一般药理学实验信号的计算机测量与分析

本文介绍在药物研究中，应用计算机技术测量，处理一般药学实验信号的新方法。通过分离实验动物的股动脉，接入压力探头，引出动脉血压波形；经位移传感器，摄取呼吸波形；计算机同步采集动脉压，呼吸波，心电图信号；再收计算机对上述信号进行计算分析，得到一般药理学实验的一系列参数。为深入进行有关药效学研究提供了新手段。     

上海嘉龙教仪厂专业生产生理、药理、生物学实验仪器

系统能在80586、P2、P3等微机上使用。功能多,实时处理能力强,可对血压、心电、脑电、细胞放电、脉搏、呼吸等生物信号进行多种处理,适用于循环、神经、呼吸、感官等系统的联机实验和资料处理。系统硬件系列化,A／D转换器及信号调理器可选配不同档次（A／D转换器分8位／20微秒和12位／10微秒两档;信号调理器分4路／8倍／手调、4路／10000倍／手调和4路／8000倍／程控三档）。程控刺激器最大输出5V,选配刺激电压输出器,可将最大输出幅度提升到40V。最近推出的并口传送接口,使系统与计算机的连接更加方便。实验软件在WINDOWS9x下运行,软件内容多,包括教学和科研的常用实验程序。系统提供的实验编辑软件,使用户能自行设计实验,大大拓宽了系统的功能。系统能同时采集4路原始信号,并能对各路信号分别作频率、直方图、微分、积分或触发积分等实时处理,还可对信号作拟合、双信息图、相关、功率谱分析及叠加平均等处理,软件包还具有BMP文件生成、文本文件生成、DDE数据交换功能。本产品曾获上海市科技进步奖。     

基于分类的单实验事件相关电位估计方法

本文提出了一个基于机器学习的新方法,用以从单实验脑电信号中估计事件相关电位.为估计事件相关电位,首先构建了一个运用分类方法的基本框架和以此框架为基础的优化模型.在此基础上,引入logistic回归来实例化这个优化模型,并推导出SingleTrialEM算法.只要在使用之前训练得到一个logistic模型,SingleTrialEM算法就能够从单实验脑电信号中估计事件相关电位.模拟测试表明,本文的方法是正确稳定的,明显优于Woody过滤器方法.认知测试的结果与认知科学的各项结论一致.     

昆虫的NF-kB信号通路

昆虫NF-kB信号通路由toll和imd两条通路组成,通过转录因子NF-kB作用于靶标基因kB位点,而调节抗菌活性物质的表达。大量实验表明它能够被细菌、真菌和病毒的侵染所激活,在昆虫体液免疫中发挥着主要作用。现就昆虫的NF-kB信号通路的主要信号元件等进行综述。     

各种类型实验的组织

在生物实验教学中,要做到目的明确、要求具体,就要求实验前根据学生特点(年龄特征和生物学知识掌握程度)和教材特点,拟订循序渐进的实验计划,以通过实验使学生既掌握实验技能又能培养和发展积极性思维,提高以自学能力为主的各种有关能力,并做好实验前的准备和设计好实验教学的课时计划。对中学生物实验教学的要求一般分为三个层次:1、模仿性质的实验,要求掌握实验程序;2、独立性质的实验,要求懂得实验操作原理;3、创造性质的实验,其要求是设计实验和说明有关问题。实验的第三层次是中学生物实验教学中培养实验能力的较高要求,也是生物实验教学的最高目的,但不论何种层次要求的实验,都要把传授基础知识,训练基本技能和培养学生独立获得知识的能力三者统一起来,把知识、技能和能力融为一体。     

上海嘉龙教仪厂专业生产生理、药理、生物学实验仪器

SMUP型生物信号处理系统（复旦大学上海医学院生理学教研究研制） 系统能在80586、P2、P3等微机上使用。功能多,实时处理能力强,可对血压、心电、脑电、细胞放电、脉搏、呼吸等生物信号进行多种处理,适用于循环、神经、呼吸、感官等系统的联机实验和资料处理。系统硬件系列化,A／D转换器及信号调理器可选配不同档次（A／D转换器分8位／20微秒和12位／10微秒两档;信号调理器分4路／8倍／手调、4路／10000倍／手调和4路／8000倍／程控三档）。程控刺激器最大输出5V,选配刺激电压输出器,可将最大输出幅度提升到40V。最近推出的并口传送接口,使系统与计算机的连接更加方便。实验软件在WINDOWS9x下运行,软件内容多,包括教学和科研的常用实验程序。系统提供的实验编辑软件,使用户能自行设计实验,大大拓宽了系统的功能。系统能同时采集4路原始信号,并能对各路信号分别作频率、直方图、微分、积分或触发积分等实时处理,还可对信号作拟合、双信息图、相关、功率谱分析及叠加平均等处理,软件包还具有BMP件生成、本件生成、DDE数据交换功能。本产品曾获上海市科技进步奖。     

分子生物学实验课程中自行设计实验的实践

自行设计实验报告是学校分子生物学实验课程考核体系的一个重要内容,由学生以小组的形式分工合作完成。报告设计的实验方案在全班进行讨论和修改,最后确定一套切实可行的实验方案。学生参与自行设计实验的每一个环节,包括试剂的选择与订购、器皿耗材的准备、试剂的配制、实验的操作和结果的处理分析等等。该实验增加了实验教学的主动性、创新性、系统性和高效性。这一研究过程拓宽了学生的知识面、提高了学生解决问题的能力,同时积累了科研工作的经验,为进入研究生阶段的工作奠定基础。     

上海嘉龙教仪厂专业生产生理、药理、生物学实验仪器

SMUP型生物信号处理系统（复旦大学上海医学院生理学教研究研制） 系统能在80586、P2、P3等微机上使用。功能多,实时处理能力强,可对血压、心电、脑电、细胞放电、脉搏、呼吸等生物信号进行多种处理,适用于循环、神经、呼吸、感官等系统的联机实验和资料处理。系统硬件系列化,A／D转换器及信号调理器可选配不同档次（A／D转换器分8位／20微秒和12位／10微秒两档;信号调理器分4路／8倍／手调、4路／10000倍／手调和4路／8000倍／程控三档）。程控刺激器最大输出5V,选配刺激电压输出器,可将最大输出幅度提升到40V。最近推出的并口传送接口,使系统与计算机的连接更加方便。实验软件在WINDOWS9x下运行,软件内容多,包括教学和科研的常用实验程序。系统提供的实验编辑软件,使用户能自行设计实验,大大拓宽了系统的功能。系统能同时采集4路原始信号,并能对各路信号分别作频率、直方图、微分、积分或触发积分等实时处理,还可对信号作拟合、双信息图、相关、功率谱分析及叠加平均等处理,软件包还具有BMP件生成、本件生成、DDE数据交换功能。本产品曾获上海市科技进步奖。     

实验的控制

生物学是一门实验性科学 ,实验的设计在中学生物学教学中的作用正日益突现其意义 ,但就总体而言 ,在目前的中学生物学教学中 ,对实验教学的重视程度不高 ,实验的软、硬件条件不到位 ,部分教师中也不乏畏难情绪。诸多因素制约了中学生物学实验的展开 ,制约了生物学教学水平的进一步提高。如何提高师生对生物学实验的认识 ,如何在操作层面上加深对生物学实验的理解 ,如何在理论上加深对科学实验意义的理解是目前的当务之急。凡科学实验 ,必须具有重复性 ,即由他人在被描述的实验场景下 ,按照实验控制的条件重复该实验并再现出相同的实验现象和…     

上海嘉龙教仪厂专业生产生理、药理、生物学实验仪器

SMUP型生物信号处理系统（复旦大学上海医学院生理学教研究研制） 系统能在80586、P2、P3等微机上使用。功能多,实时处理能力强,可对血压、心电、脑电、细胞放电、脉搏、呼吸等生物信号进行多种处理,适用于循环、神经、呼吸、感官等系统的联机实验和资料处理。系统硬件系列化,A／D转换器及信号调理器可选配不同档次（A／D转换器分8位／20微秒和12位／10微秒两档;信号调理器分4路／8倍／手调、4路／10000倍／手调和4路／8000倍／程控三档）。程控刺激器最大输出5v,选配刺激电压输出器,可将最大输出幅度提升到40V。最近推出的并口传送接口,使系统与计算机的连接更加方便。实验软件在WINDOWS9x下运行,软件内容多,包括教学和科研的常用实验程序。系统提供的实验编辑软件,使用户能自行设计实验,大大拓宽了系统的功能。系统能同时采集4路原始信号,并能对各路信号分别作频率、直方图、微分、积分或触发积分等实时处理,还可对信号作拟合、双信息图、相关、功率谱分析及叠加平均等处理,软件包还具有BMP件生成、本件生成、DDE数据交换功能。本产品曾获上海市科技进步奖。     

析因试验的调优技术

本文论述了寻找析因试验最佳响应点的方法,同时还给出了SAS计算程序.文中以橡胶树幼苗对硫~(35)的吸收试验为例,阐明响应曲面分析法的全过程.     

八种中草药抑菌试验报告

笔者采用药物平板稀释法对常州地区八种中草药进行抑菌试验,并测定其ＭＩＣ（最低抑菌浓度）,结果显示：一年蓬、小飞蓬、三叶鬼针草、朝天委陵菜、艹律草、羊蹄等有较强抑菌作用,提示可作为对革兰阳性菌和革兰阴性菌的抗菌中草药。     

在SPT实验中改善图像时-空分辨率的方法

根据ＭｉｃｒｏＭＡＸ－５ＭＨｚ－７８２Ｙ型致冷ＣＣＤ（ＰＩ公司）的特性,利用衍射光斑光强分布的特点,在提高图像采集时间分辨率的同时,有效地恢复了图像的空间分辨率,为获得满意的ＳＰＴ（Ｓｉｎｇｌｅ Ｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅ Ｔｒａｃｋｉｎｇ）实验结果打下了良好基础。     

正交拉丁方实验在猕猴桃组织培养中的应用

本文应用正交试验法对中华猕猴桃组织培养过程中培养基的Z_t、K_t和NAA浓度进行了优选。试验结果表明:Z_t的浓度变化对愈伤组织诱导率、平均丛生芽数以及平均愈伤组织重量均有极显著的影响,而K_t和NAA的浓度变化不显著。对愈伤组织诱导率的最佳配方为1.5mg/L Z_t+0.05mg/L K_t+0.95mg/L(?)NAA;对平均丛生芽数和平均愈伤组织重量的最佳配方为2.9mg/L Z_t+0.05mg/L K_t+1.5mg/L NAA。     

锌-65从三角褐指藻向紫贻贝传递的初步实验研究

从~(65)Zn为示踪元素,进行了~(65)Zn从褐指藻到贻贝的传递实验。实验进行了5天。结果表明:(1)贻贝从藻中累积锌的能力比直接从海水中累积锌的能力高41.5～72.0倍;(2)~(65)Zn从褐指藻到贻贝有明显的传递,实验第5天时的传递比率为6.18％;(3)在实验过程中,贻贝体内锌的贪量从未超过藻中的锌含量。     

THE ROLE OF PHYTOPLANKTON SIZE ON PHOTOCHEMICAL RECOVERY DURING THE SOUTHERN OCEAN IRON EXPERIMENT1

Phytoplankton primary productivity in the Southern Ocean is controlled by complex interactions among iron, light, and grazing. This project interfaced with the Southern Ocean iron experiment (SOFeX) that created two iron‐enriched patches north and south of the Polar Front each with distinct silicic acid concentrations. We used pulse amplitude modulated fluorometry and measured the recovery of the maximum quantum yield of photochemistry (F_v/F_m) for three size fractions (whole, <5, <20 μm) and light adapted quantum yield (ΔF/F′_m) for single phytoplankton cells. The rates of recovery from iron stress were found to be unrelated to average cell size for both size‐fractioned and single‐celled measurements. The smallest cells appeared to exhibit more severe iron stress at the onset of the experiment than the larger taxa. The largest response detected in regression parameters was that of the pennate diatoms, which took only ～3.4 days to reach the maximum quantum yield, whereas the centric diatom Asteromphalus sp. reached maximum ΔF/F′_m after ～10.4 days. The north patch measurements showed a different response; the smallest cells never reached maximum ΔF/F′_m, whereas the size fraction containing the largest cells did. Single‐celled measurements made nearly 30 days after the initial iron enrichment suggested that diatoms were experiencing either silicic acid or iron limitation, whereas measurements of Phaeocystis sp. did not. These data represent the first study of in situ recovery rates of PSII for groups of diatoms, and may help elucidate the mechanisms of species change in response to environmental perturbation.     

THE EIGHTY-YEAR PERIOD FOR DR. BEAL'S SEED VIABILITY EXPERIMENT

Darlington , H. T., and G. P. Steinbauer . (Michigan State U., East Lansing.) The eighty-year period for Dr. Beal's seed viability experiment. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48 (4): 321–325. 1961.—Seeds of 20 species of plants were buried 80 years ago on the Michigan State University campus. Bottles have been dug up periodically in the intervening years and the seeds tested for viability. A bottle representing the 80-year period of burial was dug up this spring and the contents distributed uniformly on the surface of sterilized soil in the greenhouse. Of the 20 species whose seeds were buried in 1879, only 3 have survivors as viable seeds. These are the same 3 that had survived the 70-year burial period, namely: curled dock, Rumex crispus; evening primrose, Oenothera biennis; and moth mullein, Verbascum blattaria. The low percentage survival of curled dock (2%) indicates that the longevity of the buried seeds of this species is nearing the end. The situation is more favorable for evening primrose, with 10% survival. The third, moth mullein, has about as many survivors as 10 years ago, a remarkably high figure of 70% viability. Since there has been no significant drop in viability of the buried seeds over the last 30 years, it seems highly probable that longevity of buried seeds of this species may extend over a century. A brief summary is given of the current status of the behavior of buried seeds, based on this and other buried seed experiments.     

腐食酪螨、粉尘螨传播霉菌的实验研究

探讨粉满能否携带、传播霉菌,对腐食酪螨(Tyrophagus putrescentiae)和粉尘螨(Dermatophagoides farinae)传播5种霉菌进行实验观察,并对自然环境中分离出的腐食酪螨和粉尘螨进行霉菌培养。结果表明,无论是实验条件下,还是自然情况下,腐食酪螨和粉尘螨均可携带、传播霉菌,两者无明显差异(p>0.05),且腐食酪螨和粉尘螨携带、传播霉菌不受其种类的影响。因此认为粉螨是携带、传播霉菌的重要媒介之一,应积极控制粉螨孳生,减少粉螨和霉菌对人类的危害。     

AN EXPERIMENT IN RABBIT CONTROL

A successful experiment in rabbit control was carried out over one year on a 300-acre farm in Pembrokeshire. The control measures adopted were trapping, gassing and ferreting, in that order. Information on rabbit density was based primarily on counts of rabbit holes and on the number of animals caught. Observations were made on the breeding state and sex ratio of the population. Successful control was attributed to the persistent application of a variety of methods, and not to any one method in particular. Gassing was equally efficient on high and low rabbit populations; the three methods of application, namely pumping, spooning and a combination of both, were found to be equally effective. Re-infestation occurred, but was checked to some extent by trapping around the boundary.
The breeding season appeared to extend from January to June, inclusive. The sex ratio was biased in favour of females throughout the experiment. An almost even sex ratio was observed in embryos.     

TRANSFER EXPERIMENT SUGGESTS ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON THE RADULA OF LITTORARIA FLAVA (GASTROPODA: LITTORINIDAE)

Phenotypic variation in radulae has been studied in severallittorinid species because of this organ's intrinsic relationshipwith diet and, consequently, with the environment. In this work,we compared the radulae of the Brazilian species Littorariaflava found in mangroves and on rocky shores. Individuals ofL. flava showed marked differences in the shape of the cuspsamong samples from rocky shore and mangrove. In a transfer experiment,the shape of the radula changed within 40 days. A differentresponse was observed in individuals transferred to mangrove,where two different phenotypes were found, suggesting eitherintrapopulational variation in the responses to change of environmentalconditions, or that some snails showed a slow reaction to theenvironmental changes. The alterations could be attributed toecophenotypic plasticity. Analysis of variance showed that thelength of the radula in L. flava was strongly influenced bythe substrate (F_6,22=17.13, P<0.000), but apparently notby the transfer experiment. (Received 3 May 2005; accepted 18 July 2005)