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1.
双季稻田种植不同冬季作物对甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
研究双季稻收获后填闲种植不同冬季作物在其生长季节内CH4和N2O的排放特征,对合理利用冬闲稻田,发展冬季作物生产及合理评价不同种植模式具有重要意义。采用静态箱-气相色谱法对冬季免耕直播黑麦草、紫云英、油菜以及翻耕移栽油菜和冬闲的双季稻田中甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放进行了分析。结果表明:在冬季作物生长期,CH4、N2O平均排放通量和总排放量均表现为翻耕移栽油菜>免耕直播黑麦草>免耕直播油菜>免耕直播紫云英>冬闲。不同冬季作物稻田CH4和N2O总排放量与对照(冬闲)的差异均达到极显著水平(P<0.01);翻耕移栽油菜的双季稻田中CH4和N2O排放量最高,分别达2.989 g/m2和0.719 g/m2。翻耕移栽油菜稻田的CH4和N2O温室效应总和也最大,为2893.92 kg CO2/hm2;免耕直播黑麦草和免耕直播油菜处理次之,而免耕直播紫云英处理最低。种植不同冬季作物促进了稻田生态系统CH4和N2O的排放。  相似文献   

2.
轮作制度对水稻生长季节稻田氧化亚氮排放的影响   总被引:10,自引:3,他引:7  
通过盆栽试验(3次重复),研究了3种主要轮作制度对稻田水稻生长季节N2O排放的影响。结果表明,在水稻—小麦轮作中,水稻生长季节稻田N2O-N的排放量为4.2kg·hm-2,显著大于双季稻—小麦轮作中早稻的排放量2.2kg·hm-2;但两者的季节平均排放通量无明显差异,分别为117和118μg·m-2·h-1。同时,两者都显著大于双季稻—小麦中的晚稻和持续淹水体系中的水稻生长季节稻田N20的平均排放通量,分别为67.0和42.1μg·m-2·h-1,在前作为旱作小麦的2种水稻生长季节中,大于91%的稻田N2O排放量都集中在水稻生长前半期;在前作为水稻的晚稻生长季节中,稻田N2O排放量的91%集中在中期烤田及收获前水分落干阶段,轮作制度和前作水分状况极大地影响稻田N2O的排放。  相似文献   

3.
春玉米-晚稻与早稻-晚稻种植模式碳足迹比较   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
量化作物生产的碳足迹有助于为农业生态系统温室气体减排提供理论依据。利用生命周期法研究了我国南方地区稻田春玉米-晚稻水旱轮作种植模式和早稻-晚稻连作种植模式下粮食生产的碳足迹,并定量分析粮食生产过程中各种碳排放源的相对贡献。结果表明,与早稻-晚稻的连作模式相比,春玉米-晚稻轮作模式的单位面积碳排放降低了6724 kg CO2-eq/hm2,单位产量的碳足迹降低了0.56 kg CO2-eq/kg。春玉米比早稻少排放6228 kg CO2-eq/hm2;与早稻-晚稻模式中晚稻碳排放相比,春玉米-晚稻轮作模式晚稻碳排放降低了497 kg CO2-eq/hm2。早稻-晚稻种植模式的碳足迹主要来源于甲烷(CH4),其碳排放为9776 kg CO2-eq/hm2(54.8%),氮肥生产和施用的碳排放为2871 kg CO2-eq/hm2(16.1%),灌溉电力消耗的碳排放2849 kg CO2-eq/hm2(16.0%)。春玉米-晚稻轮作模式的碳足迹主要来源于CH4的碳排放4442 kg CO2-eq/hm2(39.9%),氮肥生产和施用的碳排放2871 kg CO2-eq/hm2(25.8%),灌溉电力消耗的碳排放1508 kg CO2-eq/hm2(13.6%)。该模式中晚稻的碳足迹组成情况与春玉米-晚稻模式的碳足迹相似。但是,对于春玉米而言,其碳足迹主要来源氮肥生产和施用的碳排放1436 CO2-eq/hm2(50.1%),氧化亚氮(N2O)的碳排放为579 kg CO2-eq/hm2(20.2%),CH4的碳排放为378 CO2-eq/hm2(13.2%)。同时,相比于早稻-晚稻中晚稻的产量(6333 kg/hm2),春玉米-晚稻轮作模式下的晚稻产量(7270 kg/hm2)提高了14.8%。因此,引入春玉米-晚稻轮作模式有利于提升稻田生产力,降低稻田连作系统碳排放和碳足迹。  相似文献   

4.
免耕施肥对稻田甲烷与氧化亚氮排放及其温室效应的影响   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
2008年采用静态箱-气相色谱法对鄂东南免耕不施肥(NT0)、翻耕不施肥(CT0)、免耕施肥(NTC)和翻耕施肥(CTC) 4种处理下稻田CH4和N2O的排放进行测定.结果表明:各处理CH4排放均呈先升高后降低的季节性规律,而N2O排放的季节性规律不明显;施肥显著提高了稻田CH4和N2O的排放.与翻耕不施肥相比,免耕不施肥显著提高了CH4的排放量,并显著降低了N2O的排放量;与翻耕施肥相比,免耕施肥仅略降低了CH4的排放量和略提高了N2O的排放量.对稻田CH4和N2O两种气体的综合温室效应分析表明,与翻耕不施肥相比,免耕不施肥的综合温室效应提高了25.9%,与翻耕施肥相比,免耕施肥的综合温室效应降低了10.1%.因此,合理的肥料运筹和稻田免耕技术可降低两种气体的综合温室效应.  相似文献   

5.
黄土高原冬小麦地N2O排放   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
从2007年7月1日到2009年6月30日对黄土高原冬小麦地氧化亚氮(N2O)排放采用静态箱气相色谱法进行了为期2a 的监测。设置2个处理,有小麦田(有小麦生长),无小麦田(出芽初期拔去麦苗)。研究结果表明有小麦田、无小麦田N2O排放量年际变化不大。有小麦田年均的N2O 排放量为2.05 kg · N2O · hm-2 · a-1,无小麦田年均的N2O 排放量为2.28 kg · N2O · hm-2 · a-1 。在冻融交替期,施肥后、翻地后和降雨后无小麦田和有小麦田N2O排放明显增加,N2O的季节变化受到这些短期事件的显著影响;有小麦田N2O排放与地温(P<0.01),气温(P<0.01)和WFPS(P<0.05)显著相关,而无小麦田N2O排放与这些环境土壤因子都不相关;有小麦田和无小麦田两个处理土壤的WFPS通常都低于60%,可以推断在本地区,硝化反应是N2O的重要生成源。  相似文献   

6.
水氮互作对小麦土壤水分利用和茎中果聚糖含量的影响   总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2  
通过田间试验,以强筋小麦济麦20为材料,设置3个施氮水平:0 kg·hm-2(N0)、180 kg·hm-2(N1)、240 kg·hm-2(N2);4个灌水处理:不灌水(W0)、底墒水+拔节水+开花水(W1)、底墒水+冬水+拔节水+开花水(W2)、底墒水+冬水+拔节水+开花水+灌浆水(W3),每次灌水量为60 mm,研究水氮互作对土壤水分含量、旗叶光合速率、倒二茎中果聚糖含量及氮肥和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:施氮水平为180 kg·hm-2处理的旗叶光合速率和倒二茎中果聚糖含量较高,籽粒产量、氮肥表观利用效率、氮肥农学利用率和水分利用效率最高;施氮水平为240 kg·hm-2处理的茎中果聚糖含量较高;不施氮(N0)或施氮过多(N2)均不利于小麦籽粒产量、氮肥和水分利用效率的提高.W1水分处理促进了倒二茎中果聚糖的积累和向籽粒的转运,有利于产量的提高.180 kg·hm-2施氮水平配合灌溉底墒水+拔节水+开花水的水氮交互处理(N1W1)具有较高的籽粒产量及较高的氮肥和水分利用效率,在此基础上增加施氮量或灌水量,小麦旗叶光合速率和倒二茎中果聚糖含量升高,籽粒产量无显著变化或降低,氮肥和水分利用效率降低.  相似文献   

7.
黑土稻田CH4与N2O排放及减排措施研究   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11  
岳进  梁巍  吴杰  史奕  黄国宏 《应用生态学报》2003,14(11):2015-2018
通过对黑土稻田CH4和N2O排放的观测,发现水稻生长季CH4和N2O排放量低于全国其它地区稻田CH4和N2O排放之间存在互为消长关系(r=-0.513,P<0.05),但在同样施肥水平条件下,间歇灌溉与长期淹灌相比,CH4排放明显减少而N2O略有增加,其相对综合温室效应被大大减少且水稻产量未受影响。为此,间歇灌溉可作为减少稻田温室气体排放的水分管理措施。另外,通过对CH4和N2O排放的相关微生物过程探讨,揭示产甲烷菌数与CH4排放问呈显著性正相关(R2=0.82,P<0.05),硝化菌数和反硝化菌数与N2O排放有重要关系。  相似文献   

8.
梁东哲  赵雨森  曹杰  辛颖 《生态学报》2019,39(21):7950-7959
为研究大兴安岭重度火烧迹地在不同恢复方式下林地土壤CO2、CH4和N2O排放特征及其影响因素,采用静态箱/气相色谱法,在2017年生长季(6月-9月)对3种恢复方式(人工更新、天然更新和人工促进天然更新)林地土壤温室气体CO2、CH4、N2O通量进行了原位观测。研究结果表明:(1)3种恢复方式林地土壤在生长季均为大气CO2、N2O的源,CH4的汇;生长季林地土壤CO2排放通量大小关系为人工促进天然更新((634.40±246.52)mg m-2 h-1) > 人工更新((603.63±213.22)mg m-2 h-1) > 天然更新((575.81±244.12)mg m-2 h-1),3种恢复方式间无显著差异;人工更新林地土壤CH4吸收通量显著高于人工促进天然更新;天然更新林地土壤N2O排放通量显著高于其他两种恢复方式。(2)土壤温度是影响3种恢复方式林地土壤温室气体通量的关键因素;土壤水分仅对人工更新林地土壤N2O通量有极显著影响(P < 0.01);3种恢复方式林地土壤CO2通量与大气湿度具有极显著的响应(P < 0.01);土壤pH仅与天然更新林地土壤CO2通量显著相关(P < 0.05);土壤全氮含量仅与人工促进天然更新林地土壤CH4通量显著相关(P < 0.05)。(3)基于100年尺度,由3种温室气体计算全球增温潜势得出,人工促进天然更新(1.83×104 kg CO2/hm2) > 人工更新(1.74×104 kg CO2/hm2) > 天然更新(1.67×104 kg CO2/hm2)。(4)阿木尔地区林地土壤年生长季CO2和N2O排放量为8.85×106 t和1.88×102 t,CH4吸收量为1.05×103 t。  相似文献   

9.
施氮量对麻疯树幼苗生长及叶片光合特性的影响   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
采用盆栽土培的方法,研究了不同施氮量(对照N0 0 kg N/hm2、低氮NL 96 kg N/hm2、中氮NM 288 kg N/hm2、高氮NH 480 kg N/hm2)对麻疯树幼苗生长、叶片气体交换及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,麻疯树幼苗叶片氮含量、可溶性蛋白含量、株高、地径、叶片数量、叶面积、根长、各组分生物量、叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用效率(WUE)均随施氮量的增加先升高后降低,NM处理下麻疯树幼苗长势最好,各气体交换参数值最高;施氮对麻疯树地上部分的促进作用远大于地下部分,施氮后根冠比显著降低;此外,麻疯树叶绿素含量、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ有效量子产量(F'v/F'm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPS)、电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学淬灭系数(qP)均随施氮量的增加而升高,非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)随施氮量增加而降低。适量施氮可通过增强叶绿体光化学活性、气孔导度和羧化能力而提高麻疯树幼苗的光合能力,促进生长;过高施氮对麻疯树幼苗光合与生长的促进效应降低。试验条件下,当年生麻疯树幼苗的最适施氮量为288 kg N/hm2。  相似文献   

10.
不同施肥措施对黄河上游灌区油葵田土壤N2O排放的影响   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
农田土壤已成为大气氧化亚氮(N2O)最大的人为释放源,为了解长期有机肥与无机肥配施对后茬作物土壤N2O排放的影响,本研究基于宁夏河套地区典型冬小麦-油葵复种农田生态系统,利用静态箱-气相色谱法对后茬作物(油葵)种植期内土壤N2O通量特征进行了测定.结果表明:前茬施肥对后茬油葵土壤N2O排放具有显著的刺激效应,N300-OM(210kg N·hm-2无机肥、90 kg N·hm-2有机肥)、N240-OM1/2(195 kg N·hm-2无机肥、45 kg N·hm-2有机肥)、N300(300 kg N·hm-2无机肥)和N240(240 kg N·hm-2无机肥)处理下土壤N2O生长季平均通量为(34.16!9.72)、(39.69!10.70)、(27.75!9.57)和(26.31!8.52)μg·m-2·h-1,分别是对照样地的4.09、4.75、3.32、3.15倍.施肥处理下油葵生长季内N2O总累积排放量高达1242.5~796.7 g·hm-2,是对照组的4.67~2.99倍;在整个生长季,有机肥与无机肥配施处理N2O排放速率都维持在较高水平,各月累积排放量间无显著差异;而单施化肥处理N2O排放速率逐渐下降,生长季初期为主要排放阶段,7月累积排放量占总排放量的41.3%~41.8%;不同施肥方式下,有机肥与无机肥配施处理N2O总累积排放量显著高于单施化肥,但相同施肥方式下高氮量处理与减氮优化处理(N300-OM与N240-OM1/2,N300与N240)间差异不显著.受干旱影响,土壤水分是控制油葵田土壤N2O排放的主要环境因素.有机肥与无机肥配施处理下N2O排放速率与NH4+-N含量呈显著正相关,而所有处理下N2O排放速率与土壤NO3--N含量均不相关,表明添加有机肥会持续改善土壤NH4+-N供给进而增加N2O排放.  相似文献   

11.
Cai  Zucong  Xing  Guangxi  Yan  Xiaoyuan  Xu  Hua  Tsuruta  Haruo  Yagi  Kazuyuki  Minami  Katsuyuki 《Plant and Soil》1997,196(1):7-14
Methane and N2O emissions affected by nitrogen fertilisers were measured simultaneously in rice paddy fields under intermittent irrigation in 1994. Ammonium sulphate and urea were applied at rates of 0 (control), 100 and 300 kg N ha-1. The results showed that CH4 emission, on the average, decreased by 42 and 60% in the ammonium sulphate treatments and 7 and 14% in the urea treatments at rates of 100 and 300 kg N ha-1, respectively, compared to the control. N2O emission increased significantly with the increase in the nitrogen application rate. N2O emission was higher from ammonium sulphate treatments than from the urea treatments at the same application rate. A trade-off effect between CH4 and N2O emission was clearly observed. The N2O flux was very small when the rice paddy plots were flooded, but peaked at the beginning of the disappearance of floodwater. In contrast, the CH4 flux peaked during flooding and was significantly depressed by mid-season aeration (MSA). The results suggest that it is important to evaluate the integrative effects of water management and fertiliser application for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in order to attenuate the greenhouse effect contributed by rice paddy fields.  相似文献   

12.
不同施氮措施对旱作玉米地土壤酶活性及CO2排放量的影响   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
对施用速效氮肥(尿素)和缓释氮肥的旱作夏玉米地土壤酶活性及CO2排放量进行分析。结果表明,与不施肥处理比较,不同氮肥种类和施用量均可显著提高土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性和CO2的排放量。在整个生育期,尿素与缓释氮肥处理土壤酶活性和土壤CO2排放量表现出相同变化趋势,尿素和缓释氮肥处理土壤CO2平均排放量分别为459.12 mg·m-·2h-1和427.11 mg·m-·2h-1,两者达到显著差异水平(P<0.5)。相关分析表明,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性与土壤CO2排放量呈显著或极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.79、0.64和0.80。说明相同施氮量缓释氮肥较尿素能有效提高土壤酶活性并降低土壤碳排放量。  相似文献   

13.
Nitrogen fertilizer‐induced direct nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions depend on water regimes in paddy fields, such as seasonal continuous flooding (F), flooding–midseason drainage–reflooding (F‐D‐F), and flooding–midseason drainage–reflooding–moist intermittent irrigation but without water logging (F‐D‐F‐M). In order to estimate the changes in direct N2O emission from paddy fields during the rice‐growing season in Mainland of China between the 1950s and the 1990s, the country‐specific emission factors of N2O‐N under different water regimes combined with rice production data were adopted in the present study. Census statistics on rice production showed that water management and nitrogen input regimes have changed in rice paddies since the 1950s. During the 1950s–1970s, about 20–25% of the rice paddy was continuously waterlogged, and 75–80% under the water regime of F‐D‐F. Since the 1980s, about 12–16%, 77%, and 7–12% of paddy fields were under the water regimes of F, F‐D‐F, and F‐D‐F‐M, respectively. Total nitrogen input during the rice‐growing season has increased from 87.5 kg N ha−1 in the 1950s to 224.6 kg N ha−1 in the 1990s. The emission factors of N2O‐N were estimated to be 0.02%, 0.42%, and 0.73% for rice paddies under the F, F‐D‐F, and F‐D‐F‐M water regimes, respectively. Seasonal N2O emissions have increased from 9.6 Gg N2O‐N each year in the 1950s to 32.3 Gg N2O‐N in the 1990s, which is accompanied by the increase in rice yield over the period 1950s–1990s. The uncertainties in N2O estimate were estimated to be 59.8% in the 1950s and 37.5% in the 1990s. In the 1990s, N2O emissions during the rice‐growing season accounted for 8–11% of the reported annual total of N2O emissions from croplands in China, suggesting that paddy rice development could have contributed to mitigating agricultural N2O emissions in the past decades. However, seasonal N2O emissions would be increased, given that saving‐water irrigation and nitrogen inputs are increasingly adopted in rice paddies in China.  相似文献   

14.
Field undisturbed tension-free monolith lysimeters and 15N-labeled urea were used to investigate the fate of fertilizer nitrogen in paddy soil in the Taihu Lake region under a summer rice-winter wheat rotation system. We determined nitrogen recovered by rice and wheat, N remained in soil, and the losses of reactive N (i.e., NH3, N2O, NO3 ?, organic N and NH4 +) to the environment. Quantitative allocation of nitrogen fate varied for the rice and wheat growing seasons. At the conventional application rate of 550 kg N ha?1 y?1 (250 kg N ha?1 for wheat and 300 kg N ha?1 for rice), nitrogen recovery of wheat and rice were 49% and 41%, respectively. The retention of fertilizer N in soil at harvest accounted for 29% in the wheat season and for 22% in the rice season. N losses through NH3 volatilization from flooded rice paddy was 12%, far greater than that in the wheat season (less than 1%), while N leaching and runoff comprised only 0.3% in the rice season and 5% in the wheat season. Direct N2O emission was 0.12% for the rice season and 0.14% for the wheat season. The results also showed that some dissolved organic N (DON) were leached in both crop seasons. For the wheat season, DON contributed 40–72% to the N- leaching, in the rice season leached DON was 64–77% of the total N leaching. With increasing fertilizer application rate, NH3 volatilization in the rice season increased proportionally more than the fertilizer increase, N leaching in the wheat season was proportional to the increase of fertilizer rate, while N2O emission increased less in proportion than fertilizer increase both in the rice season and wheat season.  相似文献   

15.
京郊典型设施蔬菜地土壤N_2O排放特征   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
张婧  李虎  王立刚  邱建军 《生态学报》2014,34(14):4088-4098
利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对北京郊区设施蔬菜地典型种植模式(番茄-白菜-生菜)下土壤N2O排放特征进行了周年(2012年2月22日—2013年2月23日)观测,探讨了不同处理下(即不施氮肥处理(CK)、农民习惯施肥处理(FP)、减氮优化施肥处理(OPT)和减氮优化施肥+硝化抑制剂处理(OPT+DCD))N2O排放特征及土壤温度、土壤湿度、土壤无机氮含量对土壤N2O排放的影响。结果表明:每次施肥+灌溉之后设施蔬菜地会出现明显的N2O排放高峰,持续时间一般为3—5 d。不同处理N2O排放通量变化范围在-0.21—14.26 mg N2O m-2h-1,平均排放通量0.03—0.36 mg N2O m-2h-1。整个蔬菜生长季各处理N2O排放与土壤孔隙含水率(WFPS)均表现出极显著的正相关关系(P0.01);不施氮处理5 cm深度土壤温度与N2O排放通量呈现显著的正相关关系(P0.05);各处理N2O排放与土壤表层硝态氮含量具有较一致变化趋势。不同处理下N2O年度排放总量差异显著,依次顺序为FP((20.66±0.91)kg N/hm2)OPT((12.79±1.33)kg N/hm2)OPT+DCD((8.03±0.37)kg N/hm2)。与FP处理相比,OPT处理和OPT+DCD处理N2O年排放总量分别减少了38.09%和61.13%。各处理N2O排放系数介于0.36%—0.77%,低于IPCC 1.0%的推荐值。在目前的管理措施下,合理减少施氮量和添加硝化抑制剂是减少设施蔬菜地N2O排放量的有效途径。  相似文献   

16.
Gaseous nitrogen (N) emissions, especially emissions of dinitrogen (N2) and ammonia (NH3), have long been considered as the major pathways of N loss from flooded rice paddies. However, no studies have simultaneously evaluated the overall response of gaseous N losses to improved N fertilization practices due to the difficulties to directly measure N2 emissions from paddy soils. We simultaneously quantified emissions of N2 (using membrane inlet mass spectrometry), NH3 and nitrous oxide (N2O) from a flooded paddy field in southern China over an entire rice‐growing season. Our field experiment included three treatments: a control treatment (no N addition) and two N fertilizer (220 kg N/ha) application methods, the traditional surface application of N fertilizer and the incorporation of N fertilizer into the soil. Our results show that over the rice‐growing season, the cumulative gaseous N losses from the surface application treatment accounted for 13.5% (N2), 19.1% (NH3), 0.2% (N2O) and 32.8% (total gaseous N loss) of the applied N fertilizer. Compared with the surface application treatment, the incorporation of N fertilizer into the soil decreased the emissions of NH3, N2 and N2O by 14.2%, 13.3% and 42.5%, respectively. Overall, the incorporation of N fertilizer into the soil significantly reduced the total gaseous N loss by 13.8%, improved the fertilizer N use efficiency by 14.4%, increased the rice yield by 13.9% and reduced the gaseous N loss intensity (gaseous N loss/rice yield) by 24.3%. Our results indicate that the incorporation of N fertilizer into the soil is an effective agricultural management practice in ensuring food security and environmental sustainability in flooded paddy ecosystems.  相似文献   

17.
等氮滴灌对宿根蔗产量及土壤氧化亚氮排放的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
为得到合理的水肥管理措施,研究等氮量下不同滴灌施肥比例对宿根蔗产量以及不同生育期蔗田土壤氧化亚氮(N2O)通量和无机氮含量的影响,并分析蔗田土壤N2O通量与无机氮含量之间的关系。该文以自然降雨W0为对照,设置2种滴灌灌水量水平W1(田间持水量的75%)和W2(田间持水量的85%),等量氮肥(N 300 kg·hm-2)下设4种滴灌施肥比例F10(100%基肥)、F55(50%基肥,50%滴灌追肥)、F37(30%基肥,70%滴灌追肥)、F19(10%基肥,90%滴灌追肥),测定不同处理宿根蔗产量、农艺性状(单茎重、株高、蔗茎直径、公顷有效茎数)、3个生育期蔗田土壤N2O通量以及土壤硝态氮、亚硝态氮和铵态氮的含量。结果表明:(1)W1F55和W2F55处理甘蔗产量...  相似文献   

18.
水肥一体化条件下设施菜地的N2O排放   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
王艳丽  李虎  孙媛  王立刚 《生态学报》2016,36(7):2005-2014
在保证作物产量的前提下,研究减少农田土壤N_2O排放的水肥统筹管理措施对全球温室气体减排具有重要意义。以京郊典型设施菜地为例,设置了农民习惯(FP)、水肥一体化(FPD)、优化水肥一体化(OPTD)和对照(CK)4个处理,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,对果菜-叶菜(黄瓜-芹菜)轮作周期内土壤N_2O排放进行了观测,并分析了氮肥施用量、灌溉方式、土壤温度和湿度等因素对土壤N_2O排放的影响。结果表明:在黄瓜-芹菜种植模式中,各施氮处理除基肥施用后N_2O排放峰持续10—15d外,一般施肥、施肥+灌溉事件后土壤N_2O排放峰均呈现3—5d短而急促的情形。黄瓜生长季N_2O排放通量与土壤湿度(WFPS)之间呈现显著相关的关系;芹菜生长季N_2O排放通量与土壤温度之间呈现显著相关的关系。观测期内FP处理N_2O排放量为(31.00±2.15)kg N/hm~2,FPD处理与之相比N_2O排放量减少了4.2%,而OPTD处理在减少40%化肥氮量的情况下,N_2O累积排放量比FP处理减少了42.7%,且达到显著水平。说明在水肥一体化条件下,合理改变施肥体系是减少N_2O排放的前提,在此基础上进行水肥优化是设施菜地保持产量、减少N_2O排放的重要技术措施。  相似文献   

19.
Agricultural activities have greatly altered the global nitrogen (N) cycle and produced nitrogenous gases of environmental significance. More than half of all chemical N fertilizer produced globally is used in crop production in East, Southeast and South Asia, where rice is central to nutrition. Emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO) and ammonia (NH3) from croplands in this region were estimated by considering background emission and emissions resulting from N added to croplands, including chemical N, animal manure, biologically fixed N and N in crop residues returned to fields. Background emission fluxes of N2O and NO from croplands were estimated to be 1.22 and 0.57 kg N ha?1 yr?1, respectively. Separate fertilizer‐induced emission factors were estimated for upland fields and rice fields. Total N2O emission from croplands in the study region was estimated to be 1.19 Tg N yr?1, with 43% contributed by background emissions. The average fertilizer‐induced N2O emission, however, accounts for only 0.93% of the applied N, which is less than the default IPCC value of 1.25%, because of the low emission factor from paddy fields. Total NO emission was 591 Gg N yr?1 in the study region, with 40% from background emissions. The average fertilizer‐induced NO emission factor was 0.48%. Total NH3 emission was estimated to be 11.8 Tg N yr?1. The use of urea and ammonium bicarbonate and the cultivation of rice led to a high average NH3 loss rate from chemical N fertilizer in the study region. Emissions were displayed at a 0.5° × 0.5° resolution with the use of a global landuse database.  相似文献   

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