植物次生物质和杀虫剂对分月扇舟蛾谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的抑制作用

本论文采用分光光度计法研究了植物次生物质和杀虫剂对分月扇舟蛾Closteraanastomosis(L.)谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)的体外抑制作用。结果表明各植物次生物质和杀虫剂对分月扇舟蛾GSTs活性的体外抑制作用存在差异。当植物次生物质和杀虫剂终浓度为8.34×10-5mol/L时,槲皮素和单宁酸对分月扇舟蛾GSTs活性抑制作用最强,分别为64.41%和58.61%;三唑磷、毒死蜱、辛硫磷、氟铃脲、氟虫腈和哒螨灵都有较强的抑制作用,对GSTs活性抑制率超过20%;氧化乐果、水胺硫磷、丙溴磷、马拉硫磷、灭多威、联苯菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、吡虫啉和啶虫脒对分月扇舟蛾GSTs有中等抑制作用;其他杀虫剂对分月扇舟蛾GSTs有较弱(或没有)抑制作用。此外,在一定的浓度范围内,槲皮素、单宁酸和辛硫磷对分月扇舟蛾GSTs活性的抑制作用存在明显的剂量效应关系。槲皮素、单宁酸和辛硫磷对分月扇舟蛾GSTs的抑制中浓度分别为2.19×10-5,2.62×10-5,1.49×10-4mol/L。因此,此研究明确了槲皮素和单宁酸作为防治分月扇舟蛾的新型防治剂或增效剂具有很好的潜力。     

21种杀虫剂和3种植物次生物质对杨扇舟蛾各组织谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的抑制作用

为了比较杨扇舟蛾Clostera anachoreta (Fabricius)各组织谷胱甘肽S 转移酶（GSTs）的差异,利用分光光度酶动力学的方法,研究了21种杀虫剂和3种植物次生物质对杨扇舟蛾4个组织（中肠、脂肪体、头部和体壁）GSTs活性的体外影响。结果表明:21种杀虫剂和3种植物次生物质对杨扇舟蛾4个组织GSTs活性的抑制作用不同。毒死蜱、氟虫腈、槲皮素和单宁酸对于杨扇舟蛾头GSTs活性抑制作用最强;槲皮素和单宁酸对中肠GSTs活性的抑制作用最强;单宁酸对脂肪体GSTs活性的抑制作用最强;辛硫磷、高效氯氟氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和硫丹对皮GSTs活性的抑制作用最强。杨扇舟蛾4个组织GSTs对杀虫剂和植物次生物质敏感性存在的这种差异,可能是由于其在同工酶组成上的差异造成的。     

杨扇舟蛾性引诱行为的观察

杨扇舟蛾羽化高峰在19～21时,羽化后4小时左右性成熟,雌蛾分泌性外激素,对雄蛾产生性引诱;以羽化当日性引诱力最强;这种性行为直至交配或死亡为止。活雌蛾性外激素粗提液对雄蛾也有引诱力,但诱雄蛾效果不如活雌蛾。     

刺槐掌舟蛾的生物学特性及防治

刺槐掌舟蛾是为害刺槐的重要食叶害虫。在山东荣成市１年发生１代,以蛹在土中越冬。每年６～９月为害,各虫态极不整齐。本文记述了该虫的生活年史、发育历期、生活习性、发生与环境的关系及天敌情况,提出了防治建议。     

夹竹桃对钉螺的毒杀作用及机理研究

血吸虫病（Schistosomiasis）是严重危害人民身体健康的疾病…。疫区的淡水资源既不能作为饮用、洗涤等生活安全用水,也不能作为农田灌溉、水产养殖等生产安全用水,不但极大地制约了国家经济的发展,同时还限制了人们生活、生产活动的自由,严重威胁着人们的身体健康和生命。此外,大规模使用氯硝柳胺等化学灭螺剂所导致的化学污染比血吸虫、生活垃圾以及工业三废等造成的污染面积更大、     

分月扇舟蛾触角感觉器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对分月扇舟蛾Clostera anastomosis(L.)成虫触角感觉器的形态、结构进行了观察。扫描电镜观察结果表明,分月扇舟蛾触角由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,触角外侧面覆盖有鳞片,绝大部分触角感觉器位于触角的腹面和外侧面。雌、雄蛾触角上均存在以下8种感觉器,即毛形感器、刺形感器、腔形感器、腔锥形感器、栓锥形感器、锥形感器、柱形感器和鳞形感器。各种感觉器在雌、雄蛾触角上的分布大体相同,但数量有明显的区别。     

杨扇舟蛾的生物学特性及其防治方法

杨树是世界上最有价值的树种之一,近年来杨扇舟蛾Clostera anachoreta(Fabricius)对之造成的危害日益突出,但是目前有关该害虫的综合报道尚十分少见。文献报道显示,该害虫在我国大部分省区都有不同程度地发生,每年大多发生4~5代,5~8月份的2龄和3龄幼虫危害最重,老熟幼虫结茧越冬;其天敌大约有30种以上。目前害虫的防治方法较多,主要包括人工消灭方法、诱杀方法、树干内外施药方法、微生物方法、寄生蜂方法、生物导弹方法以及农业智能专家系统辅助方法。其中微生物方法、生物导弹方法以及农业智能专家系统辅助方法具有十分广阔的应用前景。     

美洲黑杨不同无性系对分月扇舟蛾幼虫的抗性

以分月扇舟蛾Clostera anastomosis(L.)为材料,以I-72杨为对照,研究南京林业大学新近引进的18个美洲黑杨(Populus deltoides L.)无性系在实验室条件下的抗虫性,筛选出11个具有较强抗性的无性系,并分析不同无性系的抗性与其叶片中主要营养物质和次生代谢物质含量的关系,初步解释其抗性机理。其研究结果为今后进行林间试验,选育出在生产上具有推广价值的美洲黑杨优良抗虫品系提供科学依据。     

杨扇舟蛾卵和幼虫的空间分布型及抽样技术

研究了杨扇舟蛾Clostera anachoreta(Fabricius)卵和幼虫的空间分布型及抽样技术,结果表明杨扇舟蛾卵和幼虫在杨树林的分布型均为聚集型中的负二项分布。几种抽样方法中,卵以棋盘式最好,幼虫以平行线法最好。同时建立了杨扇舟蛾卵的下层抽样模型为y=2.4481x 0.4243;幼虫的中、下层抽样模型为y=2.4605x 3.9126。     

钉螺对夹竹桃化感物质三萜总皂甙毒理作用的反应

本文分别用0.02 mg/L-0.1mg/L系列浓度的夹竹桃三萜总皂甙水溶液处理钉螺 ,设无氯清水饲养与浓度为1 mg/L 氯硝柳胺溶液浸杀对照,研究夹竹桃三萜总皂甙是否为夹竹桃灭螺的化感物质及其作用机理.结果表明:用不同浓度梯度的夹竹桃三萜总皂甙水溶液处理钉螺均有一定的杀灭作用, 对试验数据进行概率单位回归分析,表明浸杀处理2、3、 4和5 d的LC50分别为78.31、30.26、20.50、14.19 mg/L,其对应的95%置信区间分别为 63.60-108.19、9.49-44.42、2.86-30.90、0.23-22.79 mg/L;以不同处理浓度、时间下钉螺的死亡率为因变量,对夹竹桃三萜总皂甙水溶液浸杀灭螺效果进行方差分析,结果显示夹竹桃三萜总皂甙的浓度、处理时间的长短对钉螺的死亡率均有极显著的作用效果,并且药液浓度与处理时间之间的交互效应也极显著.扫描电镜观察结果显示40 mg/L浓度处理后钉螺软体表层呈现明显的损伤;透射电镜观察40 mg/L浓度处理后钉螺样品发现24 h后肝细胞核肿胀,核仁消失,核质稀疏,内质网断裂,线粒体增多;当处理时间延长到48 h时,损伤加重,内质网几乎全部囊泡化,细胞核开始破裂,线粒体也破裂;处理24 h后钉螺小肠表面的微绒毛排列有些不整齐,有一小部分微绒毛出现脱落,肠周缘细胞出现肿胀,细胞核出现少量小空泡;处理48 h时的钉螺小肠表面微绒毛排列明显不整齐,大部分微绒毛脱落,肠周缘细胞肿胀明显,有大量空泡,有时还出现游离核,胞质内的细胞器有大小不等的空泡样变性 ,细胞器结构已无法辨别,严重变性,胞膜不完整.采用聚丙稀酰胺电泳技术分离经40 mg/ L夹竹桃三萜总皂甙水溶液处理1、2、3、4、5 d后的钉螺样品的酯酶同工酶,处理1-2 d后酶的活性比清水对照增强,应激反应明显,而处理达3 d时酶的活性开始下降,5 d时,酶谱带数及其色泽与用1 mg/L氯硝柳胺水溶液处理1 d的对照相当.本研究获得化感作用植物夹竹桃灭螺的超微结构证据[动物学报 54(3):489-499,2008].     

乌桕种子各部位比率和油脂含量与环境因子的关系

对全国11个省16个市（县）19个鸡爪桕[Sapium sebiferum(L.)Roxb.var.laxicarpum Hu]种子样品进行分析,以探讨乌桕种子的外种皮、内种皮、种仁的比率及皮油、梓油的含量和种子总含油率、百粒重与纬度、经度、年积温和年降水量的相关性,结果表明,乌桕种子外种皮、种仁的比率和皮油含量与纬度、经度、年积温和年降水量呈正相关;梓油的含量与经度、年积温和年降水量呈正相关,内种皮的比率与上述环境因子均呈负相关;种子的百粒重与经度和年积温呈正相关,与纬度和年降水量的相关性不明显;种子的总含油量与经度、年积温及年降水量呈较明显的相相关,而与纬度没有明显的正相关。     

燃料油植物乌桕的栽培与管理及桕籽加工

介绍燃料油植物乌桕的实生苗、嫁接苗、雾插苗的培育及组织培养,以及造林与抚育管理。     

环境因子与乌桕种子产量、品质的相关性

本文通过对全国１１个省２１个市（县）７４个乌桕种子样品的各种成分含量的分析,分别以纬度的升高、经度的东移、年积温和年降水量的增加为横坐标,以其种子各成分的含量为纵坐标,用计算机进行数据分析,以直观图解的方式探索乌桕种子各成分与环境因子相的规律以及各主要成分之间的相关性。     

Insecticidal activity of Citrus aurantium peel extract against Bactrocera oleae and Ceratitis capitata adults (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Citrus aurantium (L.) peel extracts in petroleum ether were evaluated for toxicity against olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) and medfly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) adults. Bactrocera oleae flies were more susceptible to the extract than C. capitata in contact and residual bioassays. Fumigation bioassay had no effect. Both sexes of B. oleae were equally susceptible in both types of bioassays. However, males of C. capitata were more susceptible than the conspecific females. LD₅₀ values (concentration causing 50% mortality) after 96 h for the males and females of B. oleae were 44.8 and 40.1 μg/insect in contact bioassay through topical application. Whereas, LD₅₀ values for the males and females of C. capitata were 38.8 and 67.8 μg/insect respectively. LC₅₀ values after 96 h for the males and females of B. oleae were 18.8 and 17.8 μg/cm² in Petri dish residual bioassay. Whereas, LC₅₀ values for the males and females of C. capitata were 70.6 and 147.1 μg/cm² respectively.
Fractionation of the extract on a silica gel column with three different polarity solvents resulted in three fractions with only the intermediate polarity solvent fraction having substantial insecticidal activity. Toxicity of the mixtures of active and inactive fractions was equal to the original extract. Our results indicate that C. aurantium has potential for controlling insect pests.     

Antimutagenic Acitivity against Trp-P-1 of the Edible Thai Plant,Oroxylum indicum Vent.

A methanolic extract of Oroxylum indicum strongly inhibited the mutagenicity of Trp-P-1 in an Ames test. The major antimutagenic constituent was identified as baicalein with an IC₅₀ value of 2.78±0.15 μM. The potent antimutagenicity of the extract was correlated with the high content (3.95±0.43%, dry weight) of baicalein. Baicalein acted as a desmutagen since it inhibited the N-hydroxylation of Trp-P-2.     

Insecticidal and feeding deterrent activities of essential oils in the cabbage looper,Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Ten essential oils were tested against the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni larvae for contact, residual and fumigant toxicities and feeding deterrent effects. Against third instar T. ni, Syzygium aromaticum (LD₅₀ = 47.8 μg/larva), Thymus vulgaris (LD₅₀ = 52.0 μg/larva) (the two positive controls) and Cinnamomum glanduliferum (LD₅₀ = 76.0 μg/larva) were the most toxic via topical application. Litsea pungens (LD₅₀ = 87.1 μg/larva), Ilex purpurea (LD₅₀ = 94.0 μg/larva), Cinnamomum cassia (LD₅₀ = 101.5 μg/larva) and Litsea cubeba (LD₅₀ = 112.4 μg/larva) oils were equitoxic. Thymus vulgaris (LC₅₀ = 4.8 mg/ml) and S. aromaticum (LC₅₀ = 6.0 mg/ml) oils were the most toxic in residual bioassays. Cymbopogon citratus (LC₅₀ = 7.7 mg/ml) and C. cassia (LC₅₀ = 8.5 mg/ml) oils were equitoxic followed by Cymbopogon nardus (LC₅₀ = 10.1 mg/ml) in this bioassay. The remaining five oils showed little or no residual effects. In a fumigation bioassay, L. cubeba (LC₅₀ = 16.5 μl/l) and I. purpurea (LC₅₀ = 22.2 μl/l) oils were the most toxic. Cinnamomum glanduliferum (LC₅₀ = 29.7 μl/l) and Sabina vulgaris (LC₅₀ = 31.2 μl/l) oils were equitoxic. Interestingly, S. aromaticum did not exhibit any fumigant toxicity. Cymbopogon citratus, C. nardus and C. cassia strongly deterred feeding by third instar T. ni (DC₅₀s = 26.9, 33.8 and 39.6 μg/cm², respectively) in a leaf disc choice bioassay. The different responses of T. ni larvae to the oils in different bioassays suggest that these essential oils exhibit different modes of action. Based on their comparable efficacy with essential oils already used as active ingredients in many commercial insecticides (i.e. clove oil and thyme oil), some of these essential oils may have potential as botanical insecticides against T. ni.     

雷公藤的杀虫作用研究与应用

卫矛科植物雷公藤(Tripterygium wilfordli Hook)是我国著名的杀虫植物。文章对雷公藤的杀虫活性、主要有效成分、作用机理及田间药效4个方面的研究与应用进行综述。雷公藤对多种昆虫有毒杀、拒食、麻醉、生长发育抑制和种群抑制作用;雷公藤定碱、雷公藤次碱、雷公藤春碱、雷公藤吉碱、雷公藤嗪碱、雷公藤新碱和雷公藤甲素、雷公藤内酯酮是其主要杀虫活性成分;雷公藤生物碱作用于昆虫的神经系统和中肠肠壁细胞,Na+,K+-ATP酶可能是雷公藤甲素的靶标之一;雷公藤还具有较好的田间防效。最后,对雷公藤作为杀虫植物资源的开发利用前景和今后的研究方向作了展望。     

Fumigant toxicity of Eucalyptus intertexta, Eucalyptus sargentii and Eucalyptus camaldulensis against stored-product beetles

Abstract:  Three essential oils extracted from the species of the family Myrtaceae found in Kashan (centre regions of Iran) were shown to have potent fumigant toxicity against three major stored-product insects: Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.), Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). These were the essential oils from Eucalyptus intertexta R.T. Baker, Eucalyptus sargentii Maiden and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. The mortality of 1- to 7-day-old adults of the insect pests increased with concentration from 37 to 926  μ l/l air and with exposure time from 3 to 24 h. The LC₅₀ values to the selected essential oils were between 2.55 and 3.97  μ l/l air for C. maculatus , 6.93 and 12.91  μ l/l for S. oryzae and 11.59 and 33.50  μ l/l air for T. castaneum . Fumigant effects of these essential oils were considered to warrant further research into their potential for commercial use.