海南坡鹿对采食场地及食物的选择

2001年10月至2002年9月在海南大田国家级自然保护区,采用直接观察法和采食痕迹估计法对海南坡鹿(Cenrus eldi hainanus)的食性进行了研究.共记录取食地1273个,其中旱季748个,雨季525个.海南坡鹿取食植物234种,其中木本植物71种,草本植物161种,蕨类植物2种.其中取食频率超过0.01%的有76种,取食频率占总取食频率的81.85%.无论旱季和雨季坡鹿对采食场地都具有明显的选择性(旱季X2=21.476,P=0.000 7;雨季X2=19.882,P=0.001 3;df=5).尽管旱季坡鹿更多地选择在低平地热带草原生境中采食、雨季则喜欢季雨林,但是它们选择采食场地的季节性差异没有达到显著的水平(X2=9.447,P=0.092 5,df=5).坡鹿对植物种类的选择存在季节性差异,旱季喜欢采食的植物种类比雨季更多(30种vs.18种),采食的木本植物种类的比例也高于雨季(14种vs.6种).     

小兴安岭地区原麝冬季食性研究

2004年2—3月和2004年11月至2005年1月在黑龙江省通河县龙口林场,对原麝冬季的食性进行了研究。采用粪便显微组织学分析技术分析原麝冬季采食植物的种类组成和比例,并测定了主要取食的9种木本植物及苔藓和蕨类植物的营养成分。研究结果表明,原麝冬季取食的植物共计46科66种,其中兴安杜鹃、光萼溲疏、五角槭、羊胡子苔草分别占32．7％、7．8％、5．81％、5．56％,是原麝冬季主要取食的植物种类,占取食植物的51．9％。木本植物枝叶是原麝冬季的主要食物,在冬季食物组成中所占百分比最高,达75．0％。对草本植物、蕨类、苔藓、地衣的取食量均较小。冬季原麝比较喜欢采食蛋白含量高的植物,采食部位主要为植物木质化较低的当年枝顶端部分。藓类主要出现在1—3月份的食物中。     

海南大田保护区内赤麂的种群数量和特征

20 0 1年10月至2 0 0 2年9月在海南大田国家级自然保护区采用直接观察和在不同生境类型分层抽样进行网捕的方法研究了保护区内赤麂种群的数量、年龄结构、群体大小和组成等。结果显示,赤麂主要生活在落叶季雨林和有刺灌丛中,种群数量为716 13±4 7 6 2只,种群密度为5 4 5±3 6只/km2 。该种群的年龄结构呈倒三角形,成体最多,占6 2 5 0 % ,亚成体占2 8 85 % ,幼体最少,占9 6 2 %。成年个体的雌雄性比是1 32∶1 0 0 ,亚成体为1 5 0∶1 0 0 ,幼体是1 5 0∶1 0 0。群平均大小为1 32只,其中独居个体最多,占总观察次数的6 8 31% ;2只群次之,占31 15 % ;3只群最少,占0 5 5 % ;没有观察到3只以上的群     

黑叶猴食物组成及其季节性变化

对灵长类来说,喀斯特石山生境是一种比较独特的生活环境。喀斯特森林具有生物量低,物种多样性高的特点,生活于其中的灵长类的食物资源受环境的影响强烈,有明显的季节性变化。黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi)是生活在喀斯特石山的特有灵长类动物。在食物资源波动较大的石山生境中,黑叶猴如何在食物匮乏时期获得食物?是否采取了大多数灵长类的应对策略,还是采用适应喀斯特环境的特殊对策?为了回答这些问题,2005年9月至2006年8月,在广西弄岗国家级自然保护区选择一群黑叶猴作为观察对象,采用瞬时扫描取样法收集相关的食性数据。通过比较不同季节食物组成的差异来探讨黑叶猴如何应对喜食食物(嫩叶、果实)的季节性缺乏的问题。结果表明:黑叶猴共采食92种植物,其中乔木和灌木38种,藤本植物52种,草本植物1种,寄生植物1种。猴群平均每月采食食物22.8种(6-34种),月平均食物多样性指数为2.5(1.6-3)。在弄岗黑叶猴的食物组成中,树叶占总觅食记录的71%,其中嫩叶46.9%,成熟叶24.1%的;果实、花和种子分别占13.2%、6.3%和4.3%;其他食物类型占5.4%,分别包括茎1.8%,叶柄1.1%,未知部位2.5%。黑叶猴的食物组成具有明显的季节性差异。在旱季,平均月食物种类和食物多样性指数分别为29.3和2.8,明显高于雨季的16.2和2.1。在雨季,嫩叶在食物中的比例明显高于旱季(61.5%相对32.3%);在旱季,猴群对成熟叶的采食比例明显高于雨季(39.4%相对8.9%),且在该季节才利用种子作为食物,占食物组成的8.6%。黑叶猴的食物组成受食物可获得性的影响。主要表现为嫩叶在食物中所占的比例与其可获得性有显著的正相关关系(r=0.865,n=12,P=0.000)。另外,当成熟叶和果实的可利用性降低时,黑叶猴的食物多样性指数提高(成熟叶:r=-0.602,n=12,P=0.039;果实:r=-0.716,n=12,P=0.009)。黑叶猴在嫩叶丰富的雨季,它们采食更多的嫩叶;而在喜食性食物短缺的旱季,它们采取选择更多种类的成熟叶和种子为食,同时它们采食的种类和食物多样性也相应地增加。这与大多数叶食性灵长类的适应策略相似。     

云南龙马山滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)冬季食性分析

2006年11月-2007年12月,对云南云龙县龙马山滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)冬季食性进行了研究.采用粪便显微组织学分析技术分析龙马山滇金丝猴冬季采食植物的种类组成和比例,并测定了该猴群主要取食的15种植物(包括两种松萝科植物)(取食食物百分比>1%)和次要取食的10种植物(取食食物百分比<1%)的化学成分.研究结果表明,龙马山滇金丝猴冬季取食的植物共计26科45种,其中云龙箭竹、长松萝、花松萝、实竹、空心箭竹分别占19.78%、10.28%、8.37%、4.93%、4.46%,是滇金丝猴冬季主要取食的植物种类,占取食植物的47.99%.木本植物和草本植物的叶是滇金丝猴的主要食物,在冬季食物中所占百分比最高,达75%.冬季滇金丝猴比较喜欢采食P/F值较高、单宁含量较低的食物,其主要食物比次要食物含有较高的P/F值和较低的单宁(P<0.05).     

河南太行山自然保护区猕猴冬春季食性分析

2008年11月-2009年4月,在太行山猕猴国家级自然保护区采集了40份太行山猕猴粪样和38科91种植物标本,用粪便显微组织学分析法研究了太行山猕猴的冬春季食性。结果表明:1)太行山猕猴在冬季采食植物13科21种,其中栓皮栎、青冈、羊胡草、露珠草、大叶榉是其冬季的主要采食植物,共占所采食植物总量的55.4%;小叶榉、千金榆、南蛇藤、君迁子等10种是常见采食植物,共占所采食植物总量的39.1%;第三类是少见采食植物,包括板栗、毛栗、辽东栎,蒙古栎、黄荆等5种,共占所采食植物总量的5.2%;2)共记录到猕猴春季采食植物24科37种,其中栓皮栎、青冈、早熟禾、大叶榉、小叶榉、千金榆、鹅耳枥、枳椇、构树、博落回等10种为主要采食植物,共占所采食植物总量的70.8%;唐松草、白丁香、紫丁香等14种是常见采食植物,共占所采食植物总量的23.4%,少见采食植物包括马齿苋、铁线莲、槐、胡枝子等16种,共占所采食植物总量的5.7%;3)部分植物在冬季和春季均被猕猴取食,但在2个季节所取食的部位有所不同,在冬季主要取食嫩芽和果实,在春季则主要取食花和叶。太行山猕猴在春季的取食植物比冬季更广泛。     

秦岭南坡川金丝猴的食物组成及季节性变化

2013年3月至2014年2月,在秦岭南坡观音山自然保护区大坪峪颜家沟内选取一群半野生川金丝猴的成年个体作为研究对象,采用瞬时扫描取样法收集其觅食的食物类型数据,目的是为该猴群建立食谱,并通过对比不同季节内觅取的食物组成差异探讨秦岭南坡川金丝猴如何应对喜食食物的季节性缺乏。结果表明:秦岭南坡川金丝猴共采食53种植物(包括34种乔木、13种灌木、6种藤本植物)和4种大型真菌,分别占取食植物组成的64.3%、25.3%、8.0%和2.2%,春、夏、秋、冬季节取食种类和多样性指数分别为20种(3.93)、19种(3.73)、21种(3.87)和25种(4.12)。在秦岭南坡川金丝猴的食物组成中,地衣占总觅食记录的22%;树叶占20%,其中嫩叶9%和成熟叶11%;种子、树皮、芽苞、果实和叶柄分别占16%、15%、11%、9%和7%。该猴群觅取的植物部位具有明显的季节性差异。春季,对树皮和芽苞的觅食量较高,分别为28%和25%;夏季,增加了对成熟叶的采食量(29%),而减少了芽苞的觅取量(5%);秋季,以取食种子和果实为主,分别占总觅食的48%和16%;冬季,地衣的采食量达到最大值(41%)。觅食的食物组成与食物的可获得性呈正相关性(R=0.984,P0.01),这与大多数叶猴的适应策略类似,在喜食食物短缺的冬季,它们选择更多的地衣和树皮为食,同时它们采食的种类和食物多样性也有相应增加。     

海南坡鹿(Cervus eldi hainanus)的食性研究

1986年9月至1987年7月作者在海南省大田保护区面积约95公顷的封闭性围栏内,随机设立灌木及草本植物样方各39个。检查了296个坡鹿的采食场。结果表明坡鹿采食灌木31种,草本43种。x~2检验证明,坡鹿喜欢在中生性热带草食生境中采食,避开砂生灌丛林生境。坡鹿对植物种类及取食部位具有明显的选择,这种选择有季节变化。坡鹿的采食频率与喜食不完全一致。采食频率高的植物并不一定是坡鹿最喜食的,但这些植物对坡鹿的生存具有重要意义。     

夏秋季四川雉鹑植物类食物资源及其分布

2006年6月～2009年10月,采用直接观察法和样带样方法在四川省雅江县帕姆岭对四川雉鹑夏秋季的植物性食物及其资源分布状况进行了调查.四川雉鹑采食的植物种类有34种,其中草本植物32种,木本植物2种.在夏季取食的种类有28种,秋季18种,两个季节同时取食的植物种类有12种.四川雉鹑取食强度高的物种有15种,中度的有11种,低度的有8种.夏季四川雉鹑主要取食草本植物的叶与根茎,秋季主要采食的是成熟的种子和果实.在不同生境类型中四川雉鹑的食物组成与丰富度存在差异,光亮杜鹃灌丛和高山杂草类草甸生境的食物种类和食物总量都相对较高,是四川雉鹑的食物基地,而鳞皮冷杉-川滇杜鹃林和高山松林的食物种类和数量相对较低.     

西双版纳尚勇亚洲象的食物组成与取食生态

于1998—2000在西双版纳国家级自然保护区尚勇子保护区的自然生境中,通过对亚洲象取食植物调查和粪便分析,了解亚洲象的食物组成与取食习性。结果显示,野外跟踪调查共记录有106种植物被亚洲象所取食。其中有83种出现在象的粪便中,这些种类分别属于：禾本科8种（10．0％）、桑科7种（9．9％）、蝶形花科4种（8．4％）、五加科3种（6．6％）、葡萄科3种（5．7％）、夹竹桃科3种（4．6％）、芭蕉科1种（4．2％）、姜科3种（3．7％）、紫金牛科3种（3．6％）、蔷薇科3种（3．6％）、大戟科5种（3．3％）、榆科2种（3．O％）、含羞草科4种（2．9％）13个植物科。根据食物中所占的比率,桑科的榕属（Ficus）、禾本科的竹类（Bambusoideae）、小果野芭蕉（Musa acuminate）和莠竹（Microstegium ciliatum）是亚洲象的主要食物资源。在觅食过程中,亚洲象取食包括乔木、藤本灌木和草本等各种生活型的植物,其中先锋种所占比率（59％）高于后续种;选择性啃食枝条的植物种类（77种）高于牧草式取食的种类（6种）。亚洲象取食植物种类的月变化与月平均温度和月降雨量成负相关,旱季取食植物种类高于雨季。本研究对制定保护区野生动物管理策略,以及解决保护区周边日趋恶化的人象矛盾,具有一定的参考价值。     

Potential and attainable food production and food security in different regions

Growing prosperity in the South is accompanied by human diets that will claim more natural resources per capita. This reality, combined with growing populations, may raise the global demand for food crops two- to four-fold within two generations. Considering the large volume of natural resources and potential crop yields, it seems that this demand can be met smoothly. However, this is a fallacy for the following reasons. (i) Geographic regions differ widely in their potential food security: policy choices for agricultural use of natural resources are limited in Asia. For example, to ensure national self-sufficiency and food security, most of the suitable land (China) and nearly all of the surface water (India) are needed. Degradation restricts options further. (ii) The attainable level of agricultural production depends also on socio-economic conditions. Extensive poverty keeps the attainable food production too low to achieve food security, even when the yield gap is wide, as in Africa. (iii) Bio-energy, non-food crops and nature compete with food crops for natural resources. Global and regional food security are attainable, but only with major efforts. Strategies to achieve alternative aims will be discussed. <br>     

Effects of food diversity on diatom selection by harpacticoid copepods

The diversity of species assemblages which occupy a basal position in the trophic pyramid (typically unicellular algae in aquatic environments) is known to influence the interaction with organisms of higher trophic levels. A laboratory feeding experiment was conducted with cultures of three benthic diatom species (Navicula phyllepta, Grammatophora marina and Cylindrotheca closterium) as primary producers and three harpacticoid copepod species (Harpacticus obscurus, Paramphiascella fulvofasciata and Tigriopus brevicornis) as grazers to evaluate the effects of food diversity (and concomitant food availability) on grazing selectivity. This kind of selectivity experiments is singular for benthic harpacticoid copepods as so far, information on food selection of harpacticoids is scarce.Uptake of a unispecific food source by a single copepod species decreased as food diversity (and concomitant overall food concentration) increased. All three consumers reacted similarly to changing food diversity, but exhibited strong species-specific responses to food identity i.e. which diatom was added was crucial. Irrespective of level of food diversity, H. obscurus took up high amounts of G. marina, whereas both P. fulvofasciata and T. brevicornis preferred C. closterium when given the choice between different diatoms. As for zooplanktonic taxa, this experiment showed that in lower benthic marine food webs both prey organisms (primary producers) and grazers play a very specific role. Diversity of food and its identity are of critical importance at the base of the trophic pyramid, influencing trophic transfer from primary producers over grazers to higher trophic levels.     

食品微生物快速检测技术研究进展

本研究概述了食品微生物引起的食源性疾病及对人类的危害;介绍了国内外9种食源性微生物快速检测技术的研究现状,指出电喷雾离子化多级质谱对氨基糖苷类抗生素的检测分析技术、分析即用型纸片技术、免疫分析检测技术、分子生物检测技术、阻抗技术以及其他新物理、生化技术检测方法,传统的检测的灵敏度和专一性有一定提高,但操作繁琐;现在发展的分子生物学方法为食品中快速、灵敏的病毒检测带来了更多的希望,各种快速检测方法还只是实践中的一个参考.其今后的发展方向主要是:克服现有分子生物学方法的缺点,绘制各种菌落图谱,开发在线检测软件,能定量测定微生物细胞特征和性能,简化采集、培养等程序,提高检测效率.     

Calidad de la alimentación de adultos mayores de Santiago de Chile

IntroductionWith the increase in the elderly population of Chile, it is very important to evaluate the quality of food of this age group using simple and quick tools.ObjectiveTo compare the food quality of the elderly, according to gender and age.Material and methodsA cross sectional study was conducted on 458 elderly subjects ≥ 60 years-old of Santiago de Chile. Each one of them were interviewed in their home using the Food Quality Survey for Elderly (FQSE). The objective of this survey is to measure the quality of the food and preparations considered healthy and/or unhealthy for elderly. Weight and height, was obtained from the control document of the elderly.ResultsMen consume a higher number of unhealthy foods compared to women (P = .01). On comparing ages, those over 80 years-old consumed less unhealthy foods (P = .01). The elderly obese showed a lower score in unhealthy eating habits and total intake score.ConclusionWomen eat healthier compared to men, and better eating habits are observed at an older age, especially in men. Finally, on comparing nutritional status, the elderly obese are those who eat in the most inadequate form.     

北草蜥个体发育过程中头部两性异形及食性的变化

报道了北草蜥（Ｔａｋｙｄｒｏｍｕｓ ｓｅｐｔｅｎｔｒｉｏｎａｌｉｓ）的头部大小两性异形和食性在个体发育过程中的变化,讨论该种两性异形的进化选择压力。北草晰成体体长无显著的两性差异,两性异形主要表现为雄性个体有较大的头部（头长和头宽）。头部大小的两性异形在孵出幼体就已经存在。头部随ＳＶＬ的增长速率在个体发育的不同联合体是不同的,并随个体发育的进行变得更为显著。协方差分析显示,成年雌体特定ＳＶＬ的头部     

Patterns of feeding and food pellet retrieval by Norway rats during food deprivation

This study examined whether, for Norway rats suffering a body weight deficit of sufficient magnitude, food hoarding is prepotent over feeding. Rats food-deprived to 85% ad lib weight were videotaped during hoarding sessions that lasted until they ceased to hoard or eat to obtain complete records of retrieval and feeding. During the early minutes of a trial, feeding was the predominant activity, and food pellet retrieval occurred singly or in short bouts. This gave way over time to diminished eating and extended bouts of retrieval (hoarding). Closer analysis suggested that retrieval and feeding were aroused together and at the beginning of such arousal retrieval was momentarily prepotent over feeding. But once retrieval had occurred, there was a shift in favor of feeding. After the rat had consumed a sufficient amount of food, feeding was no longer aroused to the same degree, so bouts of retrieval occurred without feeding. Electronic Publication     

Ghrelin and food reward: the story of potential underlying substrates

The incidence of obesity is increasing at an alarming rate and this worldwide epidemic represents a significant decrease in life span and quality of life of a large part of the affected population. Therefore an understanding of mechanisms underlying food overconsumption and obesity development is urgent and essential to find potential treatments. Research investigating mechanisms underlying obesity and the control of food intake has recently experienced a major shift in focus, from the brain's hypothalamus to additional important neural circuits controlling emotion, cognition and motivated behavior. Among them, the mesolimbic system, and the changes in reward and motivated behavior for food, emerge as new promising treatment targets. Furthermore, there is also growing appreciation of the impact of peripheral hormones that signal nutrition status to the mesolimbic areas, and especially the only known circulating orexigenic hormone, ghrelin. This review article provides a synthesis of recent evidence concerning the impact of manipulation of ghrelin and its receptor on models of food reward/food motivation behavior and the mesolimbic circuitry. Particular attention is given to the potential neurocircuitry and neurotransmitter systems downstream of ghrelin's effects on food reward.     

Food packaging’s materials: A food safety perspective

Food packaging serves purposes of food product safety and easy handling and transport by preventing chemical contamination and enhancing shelf life, which provides convenience for consumers. Various types of materials, including plastics, glass, metals, and papers and their composites, have been used for food packaging. However, owing to consumers’ increased health awareness, the significance of transferring harmful materials from packaging materials into foods is of greater concern. This review highlights the interactions of food with packaging materials and elaborates the mechanism, types, and contributing factors of migration of chemical substances from the packaging to foods. Also, various types of chemical migrants from different packaging materials with their possible impacts on food safety and human health are discussed. We conclude with a future outlook based on legislative considerations and ongoing technical contributions to optimization of food–package interactions.     

Intrauterine sensitization of ovalbumin in the third trimester increases the risk of food allergy in progeny

Intrauterine sensitization caused by food allergens plays an important role in the food allergy development in progeny. The aim of our study was to determine the critical period of intrauterine sensitization during pregnancy. Female mice were exposed to ovalbumin (OVA) during different trimesters of pregnancy. Lymphocytes from their offspring were isolated and cultured, and proliferation was evaluated by CCK-8 assay. The levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 in serum were measured using ELISA. In addition, the expressions of IFN-γ and IL-4 mRNAs and proteins were detected by real-time PCR and western blot. The mice were divided into the first trimester pregnancy (FTP1 and FTP2) group, the second trimester pregnancy (STP1 and STP2) group, and the third trimester pregnancy (TTP1 and TTP2) group based on the stages of pregnancy in which their mothers were exposed to OVA and their ages. The OVA-specific lymphocyte proliferation of the TTP1 group was statistically significantly greater that in the FTP1 and STP1 groups. The serum level of IFN-γ in the TTP1 group was significantly decreased, and the serum level of IL-4 in the TTP1 group was significantly increased compared with the levels in the FTP1 and STP1 groups. The mRNA and protein expression levels of IFN-γ in the TTP1 group were significantly decreased and the mRNA and protein expression levels of IL-4 in this group were significantly increased compared with the levels in the FTP1 and STP1 groups. Our results suggest that OVA-induced intrauterine sensitization in the third trimester may increase the risk of food allergy after birth.