水分胁迫,灌溉对植物水分关系参数变化的影响不显著;植物处并利用地下水来满足其生存和生长需求,维持地下水位的基本稳定,是保证多年生植物恢复重建的重要前提。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘柽柳和胡杨水势季节变化研究

对塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘的柽柳和胡杨生长周期内的清晨水势和水势日变化的连续野外测定表明,两种植物在整个生长期内均未出现明显的水分亏缺.清晨水势的季节变化幅度不大,正午水势有不同程度的降低;一次性人工灌溉对植物水分状况没有明显影响.采伐利用方式不影响植物的水分状况.地下水是柽柳和胡杨生存与生长的先决条件.维持该区域地下水位的基本稳定是保证该区域柽柳和胡杨恢复重建的重要前提.     

沙漠-绿洲过渡带四种多年生植物水分关系特征

沙漠一绿洲过渡带地区植被的可持续性在防止绿洲沙漠化的过程中非常重要。对过渡带主要植物种骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia Shap)、多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima Lebed．)、胡杨(Populus euphratica Oliv．)和头状沙拐枣(Calligonum caputmedusae Schrenk．)水分关系的研究表明：4种植物的水分恢复状况良好,清晨水势一直较高,水分亏缺并不严重。渗透势和正午水势的降低幅度不大,变化比较平稳,更像是一种生长过程中的结果．植物的水分胁迫状况并不明显。4种植物的水势和渗透势都高于典型的荒漠植物,属于中生植物的范围。水分参数的变化显示在同样的环境节律下,四种植物在水分生理的变化特征上有一致性。一直很高的RWCp值表明植物不能适应剧烈的水分损失和较低的水分含量,植物需要稳定充足的水分供应来适应塔克拉玛干极端气候条件下的生长环境。植物对环境胁迫也有各自不同的生理适应特点,胡杨的△Ⅱ值大,能忍受较多的水分损失维持气孔的开放;骆驼刺的ψp值最高,水分亏缺的平衡与恢复效果明显;C4植物头状沙拐枣能维持较高的水势和渗透势,而盐土植物多枝柽柳能忍受水势的很大降低。夏季一次性灌溉对骆驼刺、多枝柽柳和胡杨水分状况的改善基本没有影响,对头状沙拐枣有一定的帮助。植物群落和地下水关系密切,过渡带地区地下水位稳定在植物可接触的范围内是保证植物长期存活的关键。4种植物对干旱胁迫的适应为躲避型。     

灌溉对三种荒漠植物蒸腾耗水特性的影响

利用热平衡式茎流计和压力室对塔里木沙漠公路防护林不同灌溉量条件下3种荒漠植物多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)、梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)和乔木状沙拐枣(Calligonum arborescens)的液流变化、水势进行了测定。研究结果表明:(1)茎干液流速率因灌溉量和物种的不同而异,同一灌溉量条件下不同物种间表现为多枝柽柳>乔木状沙拐枣>梭梭,不同灌溉量条件下3种荒漠植物的茎干液流速率均随灌溉量的减少而显著降低。3种荒漠植物的夜间蒸腾占有一定比例,表现为梭梭(18.68%)>乔木状沙拐枣(17.48%)>多枝柽柳(12.82%),表明3种灌木均可通过夜间液流以补充植物体白天的水分消耗,表现出较强的抗旱性,但梭梭形成的叶片-冠-根的水势差相对较大,夜间补偿流较多,表现出更强的抗旱性。多枝柽柳和乔木状沙拐枣茎干液流日变化趋势基本相同,在灌溉量为35 kg·株-1.次-1和28 kg·株-1.次-1时均呈单峰曲线,液流速率较高且变化幅度较大,而灌溉量为17.5 kg·株-1.次-1时呈双峰曲线,液流速率较低;梭梭在不同灌溉量条件下其变化均呈单峰曲线,即当灌溉量降低到17.5 kg·株-1.次-1时多枝柽柳和乔木状沙拐枣可能出现了水分亏缺,通过调节气孔张开度或部分关闭降低蒸腾来适应其胁迫条件,但该灌溉条件下梭梭并没有出现水分亏缺,表明出较强的抗旱性。(2)相同时间不同灌溉量条件下,3种荒漠植物的清晨水势和午后水势均随着灌溉量的减少而降低;整个生长季相同时间同一灌溉量条件下,3种防护林植物的清晨、午后水势表现为乔木状沙拐枣>多枝柽柳>梭梭,表明3种荒漠植物在相同的灌溉条件下梭梭因保持较低的水势表现出较强的抗旱性。(3)相同时间不同灌溉量条件下,3种荒漠植物单株日耗水量均随着灌溉量的减少而减少,整个生长季各处理日平均耗水量的动态变化趋势均为单峰型,7月份耗水量最大,表明在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地最炎热的7月份,3种防护林植物可以通过增加其蒸腾耗水量来适应干旱的环境条件。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠公路防护林苗木对干旱胁迫的水分生理响应

以塔克拉玛干沙漠公路防护林的乔木状沙拐枣(Calligonum arborescens)、多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosis-sima)和梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)2年生苗木为材料,采用盆栽试验,设置10d(处理Ⅰ)、20d(处理Ⅱ)和40d(处理Ⅲ)的自然干旱胁迫周期,探讨其不同干旱处理下的水分生理特征及其耐旱性。结果表明:(1)3种苗木的水势均随着干旱胁迫程度增强而降低,水势最大降幅均在第2个干旱处理周期内,在第3个干旱处理周期内水势有较大回升,且以乔木状沙拐枣水势最高,梭梭水势最低。(2)乔木状沙拐枣的PV水分参数均随着干旱胁迫强度的增强而降低,其渗透势在第3个干旱周期内开始回升,而初始质壁分离的相对含水量(RWCtlp)一直呈降低趋势,质外体水分含量(AWC)呈现出"降-升-降"的波动状态。乔木状沙拐枣的耐旱能力随着干旱胁迫程度的增强变化不明显,它主要通过减少水分散失适应干旱环境。(3)多枝柽柳的PV水分参数在处理Ⅰ和处理Ⅱ之间差别很小,处理Ⅲ第60天就枯亡;其Ψsat和Ψtlp在第1个干旱周期降低,第2个干旱周期开始回升,而其AWC随胁迫时间在不断增大;多枝柽柳的耐旱能力随着干旱的增强急剧降低,耐旱性最差,它主要通过增加水分散失适应干旱环境。(4)梭梭的Ψsat和Ψtlp在处理Ⅱ、Ⅲ之间非常接近,且都低于处理Ⅰ,RWCtlp与AWC随着干旱强度增强而增大,同期处理Ⅱ和Ⅲ的AWC都高于处理Ⅰ。梭梭的耐旱能力随着干旱的增强不断增强,它通过增加体内水分含量,减少水分散失应对干旱胁迫。(5)3种植物的耐旱能力强弱为:梭梭>乔木状沙拐枣>多枝柽柳,所以梭梭最适合做沙漠防护林树种。     

柽柳的水分生理特性研究进展

研究和了解柽柳的水分生理特性,是对柽柳合理利用和科学管理的重要前提。在对柽柳水分生理特性多年综合研究（P－V曲线、清晨水势及水势日变化和蒸腾速率）的基础上,对国内外研究柽柳水分生理特性的一些方法和手段进行了评述,以期尽快掌握柽柳的生态特性,为干旱、半干旱区域柽柳的恢复和保护提供一定的理论依据。     

准噶尔盆地南缘"丰收林"胡杨水势

以准噶尔盆地南缘150团丰收林的胡杨为研究对象,通过比较其与梭梭和柽柳水势变化的规律,以及与土壤含水量和大气温、湿度的关系,探讨了干旱环境下胡杨水势的变化特点.结果表明:胡杨叶、茎水势日变化呈"V"型,梭梭和柽柳水势日变化呈"W"型.相关分析表明,胡杨老林叶、茎水势与温度呈极显著负相关(r分别为-0.839和-0.818),胡杨幼林的茎水势与温度呈显著负相关(r=-0.650);胡杨幼林叶水势与空气湿度呈正相关(r=0.786).胡杨老林2 m处叶、茎的清晨水势与5和10 m处均存在显著性差异(P<0.05),而5和10 m处叶、茎的清晨水势无显著差异(P>0.05);2、5和10 m处的叶、茎正午水势均存在显著差异(P<0.05);在20:00,胡杨老林在不同高度叶水势存在显著性差异(P<0.05).     

新疆乌拉泊库区沙枣与胡杨光合特性比较

用Li-6400便携式光合测定仪,于2009年6~9月测定了新疆乌拉泊库区沙枣和胡杨2种荒漠树种的光合作用日变化,比较了它们光合与水分生理特性的季节动态变化.结果表明:(1)沙枣净光合速率(Pn)的日变化在6月份为典型双峰曲线,在8月和9月份也有微弱的双峰变化,7月份则表现为单峰曲线;胡杨的Pn日变化在6和9月份为双峰曲线,7和8月份为单峰曲线.(2)沙枣各月蒸腾速率(Tr)日变化均呈双峰曲线,胡杨的Tr日变化于6和7月份呈双峰曲线,在8和9月份呈单峰曲线.(3)沙枣水分利用效率(WUE)日变化规律不明显,胡杨各月WUE日变化表现为双峰曲线.(4)沙枣叶片的气孔导度(Gs)的日变化与其Pn的变化基本一致,而胡杨则没有这种现象.(5)气孔因素是引起沙枣光合午睡"的一个原因,但不是引起胡杨Pn降低的主要因素;叶片大气水汽压亏缺(VPD)和气温(Ta)是共同影响沙枣和胡杨Pn的主要生态因子;沙枣平均Pn和Tr明显低于胡杨,而WUE则相反.     

新疆策勒绿洲外围四种多年生植物的水分生理特征

对新疆策勒绿洲外围多年生植物胡杨、柽柳、沙拐枣和骆驼刺的水分生理特性进行了试验研究.结果表明：4种植物在生长季内没有受到严重的水分胁迫,灌溉对植物水分生理指标变化的影响不显著(P＞0.05).4种植物水分生理特性的季节变化各不相同.其中,骆驼刺的清晨水势和日均茎流量最高,但其平均水分利用效率最低;沙拐枣的平均水分利用效率最高,而且其清晨水势与日均茎流量的变化最为稳定,季节变幅不大;柽柳的清晨水势最低,具有较好的环境适应性;胡杨水分生理指标的季节变化相对平稳.在新疆策勒绿洲外围的极端干旱环境中,4种植物通过深根系和地下水相连接,并利用地下水来维持其生存与生长.     

Antibiotics in the treatment of wounds in the victims of the earthquake in the Armenian SSR

Purulent wounds in 88 victims of the Armenian earthquake with the syndrome of long-term squeezing were examined microbiologically and the experience with using antimicrobial drugs for their treatment was analyzed. In all the cases microbial associations were detected, coliform and nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli, enterococci, anaerobes and yeast-like fungi being isolated from 80, 20, 15 and 25 per cent of the patients respectively. 130 bacterial strains were studied in detail. 80 to 100 per cent of the bacterial isolates were resistant to the antibiotics routinely used in surgical practice, i.e. benzylpenicillin, tetracycline, levomycetin, kanamycin, cephalothin and cefazolin and highly sensitive to new antimicrobial drugs belonging to ureidopenicillins (mezlocillin), quinolones (ciprofloxacin) and cephalosporins of the 3rd generation (cefoperazone and ceftazidime). Retrospective estimation of the antibiotic therapy revealed its inadequacy in 55.7 per cent of the patients for the most part because of the isolates resistance. The 19 variants of the antibiotic use prescribed by the physicians mainly included penicillins, aminoglycosides and their combinations (in 67.2 per cent of the cases). The use of the highly efficient drugs of the groups of ureidopenicillins and quinolones was extremely rare which was likely due to lacking of information on the drugs.     

Changes in the size of the nucleoli of the Purkinje cells in the canine cerebellum in the postresuscitation period

The changes in the size of Purkinje cell (PC) nucleolus in the lateral and medial cerebellum zones were studied in dogs with different degree of neurologic status recovery after clinical death of various etiology and duration. PC always possess one nucleolus in the control and experimental groups. In the case of complete neurologic status recovery of animals the area of PC nucleolus increases in both zones studied, irrespective of the cause of clinical death. In the case of neurologic disorders the increase in PC nucleolus area is clearly expressed only in the medial zone of the cerebellum, being insignificant in the lateral zone. It is suggested that adaptive characteristics of PC are distinct in the two compared zones, which leads to greater PC vulnerability in the lateral zone during deep hypoxia.     

实物模型在新课程生物中的应用

在实施素质教育的今天,实物模型是新课程生物学教学中极重要的教学工具。因为它能调动学生学习积极性,引导学生主动参与教学活动,对培养学生的学习兴趣和实践能力提高有重要的意义。     

On the role of the pineal in thermoregulation in the pigeon

Diurnal rhythm in body temperature of pigeons subjected to different experimental conditions (pinealectomized, sham-operated, melatonin-implanted, cold-exposed) was studied under a 12 h light and 12 h dark regimen. The body temperature of pigeons during photophase was higher than that during scotophase in the normal as well as every treatment group studied. Pinealectomized pigeons showed higher body temperature in the photophase as well as scotophase, than that of the normal and sham-operated birds when examined 2 or 3 weeks following the post-surgical acclimatization to 25 or 3 degrees C. However, subcutaneous implantation of melatonin pellets into pinealectomized pigeons nullified or even reversed the hyperthermic effect of pinealectomy. Exposure of pigeons to--18 degrees C for 280 min during photophase as well as scotophase, produced a marked drop in body temperature in pinealectomized, sham-operated and normal pigeons. The pinealectomized pigeons exhibited a higher body temperature than that of the sham-operated and normal ones when exposed to--18 degrees C during the photophase, but not during the scotophase. It was concluded that while the pineal is not necessary for maintaining the daily thermal rhythm in the avian body, it has a thermoregulatory role, in that it prevents rise in body temperature in warm (25 degrees C) acclimatized and chronic cold (3 degrees C) exposed birds. In acute short-term cold (--18 degrees C) exposure however, the temperature regulatory role of the pineal was not effective during the scotophase.     

Histogenesis of the taste buds of the vallate papilla in the in the rat in the postnatal stages of development

The developing taste buds of vallate papillae were studied with electron microscope in rats during the first 7 days after birth. Two types of cells--light and dark--are identified in the taste buds of a one day old animal. The apical parts of dark cells are characterized by numerous dark granules. A distinguishing feature of light cells is the presence of synaptic contacts with afferent intragemmal nerves. On the 4th day of development on the top of the apical parts of the cell, a microvillar apparatus is seen to form, which does not yet communicate with the oral cavity. On the 7th day, basal cells appear in the taste buds. Some of these cells are seen mitotically dividing. The differentiated microvillar apparatus now communicates with oral cavity. The structure of the taste buds is getting similar to that in the adults. The structural and functional peculiarities of the developing taste buds are discussed in association with the period of ontogenesis under consideration.     

Diapause termination in the olive psyllid Euphyllura phillyreae, in the field and in the laboratory

Euphyllura phillyreae Foerster (Homoptera: Aphalaridae) which infests olive trees in Greece, is monovoltine and has an aestival-autumnal-hibernal reproductive dormancy as an adult which starts in June. Adult females collected periodically from June through February were maintained for 4 weeks at 12L:12D and 20° L:18° D, then the stage of ovarian development was recorded.In the field, diapause was terminated between mid December and early January. Subsequently, the insects remain in reproductive quiescence until February or early March when environmental conditions allow ovarian development and reproduction.In females collected in June, summerlike laboratory conditions, followed by winterlike, and then by springlike conditions were effective for diapause termination. Springlike conditions alone, or preceded by only summerlike or only by winterlike conditions were not effective. In females collected in August the requirement for summerlike conditions was much less or nil.

---

Résumé Euphyllura phillyreae Foerster qui s'attaque sur l'olivier en Grèce, est une espèce oligophage, monovoltine, qui a une dormance reproductive aestivo-autumno-hivernale au stade adulte, qui commence en juin.Des femelles adultes ont été ramassées par les arbres périodiquement de juin au février et maintenues pendant 4 semaines à 12L:12D et 20° L:18° D. Après cette période, le stade du développement des ovaires a été le critère de la termination de leur diapause. La diapause fut considéré comme terminée quand au moins 50% des femelles avaient leurs ovaires au stade III ou même plus avancées.La diapause fut terminé entre mi-decembre et début janvier. En suite, les insectes restent à une quiescence reproductive jusqu'au février ou début de mars, lorsque les conditions environmentales permettent le développement des ovaires et la reproduction.Des femelles ramassées en juin et en août ont été soumises à certaines conditions de photopériode et de temperature en laboratoire, pour faire terminer leur diapause. Pour celles ramassées en juin, qui étaient au commencement de leur diapause, des conditions semblables à l'été, suivies par des conditions semblables à l'hiver et puis par des conditions semblables au printemps furent effectives pour la termination de la diapause. Seules des conditions semblables au printemps, ou précédées par des conditions semblables seulement à l'été, ou seulement à l'hiver, ne furent pas effectives. Pour les femelles ramassées en août, le besoin pour des conditions semblables à l'été fut beaucoup moin ou nul.