三维可视化软件在辽东山区森林生态系统管理中的应用

利用三维可视化软件WCS 6.0，结合林相图信息，构建了辽东山区普乐堡乡的虚拟森林景观，并模拟了4种经营管理方案(封育未成林幼抚、小面积皆伐、择伐和二次渐伐)下研究区林相的动态变化.结果表明：对幼龄林采取保育措施后，10～30龄长白落叶松的生长速度较快，大约以0.6 m·a^-1的速度生长，蒙古栎的生长速度稍慢，约为0.4 m·a-¹；小面积皆伐对林分的影响较大，二次渐伐其次，低强度的择伐对林分的影响最小.WCS 能够直观地显示各种森林经营管理方案的后果，可以为森林经营决策提供科学依据.     

贡嘎山亚高山森林自然演替特征与模拟

通过对贡嘎山典型天然林样地动态的调查和群落结构的研究,基本掌握了青藏高原东部亚高山森林植被的演替特征和过程,在自然生态竞争条件下,树木的种源通过扩散,就地下种和萌发新技产生的幼苗只有极少数能够生长成大树,在树木繁育过程中,光照,水分,温度和养分竞争是决定性条件,山地灾变干扰对森林的更新也具有重要作用,提出的贡嗄山森林演替模型（GFSM）在树木个体生命史模型的基础上重现了群落的演替动态,特别是将土壤形成与树木演变结合起来,采用随机过程模拟气候波动及单木生长死亡的不确定性,揭示了亚高山天然条件下的森林个体与群落的行动态,对于解决天然林更新与保护提供了系统的分析预测技术与理论。     

沈阳城市森林三维绿量模拟及其影响因子

为探求便捷有效的小面积城市森林三维绿量的测算方法，根据林木生长的分形原理，采用逐步回归方法获取了沈阳城市森林三维绿量的13个模拟方程，并对其影响因素进行分析.结果表明：13个模拟方程的决定系数（R²）在0.612～0.842，残差分析没有呈现明显图样，模型精度均在87%（α=0.05）和83%（α=0.01）以上，其中最便捷的模拟方程是lnY=7.468+0.926lnx1［Y为模拟三维绿量，x₁为每公顷胸高断面积（SDB）］.模拟方程的标准回归系数与16个树木特征间的相关关系显示，影响沈阳城市森林三维绿量的最主要因素是每公顷胸高断面积（SDB）.     

小兴安岭带岭林区红松阔叶林景观多样性与稳定性研究

选取具有典型代表性的黑龙江省小兴安岭带岭林业局东方红林场为研究对象,在应用地理信息系统软件对现行森林经营措施进行分析的基础上,探讨了该林场景观分类、景观变化动态分析的结果和成因,并应用马尔可夫转移模型进行景观模拟预测.结果表明,研究期间东方红林场一级分类和二级分类的景观多样性指数较低,有林地面积占整个研究区域的91%以上,构成了景观的基质;1985～1993年间,有林地优势地位加强,优势度从0.611增加到0.692,顶极群落优势度增加70%;在以择伐为主伐更新措施条件下,红松阔叶林在2041～2049年间将达到稳定状态,面积为13 120～13 242 hm²,成为当地稳定的顶极植被群落.     

基于OTC模拟的臭氧浓度升高对华山松生长的影响

利用树木年代学技术,以生长在开顶箱内的华山松为试材,研究高浓度臭氧条件下树木个体生长及典型森林生态系统的动态演变规律和适应机制.结果表明: 高浓度臭氧抑制了华山松茎节的生长, 茎节长度、直径年均生长量分别降低了35.0%和12.9%;年轮宽度生长量和年轮细胞数量分别降低11.5%和54.1%,但管胞直径的变化不明显.区域水平上,臭氧浓度的波动与当地植被生长变化(NDVI)显著相关.     

森林景观生态研究现状与展望

综述了国内外森林景观及其动态研究的4个领域：森林景观管理与景观质量控制、森林景观格局与功能相互关系、森林景观生态过程模拟模型和决策模型、河岸景观生态的研究。并进一步指出了我国在森林景观生态研究领域中存在的问题：森林景观的研究基础不足,研究手段、方法相对落后,研究案例和成果有限。同时,还提出了森林景观生态研究的发展方向。     

澳门松山公园树木健康评估

通过调查样带中树木病虫危害和藤本植物危害等指标,对澳门松山公园树木健康状况进行了评估.结果表明,本次调杳的6个样带中,2/3的样带处于生长较差状态;所调杏的900株树木中,不健康树木涉及20科23属32种,占所调查树木的18.9%.这说明整个松山公园的树木生长较差.提出维护树木健康的建议:(1)尽快研究找出树木病虫害发病机制,切断病害传播途径,彻底消除病虫害;(2)加紧对入侵植物和土著危害藤本的防治;(3)加强景观改造和植被恢复的力度,构建健康的森林群落结构;(4)建立松山公园树木健康预警机制,对树木健康动态进行长期监控.     

三江平原典型沼泽湿地蒸散发估测

2006年5—9月，利用涡度相关技术对三江平原典型沼泽湿地蒸散发进行了连续观测，在分析生长季内沼泽湿地蒸散发时间动态的基础上，采用Penman-Monteith（PM）和Priestley-Taylor（PT）模型分别模拟了沼泽湿地的日蒸散发，并利用实测值对两种模型的模拟精度进行了验证.结果表明：生长季内（5—9月），研究区沼泽湿地蒸散发具有明显的季节变化，月均日蒸散量在5月最低、7月最高；生长季内平均蒸散发为1.94 mm·d^-1，总蒸散量293 mm.生长季前期和后期，与蒸散发实测值相比，PM模型的模拟值存在明显低估现象；PT模型模拟值与实测值在整个生长季内的一致性较好，且PT模型的形式简单、所需参数少，更适于沼泽湿地的蒸散发模拟.     

基于个体的集水区森林动态模型

研制了基于个体的在景观尺度上运行的森林动态模型CFDM(individual-based catchmentscale forest dynamic model),介绍了CFDM模型的研制和检验过程,以及GIS技术的应用、气候和生理因子的参数化.对卧龙保护区一个139hm2小集水区进行了400年的模拟(包括地形数据的预处理、改进的山地小气候模型的运算和森林动态模拟).结果表明:CFDM模型能够描述林木个体的生理过程与空间分布,进而实现对整个集水区范围内森林的空间格局及其动态的模拟.     

我国森林景观生态研究进展

综述了我国森林景观生态研究的5个方面的主要内容:森林景观空间格局分析及影响因素、森林景观生态评价、规划及改造研究、森林边际效应及动态、森林景观水平上的生物多样性保护、森林景观动态模型的构建:从加强景观生态建设、促进森林可持续经营的角度,分析了当前中国森林景观生态研究领域存在的主要问题,提出了今后我国森林景观生态研究的主要动态方向.     

天山东部西伯利亚落叶松树轮生长对气候要素的响应分析

天山东部西伯利亚落叶松的树木年轮学研究可以看出：森林上限树轮宽度年表之间相关性较高而下限年表间相关稍低,表明下限小生境要素对树木生长干扰较大。森林上下限树轮年表中样本的总解释量（ESP）和信噪比（SNR）都比较高,说明树木中都含有较多的环境信息;但标准年表中平均敏感度（M．S．）和轮宽指数的标准差（S．D．）都是森林上限数值低于下限,这表明森林上限树木生长对环境变化响应的敏感性降低;相关分析和响应分析也发现森林下限生长的树木对气候因子的响应较为显著。就温度而言,森林上限和下限表现基本一致,树木生长多与温度负相关,其中下限树木生长与春季均温和3．6月份均温显著负相关;降水表现出一定的差别,上限树木生长与春季、夏季及年降水量有较高的负相关,而对下限树木生长影响最大的则是冬季和3—6月份降水。湿润指数与降水基本一致即上限呈负相关而下限正相关,温暖指数全为负相关,寒冷指数下限负相关显著;显然该地区森林上下限树木生长的生态模式存在着一定的差异。研究发现,冬春季节的不同水热组合则是形成树木年轮宽窄的限制因素;同时,前期生长的滞后效应对年轮形成有重要的影响。     

Drivers of growth variability of Hymenaea stigonocarpa,a widely distributed tree species in the Brazilian Cerrado

Dendrochronology is a valuable tool to understanding climate-growth and growth-age relationships of native tree species from tropical forests. The information obtained from growth rings can elucidate climate responses of tree-growth under the ongoing environmental changes and support the development of sustainable forest management strategies based on species and site conditions. The Cerrado, which is a vast tropical savannah ecoregion of Brazil, has precipitation seasonality capable of inducing the formation of annual tree rings in moisture sensitive woody species. Hymenaea stigonocarpa is the typical tree species in the Cerrado with proven annual tree rings. It is an important commercial species that has been massively exploited for timber causing the considerable reduction of its natural populations. This study provides information about tree age and growth trajectories as well as climatic-growth signals of H. stigonocarpa in southeastern Brazil. We sampled 13 trees for tree-ring analysis. Tree-ring measurement and analysis were conducted using standard dendrochronological techniques. Sampled trees revealed the young successional stage of the stand, with ages varying from 20 to 35 years old. Nine out of 13 trees were used to build the standard chronology (1981 to 2013) that was positively correlated with precipitation at the end of the growing season (March-April). The chronology was able to capture SST anomalies patterns related to the South American Monsoon System. Growth modeling indicated that minimum logging diameter of 10.4cm is achieved at 24 years of age. The results reported here add valuable contribution to the discussion of sustainable management strategies for Cerrado ecoregion species.     

Gap regeneration in primary evergreen broad-leaved forests with or without a major canopy tree,Distylium racemosum,southwestern Japan: A comparative analysis

Gap regeneration was studied in a typical primary evergreen broad-leaved forest withoutDistylium racemosum, at the Kasugayama Forest Reserve, southwestern Japan and the results were compared with those from other primary evergreen broad-leaved forests in southwestern Japan, whereD. racemosum was the dominant species. Several common types of gap regeneration behavior were recognized among the major tree species and forests with or withoutD. racemosum consisted of three typical regeneration guilds which could be detected in the principal component analysis.Castanopsis cuspidata frequently regenerated in gaps from saplings recruited before gap formation in the forest withoutD. racemosum, although elsewhere, in forests withD. racemosum, it lacked advanced regeneration and regenerated in gaps from saplings recruited after gap formation. Some evergreenQuercus had their regenerations in gaps of the forest withoutD. racemosum, although elsewhere, in forests withD. racemosum, evergreenQuercus might not regenerate. The results indicate that tree species may change their regeneration behavior depending on the presence or absence of another key dominant species. This suggests that the presence and the dominance of a potential competitor induces shifts in the regeneration niche of other coexisting tree species.     

Reconstruction of disturbance history of a typical broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest and mechanisms of disturbance occurrence

该文依托于小兴安岭典型阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林9 hm2森林动态监测样地,对样地内林窗边缘主要树种红松和臭冷杉(Abies nephrolepis)进行生长释放判定分析,重建了冠层树木的干扰历史。结果表明:整体上林窗木与非林窗木的生长变化百分率变化规律基本一致,而不同林窗间生长变化百分率存在明显的差异,林窗干扰及其产生的影响存在较大的变异性。在1733–1738、1748–1752、1769–1771、1798–1801、1827–1833、1841–1844、1935–1939及1968–1973年间红松生长释放较强,其中1752、1770、1800、1830、1842、1937及1970年出现了明显的干扰峰;在1889–1904、1932–1938、1947–1973和1986–2005年间臭冷杉生长释放较强,其中1894、1934、1951、1968和1990年出现了明显的干扰峰。红松干扰存在2.0 a、3.5 a、3.8 a、7.3–7.9 a和9.1–18.2 a的显著周期,臭冷杉干扰存在3.5–3.6 a、7.5–48.8 a和65–85 a的显著周期。风干扰是典型阔叶红松林干扰释放的主要因子,异常温度也影响该地区树木生长释放事件。太阳活动通过影响局地风速、温度、降水等气候因子以及其他大尺度气候模态影响林窗动态,可能是小兴安岭典型阔叶红松林的干扰机制之一。     

Using X-ray CT based tree-ring width data for tree growth trend analysis

Changes in the environment influence the growth of tree species in Europe. Understanding the drivers of these growth changes is important to predict further growth and adapt forest management. To disentangle the different drivers of growth changes, it is common practice to apply mixed modeling techniques to tree-ring width series. Mixed modeling requires precise, replicated and well cross-dated tree-ring width series. The goal of this study was to compare a recently developed ring width measuring method based on X-ray Computed Tomography images (CT scan) with the standard LINTAB measuring method and to examine whether the same growth trends are detected with both methods using common beech (Fagus sylvatica) and sessile oak trees (Quercus petraea) as a case study. Although the CT scan method has a lower resolution than LINTAB measurements, it is of interest since it measures wood density in addition to ring width and it is less laborious in comparison to standard ring width measuring methods. No significant differences in ring width were found between the two measuring methods. The small non-significant difference between the two methods could largely be explained by the drying of cores needed for CT scanning. The same growth trends were detected with both methods: for common beech and sessile oak in Southern Belgium. These findings suggest that ring widths measured on CT scan images can be used as input for long-term modeling of tree growth changes for the targeted tree species.     

目标树抚育对亚热带天然次生灌丛群落结构和多样性的影响

在浙江省临安市选择典型天然次生灌丛,分别进行封禁和目标树抚育,探讨灌丛恢复为乔木林的可能性.结果表明: 4年后,与未管护(对照)相比,封禁和目标树抚育后群落平均胸径分别提高1.3和2.6倍,平均高度分别提高0.5和1.1倍;目标树抚育林木出现了对照林分没有的4.5～8.5 cm径阶和4.5～8.5 m树高阶,形成了4 m高的新林层;灌木层物种丰富度和多样性指数没有因抚育而下降;封禁管理维持了群落的树种组成,遵循原有的演替方向;目标树抚育显著改变了群落的树种组成,提高了目的树种的重要值,近期有可能恢复成为针阔混交林群落.与封禁相比,目标树抚育在优势林木胸径和高度生长、树种组成改善等方面更能达到预想的目标.在有条件经营的情况下,可以选择目标树抚育模式对天然次生灌丛进行管理,从而达到加快群落恢复演替形成乔木林的目的.     

基于分层的典型中亚热带天然阔叶林分局部生物多样性

选择福建万木林保护区内两块典型中亚热带天然阔叶林样地为对象,按分层和不分层两种情形,研究了小尺度(20m)范围内各组成树种的单物种-面积关系(individual species-area relationship,ISAR),以探讨局部生物多样性格局及其维持机制。结果表明,两个群落的乔木层都可以划分出受光层和非受光层两个亚层。以受光层林木为圆心进行ISAR分析,发现在小尺度范围大多数受光层林木为局部生物多样性的中性种,只有个别树种在个别尺度上有显著的促进或排斥作用。研究途径避免了对非随机作用在维持局部生物多样性中的相对重要性的高估。不分层时,乔木层内同样以中性树种为主。研究结果支持小尺度范围内调查的典型中亚热带天然阔叶林的物种多样性由中性作用主导的结论。     

Classification of Pinus massoniana and secondary deciduous tree species in northern subtropical region based on high resolution and hyperspectral remotely sensed data

Aims Using remote sensing data for tree species classification plays a key role in forestry resource monitoring, sustainable forest management and biodiversity research.Methods This study used integrated sensor LiCHy (LiDAR, CCD and Hyperspectral) to obtain both the high resolution imagery and the hyperspectral data at the same time for the natural secondary forest in south Jiangsu hilly region. The data were used to identify the crown and to classify tree species at multiple levels. Firstly, tree crowns were selected by segmenting high-resolution imagery at multiple scales based on edge detection; secondly, characteristic variables of hyperspectral images were extracted, then optimization variables were selected based on the theory of information entropy. Tree species and forest types were classified using either all characteristic variables or optimization variables only. Finally, tree species and forest types were reclassified along with the tree crowns information, and the accuracy of classification was discussed. Important findings Based on all available characteristic variables, the overall accuracy for four typical tree species classification was 64.6%, and the Kappa coefficient was 0.493. The overall accuracy for forest types classification was 81.1%, and the Kappa coefficient was 0.584. Based on optimization variables only, the overall accuracy for four typical tree species classification dropped to 62.9%, and the Kappa coefficient was 0.459. The overall accuracy for forest types classification was 77.7%, and the Kappa coefficient was 0.525. Obtaining both high resolution image and hyperspectral data at the same time by integrated sensor can increase overall accuracy in classifying forest types and tree species in northern subtropical forest.     

Linking woodland key habitat inventory and forest inventory data to prioritize districts needing conservation efforts

Woodland key habitat (WKH) inventories have been conducted in northern European countries, with the aim to create networks of minimally disturbed forest stands for protection. The goal of national forest inventory is to provide information relevant to forest management, such as on forest types, trees species composition, age structure and wood volume. The aim of this study was to link these two inventory databases to identify districts of Latvia most deficient in connectivity and habitat quality, in order to prioritize districts needing conservation effort. As an example, the area of deciduous forest with nemoral tree species (oak, ash, lime, maple and elm) and aspen was chosen. These forests provide habitat for a specific community of epiphytes. Using information in the WKH database, habitat quality in different districts of Latvia was estimated by the frequencies of occurrence of structural elements and selected indicator epiphyte species in nemoral tree species and aspen WKHs. Using digital data in the national forest inventory database, fragmentation metrics were determined for forests that, according to age and tree species composition, could potentially be nemoral tree and aspen WKHs. On a regional level, the lowest habitat quality in WKH occurred in districts that had the least fragmentation of potential WKH forest. In the less fragmented areas, the habitat quality of the existing WKH will likely increase in the future, and could be promoted by management to create structural elements typical of natural forests. The districts with the most fragmented nemoral and aspen forests, contained WKHs with the best habitat quality. A focus on protection should be given to these stands as they are the most likely to support source populations, and there is a need to improve spatial continuity of suitable tree substrate in these areas.     

A joint individual‐based model coupling growth and mortality reveals that tree vigor is a key component of tropical forest dynamics

Tree vigor is often used as a covariate when tree mortality is predicted from tree growth in tropical forest dynamic models, but it is rarely explicitly accounted for in a coherent modeling framework. We quantify tree vigor at the individual tree level, based on the difference between expected and observed growth. The available methods to join nonlinear tree growth and mortality processes are not commonly used by forest ecologists so that we develop an inference methodology based on an MCMC approach, allowing us to sample the parameters of the growth and mortality model according to their posterior distribution using the joint model likelihood. We apply our framework to a set of data on the 20‐year dynamics of a forest in Paracou, French Guiana, taking advantage of functional trait‐based growth and mortality models already developed independently. Our results showed that growth and mortality are intimately linked and that the vigor estimator is an essential predictor of mortality, highlighting that trees growing more than expected have a far lower probability of dying. Our joint model methodology is sufficiently generic to be used to join two longitudinal and punctual linked processes and thus may be applied to a wide range of growth and mortality models. In the context of global changes, such joint models are urgently needed in tropical forests to analyze, and then predict, the effects of the ongoing changes on the tree dynamics in hyperdiverse tropical forests.