小兴安岭阔叶红松林不同演替系列森林细根生物量的研究

以小兴安岭地区阔叶红松林旱生演替系列的蒙古栎次生林和蒙古栎红松林、中生演替系列的枫桦次生林和枫桦红松林、湿生演替系列的白桦次生林和云冷杉红松林这6种林型为研究对象,采用土钻取样法对不同演替系列细根生物量的空间变化、垂直分布规律及其影响因子进行系统地研究。结果表明:(1)3种演替系列总细根生物量存在显著差异(P0.05)。中生演替系列生物量最高,平均达8.56 t·hm~(-2),其次是旱生演替系列8.18t·hm~(-2),湿生演替系列生物量最低,为5.79 t·hm~(-2);(2)对于不同演替系列细根生物量垂直变化,在阔叶红松林的正向演替过程中,森林细根生物量逐渐增加,且随着土层的增加而降低,拟合效果均达显著水平(P0.05),中根和粗根的垂直分布差异较大;(3)在小兴安岭地区,6块林地不同径级细根生物量与土壤有机C和全N、土壤容重、土壤含水率呈显著负相关(P0.05),而土壤p H值与细根生物量呈显著正相关性(P0.05)。     

长白山阔叶红松林带内杨桦林动态模拟

利用改进的ZELIG .CBA模型模拟了长白山杨桦林的动态变化过程 .根据红松种源的存在与否 ,将模拟分为两种方案 ,结果表明 ,红松参加演替与否决定了山杨、白桦退出林分时间的早晚 ;红松种源存在时 ,演替的最终结果是阔叶红松林 ;无红松种源时 ,演替的最终结果是阔叶混交林 ,两种林分的生物量和蓄积量相差很大     

长白山原始红松林次生演替过程中土壤微生物生物量和酶活性变化

采用空间代替时间的方法,以我国东北地区温带森林长白山原始阔叶红松林成熟林(200年)和过熟林(＞200年)及其次生演替不同阶段——白桦幼龄林(20年)、白桦中幼龄林(30年)、白桦中龄林(50年)、白桦成熟林(80年)和白桦过熟林(100年)为研究对象,分析了长白山原始阔叶红松林次生演替过程中土壤有机碳、土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷及土壤酶活性变化.结果表明:白桦幼龄林和白桦成熟林的土壤腐殖质层(A层)有机碳含量最高,分别为154.8和154.3 g·kg-1,而顶极群落原始阔叶红松林A层有机碳含量相对较低,成熟林和过熟林分别为141.8和133.4 g·kg-1.白桦中龄林和白桦成熟林的微生物生物量碳和微生物熵均高于其他林地,纤维素酶、过氧化物酶、酸性磷酸酶和纤维二糖酶的活性到中龄林和成熟林达到最高,而此阶段的多酚氧化酶活性最低,提示白桦中龄林及白桦成熟林土壤有机碳周转速度快,土壤有机碳可能处于较强的积累过程中.统计分析表明,土壤微生物生物量碳与土壤有机碳、全氮和有效磷含量之间呈极显著正相关(r分别为0.943、0.963和0.953,P＜0.01).     

长白山原始阔叶红松林不同演替阶段地下生物量与碳、氮贮量的比较

以我国东北长白山自然保护区内同一海拔水平的原始阔叶红松林及其次生林——白桦山杨成熟林和幼林为对象,对不同演替阶段林地地下生物量与碳、氮贮量进行了研究.结果表明,随着演替的进行,白桦山杨幼林、成熟林和阔叶红松林根系生物量分别为2.437、2.742和4.114 kg·m^-2,根系碳贮量分别为1.113、1.323和2.023 kg·m^-2,土壤碳贮量分别为11.911、11.943和12.587 kg·m^-2,林地地下碳贮量分别为13.024、13.266和14.610 kg·m^-2.3块林地中根系氮贮量分别为0.035、0.032和0.039 kg·m^-2,土壤氮贮量分别为1.207、1.222和0.915 kg·m^-2,林地地下氮贮量分别为1.243、1.254和0.955 kg·m^-2.在长白山地区次生林演替和恢复过程中林地地下部分是潜在的碳汇,而土壤氮贮量则没有明显的变化规律.     

长白山阔叶红松林不同演替阶段土壤团聚体粒径组成及有机碳含量变化

阔叶红松林是我国东北重要的原生群落,其土壤团聚体在森林生态系统碳固定中具有重要作用.本研究采用空间代替时间的方法,选取白桦幼龄林、白桦中龄林、白桦成熟林、阔叶红松成熟林和阔叶红松过熟林5个不同演替序列,通过湿筛法研究长白山天然针阔混交林群落恢复演替中土壤团聚体粒径组成及有机碳含量的变化.结果表明: 土壤团聚体粒径组成受演替过程影响较大,不同演替阶段下土壤团聚体各粒级所占比例差异显著.团聚体平均质量直径随演替的进行表现为先升高再降低的单峰形式,且最高点出现在白桦成熟林阶段.土壤中不同粒级的团聚体内有机碳含量随着演替的进行呈先增加后略有下降的趋势,且团聚体内有机碳含量最大值出现在阔叶红松成熟林阶段.在同一演替阶段下,0～5和5～10 cm土层(除演替末期的阔叶红松过熟林外)中的各粒径团聚体内有机碳含量都随着粒径的减小而增加,而10～20 cm土层中的各粒径团聚体内有机碳含量都随着粒径的减小而减小.从演替初期的白桦幼龄林到演替末期的阔叶红松过熟林,每个样地内的同一粒径团聚体内有机碳含量均具有明显的垂直分布特性,均随着土层深度的增加而显著降低.     

中国温带阔叶红松林不同演替系列土壤有机碳矿化特征

土壤有机碳矿化与陆地生态系统碳循环和全球气候变化关系密切,为准确评估中国温带小兴安岭阔叶红松林不同演替系列土壤有机碳矿化特征及变化规律。以年代序列法代替群落次生演替过程,采用室内恒温培养(碱液吸收法)测定阔叶红松林不同演替系列(中生演替系列、湿生演替系列、旱生演替系列)6种群落类型土壤有机碳矿化量和矿化速率。3个演替系列土壤有机碳含量均表现出一致的剖面变化特征,随着土层深度的加深有机碳矿化量逐渐降少。且不同演替系列土层间有机碳矿化量不同,中生演替系列原始阔叶红松林土壤有机碳累计矿化量最大,其次为旱生演替系列,湿生演替系列最小。3个演替系列土壤有机碳矿化速率随时间变化呈现基本一致的趋势,即培养前期快速下降、后期逐渐趋于平稳。3个演替系列6种群落类型土壤有机碳矿化差异显著,表现为原始阔叶红松林白桦次生林云冷杉红松林红松枫桦次生林蒙古栎红松林蒙古栎、黑桦次生林。阔叶红松林不同演替系列土壤有机矿化采用非线性指数拟合效果较好。阔叶红松林不同演替系列土壤有机碳矿化与土壤全氮、凋落物量显著正相关,与土壤含水率、容重、土壤酸碱度显著负相关。不同演替系列群落的演替历史、土壤质地和养分状况等生态因子是导致阔叶红松林不同演替系列土壤有机碳矿化差异的原因。     

长白山几种主要森林群落木本植物细根生物量及其动态

2005年在长白山北坡选择5种垂直植被带典型植物群落类型阔叶红松林、白桦林、山杨林、云冷杉林和岳桦林,利用钻取土芯法对细根分布及细根生物量进行了研究.研究结果表明,不同森林群落细根现存生物量存在一定的差异,其中白桦林最高,月平均细根现存生物量为5.1340 t/hm^2、其次为云冷杉林（5.0530 t/hm^2）、岳桦林（4.9255 t/hm^2）、阔叶红松林（4.4919 t/hm^2）和山杨林（3.9372 t/hm^2）;不同群落细根现存量月动态变化也有较大差异,月均最高最低相差阔叶红松林约为72﹪、白桦林近73﹪、山杨林26﹪、云冷杉林56﹪、岳桦林144﹪.在生长季节内不同群落细根发生和死亡也是不均匀的,春季所有群落都会产生大量的细根,一些群落在初秋（9月份）出现另一个较高的峰值,同时发现每次细根大量发生后,都随之产生大量细根的死亡,生长季末群落死亡细根生物量往往是最高的.调查群落72.9﹪以上的细根集中于土壤表层0～10cm的范围内,不同群落略有差别,在所研究的5种森林群落中,不同月份0～10cm土层中细根生物量几乎都表现出白桦林＞阔叶红松林＞云冷杉林＞岳桦林＞山杨林.     

长白山地区不同林型红松种群生态位特征

采用Levins、Hurlbert生态位宽度和Pianka生态位重叠计测方法,分析长白山地区不同林型红松种群生态位特征。结果表明,红松种群是长白山地区顶极群落原始阔叶红松林的优势种群,其生态位宽度呈现原始阔叶红松林白桦林落叶松阔叶混交林。相比于其他种群的生态位宽度,总体上原始阔叶红松林中耐阴树种的生态位宽度较大,阳性树种的生态位宽度较小,而次生林则相反。在生态位重叠方面,红松与各林型中其他种群表现出不完全重叠。在原始阔叶红松林和白桦林中,红松与其他乔木种群对资源有明显的共享趋势。红松与原始阔叶红松林的色木槭、紫椴、青楷槭、白桦,与落叶松阔叶混交林的紫椴、蒙古栎、长白落叶松,与白桦林的色木槭、白桦,对同一资源有相同或相似的要求,且当资源不足时会产生竞争。     

林窗模型BKPF模拟伊春地区红松针阔叶混交林采伐迹地对气候变化的潜在反应

用森林演替模型ＢＫＰＦ研究黑龙江省伊春地区红松针阔叶混交林采伐迹地上森林演替在未来５０年气候变化和ＣＯ２浓度增加的反应得出：伊春地区采伐迹地演替５０年后红松和硬阔叶树的数量增加,落叶松、山杨与白桦减少;林分密度略有降低;林分生产力增加约７％－２８％;林分地上部分总生物量增加１５％－２４％;叶面积指数增加约５％－８％,气候变化有利于采伐迹地阔叶松林恢复。     

黄土高原不同演替阶段草地植被细根垂直分布特征与土壤环境的关系

研究了黄土区不同演替阶段草地植被细根垂直分布特征与土壤环境的关系,结果表明不同演替阶段草地植被细根生物量、根长密度、表面积、直径和比根长均具有明显的垂直分布特征。细根生物量、根长密度和细根表面积一般随土层加深而逐渐减少,且集中分布于0-40cm土层;随着演替的进行,除20a弃耕地外,0—80cm土层细根生物量、根长密度和细根表面积逐渐增加;除25a弃耕地外,细根直径随演替进行逐渐减小。0～100cm土层土壤含水量随演替进行而增加,不同演替阶段深层土壤水分较表层稳定。土壤容重的变化趋势为9〈4〈15〈20〈25a弃耕地,根系对表层土壤水分和容重的影响较大,而对深层土壤水分与容重影响较少。不同演替阶段细根各参数和土壤水分、容重差异均达到显著水平。各弃耕地细根参数之间,细根参数和土壤环境因子之间存在不同程度的相关关系,土壤含水量在草本植被的不同演替阶段均是影响其细根垂直分布的关键因素。土壤容重在演替早期对草本植被根系的影响较小,随着演替进行其影响作用进一步增强。     

Size and Structure of Fine Root Systems in Old-growth and Secondary Tropical Montane Forests (Costa Rica)

The fine root systems of three tropical montane forests differing in age and history were investigated in the Cordillera Talamanca, Costa Rica. We analyzed abundance, vertical distribution, and morphology of fine roots in an early successional forest (10–15 years old, ESF), a mid‐successional forest (40 years old, MSP), and a nearby undisturbed old‐growth forest (OGF), and related the root data to soil morphological and chemical parameters. The OGF stand contained a 19 cm deep organic layer on the forest floor (i.e., 530 mol C/m²), which was two and five times thicker than that of the MSF (10 cm) and ESF stands (4 cm), respectively. There was a corresponding decrease in fine root biomass in this horizon from 1128 g dry matter/m² in the old‐growth forest to 337 (MSF) and 31 g/m² (ESF) in the secondary forests, although the stands had similar leaf areas. The organic layer was a preferred substrate for fine root growth in the old‐growth forest as indicated by more than four times higher fine root densities (root mass per soil volume) than in the mineral topsoil (0–10 cm); in the two secondary forests, root densities in the organic layer were equal to or lower than in the mineral soil. Specific fine root surface areas and specific root tip abundance (tips per unit root dry mass) were significantly greater in the roots of the ESF than the MSF and OGF stands. Most roots of the ESF trees (8 abundant species) were infected by VA mycorrhizal fungi; ectomycorrhizal species (Quercus copeyemis and Q. costaricensis) were dominant in the MSF and OGF stands. Replacement of tropical montane oak forest by secondary forest in Costa Rica has resulted in (1) a large reduction of tree fine root biomass; (2) a substantial decrease in depth of the organic layer (and thus in preferred rooting space); and (3) a great loss of soil carbon and nutrients. Whether old–growth Quercus forests maintain a very high fine root biomass because their ectomycorrhizal rootlets are less effective in nutrient absorption than those of VA mycorrhizal secondary forests, or if their nutrient demand is much higher than that of secondary forests (despite a similar leaf area and leaf mass production), remains unclear.     

青海省森林细根生物量及其影响因子

细根是植物吸收水分和养分的主要器官。全球变暖背景下,研究森林细根生物量及其环境因子的变化对生态系统碳平衡、碳收支及其贡献率具有重要意义。采用土钻法和室内分析法对青海省森林6个海拔梯度上5种林分类型的细根生物量和土壤理化性质进行测定,并分析了与环境因子之间的相互关系。结果表明:(1)青海省森林0—40 cm土层总细根生物量平均为8.50 t/hm~2,随着海拔梯度的增加先降低后升高,不同海拔梯度细根生物量差异显著(P0.05),最大值出现在2100—2400 m处。(2)5种林分0—40 cm土层总细根生物量为:白桦白杨云杉圆柏山杨,不同林分间细根生物量差异不显著。(3)细根垂直分布随土层深度增加而减少,且70%的细根集中在表层(0—20 cm)。(4)土壤容重深层(20—40 cm)显著大于表层(P0.05),并随海拔梯度逐步增加,且林分间差异较大。(5)全碳(Total carbon, TC)、全氮(Total nitrogen, TN)、全磷(Total phosphorus, TP)含量表层显著高于深层。TC、TN随海拔升高先增后降低,TP则随海拔逐步降低。不同林分间土壤养分差异较明显。(6)结构方程模型分析得到海拔、土层、容重直接影响细根生物量,细根生物量直接影响土壤养分。林分类型通过土壤容重间接影响细根生物量。因此,林分和海拔通过影响土壤微环境而影响到细根生物量及其空间分布格局。     

瓦屋山常绿阔叶次生林建群种扁刺栲的细根分布及其碳氮特征

四川瓦屋山国家森林公园是我国西部的中亚热带湿性常绿阔叶林的典型代表,具有四川现存的较为完好的扁刺栲(Castanopsis platyacantha)-华木荷(Schima sinensis)群系,该研究利用土钻法探讨了该群系内主要建群种扁刺栲标准木的细根分布及其碳氮特征。结果表明:(1)扁刺栲细根总生物量为173.62 g·m~(-2),其中活根生物量为135.29 g·m~(-2)。(2)随着土层深度的增加,扁刺栲细根生物量、根长密度、根系表面积和比根长呈下降趋势,0~30 cm土层所占比例分别为67.23%、69.53%、69.48%和57.20%;根长密度、根系表面积和比根长均随细根直径的增加而显著下降,直径小于1 mm的根系所占比例分别为58.84%、52.59%和51.36%。(3)扁刺栲细根生物量、根长和表面积消弱系数β均随根系直径的增加而增加。(4)根系C含量在第Ⅰ土层中随细根直径的增加而显著增加,在其他土层则无显著差异;直径小于2 mm的根系C含量在第Ⅰ土层中显著低于其他土层,大于2 mm的根系C含量在各土层间的差异不大。(5)根系N含量随根系直径和土层深度的增加而减少,C/N值则与之相反。该研究结果在一定程度上反映了该次生林地下细根的垂直分布及养分特征,为揭示该生态系统地下生态过程及今后在该生态系统研究环境变化对地下生态过程的影响提供了基础数据。     

米槠次生林和天然林细根养分及化学计量特征

探讨人为干扰对森林养分利用和生物地球化学循环特征的影响,对亚热带米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)次生林和天然林细根化学计量特征及其随土壤深度(0～80cm)的变化趋势进行了研究。结果表明,混合线性模型表明林分和土层深度对细根化学计量特征影响的主效应显著,但是交互作用不显著;米槠次生林细根N和P含量均显著低于天然林,而细根C浓度、C:N、C:P显著高于天然林,天然林1～2mm细根C浓度显著低于次生林;天然林和次生林细根N、P含量均随土层深度增加而呈显著下降趋势,C:N、C:P、N:P均随土层深度增加而呈显著上升趋势,且两林分下降趋势无显著差异;天然林和次生林细根N、P含量及N:P分别与土壤全N、全P含量和N:P存在线性关系,而细根N、P含量和N:P随土层深度变化均与直径显著相关,与细根比根长(SRL)无关。天然林经过人为干扰后,细根化学计量特征随土层深度变化规律虽未发生改变,但细根N和P浓度显著降低。     

中亚热带森林植物多样性增加导致细根生物量“超产”

细根在森林生态系统C分配和养分循环过程中发挥着重要作用, 但对地下细根与植物多样性之间关系的研究相对较少。该研究选择中亚热带从单一树种的杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林到多树种的常绿阔叶林(青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)-石栎(Lithocarpus glaber)林)的不同植物多样性梯度, 用根钻法采集细根并测定其生物量, 用Win-RHIZO 2005C根系分析系统测定细根形态参数, 以验证以下3个假设: 1)植物种类丰富度高的林分其细根生产存在“地下超产”现象; 2)根系空间生态位的分离水平是否随着植物多样性增多而增大? 3)细根是否通过形态可塑性对林木竞争做出响应?结果显示: 从单一树种的杉木人工林到植物种类较复杂的青冈-石栎常绿阔叶林, 0-30 cm土层的林分细根总生物量和活细根生物量均呈增加的趋势, 即细根总生物量为杉木林(305.20 g·m^-2) <马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林(374.25 g·m^-2) <南酸枣(Choerospondias axillaris)林(537.42 g·m^-2) <青冈林(579.33 g·m^-2), 活细根生物量为杉木林(268.74 g·m^-2) <马尾松林(299.15 g·m^-2) <南酸枣林(457.32 g·m^-2) <青冈林(508.47 g·m^-2), 各森林类型之间的细根总生物量差异显著(p < 0.05), 但活细根生物量差异不显著。土壤垂直剖面上, 除杉木林细根生物量随土层变化不显著外, 其他森林类型的活细根生物量和总细根生物量均随土层变化显著, 表层细根生物量随树种多样性的升高呈减小趋势, 据此推测树种间的生态位分离水平逐渐增大。植物多样性的不同对林分的细根形态及空间分布格局影响不显著, 细根形态可塑性对生物量变化响应不明显。     

帽儿山温带落叶阔叶林细根生物量、生产力和周转率

细根在森林生态系统能量流动与物质循环中占有重要地位,但其生物量、生产和周转测定尚存在很大的不确定性,而且局域尺度空间变异机制尚不清楚。本研究分析了帽儿山温带天然次生林活细根生物量和死细根生物量在0～100 cm剖面的垂直分布与0～20 cm细根的季节动态、生产力和周转率,对比了采用连续根钻法(包括决策矩阵法和极差法)和内生长袋(直径3和5 cm)估测细根生产力和细根周转率,并探讨了可能影响细根的林分因子。结果表明: 76.8%的活细根生物量和62.9%的死细根生物量均集中在0～20 cm土层,随着深度增加,二者均呈指数形式减少。活细根生物量和死细根生物量的季节变化不显著,可能与冬季几乎无降雪而夏季降雨异常多有关。2种直径内生长袋估计的细根生产力无显著差异;对数转换后决策矩阵、极差法和内生长法估计的细根生产力和细根周转率差异显著。随着土壤养分增加,活细根生物量和死细根生物量比值显著增加,死细根生物量显著减少,但活细根生物量、细根生产力和细根周转率均无显著变化;细根周转率与前一年地上木质生物量增长量呈显著正相关,但与当年地上木质生物量增长量无显著相关关系。     

Fine‐root exploitation strategies differ in tropical old growth and logged‐over forests in Ghana

Understanding the changes in root exploitation strategies during post‐logging recovery is important for predicting forest productivity and carbon dynamics in tropical forests. We sampled fine (diameter < 2 mm) roots using the soil core method to quantify fine‐root biomass and architectural and morphological traits to determine root exploitation strategies in an old growth forest and in a 54‐yr‐old logged‐over forest influenced by similar parent material and climate. Seven root traits were considered: four associated with resource exploitation potential or an ‘extensive’ strategy (fine‐root biomass, length, surface area, and volume), and three traits which reflect exploitation efficiency or an ‘intensive’ strategy (specific root area, specific root length, and root tissue density). We found that total fine‐root biomass, length, surface area, volume, and fine‐root tissue density were higher in the logged‐over forest, whereas the old growth forest had higher total specific root length and specific root surface area than the logged‐over forest. The results suggest different root exploitation strategies between the forests. Plants in the old growth forest invest root biomass more efficiently to maximize soil volume explored, whereas plants in the logged‐over forest increase the spatial distribution of roots resulting in the expansion of the rhizosphere.     

Fine root biomass and tree species effects on potential N mineralization in afforested sodic soils

The study was carried out under three types of plantation forest of 40 years, growing on infertile sodic soils, poor in organic matter and N content, of Indogangetic alluvium at Lucknow (26°45 N; 80°53 E). Fine root biomass estimated under three forests did not differ much with season, or with species (106–113 g m^-2) but varied with soil depth to 0.45 m. The proportion of very fine roots (<0.5 mm) increased with soil depth. Available N in soil was greatest under mixed forest followed by Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Acacia nilotica planted soils. N was maximum in summer season and decreased with soil depth. Nitrogen mineralization during anerobic incubation of 14 days could not be differentiated by tree species, but the monsoon season favoured the process and winter season retarded it. Mineralization decreased with soil depth corresponding to fine roots. There was a reduction in bulk density of soil, pH and EC in forested soil compared to a similar but non forested soil, whereas, organic C and total N increased in forested soils. N mineralization was found to be affected significantly with the fine root biomass and available N content in the soils, whereas negative relations of mineralized N with pH and EC were noticed, though these were not significantly different in this study.     

Effects of soil physicochemical properties and stand age on fine root biomass and vertical distribution of plantation forests in the Loess Plateau of China

The responses of aboveground parts of the forest to changes in environmental factors and stand age is well studied, but the same is not true for the belowground parts of the forest. Two plantation black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) forest sites were taken in the Loess Plateau of China, one in the drier, infertile, more sandy area of the middle Loess Plateau, and another in the wetter, fertile, more clay-filled area of the southern Loess Plateau. At each site, both a younger (8-year-old) plantation stand and an older (30-year-old) plantation stand were included to study the effects of soil physicochemical properties and stand age on the fine root (<2?mm) biomass and vertical distribution of black locust forests. Root samples were taken with soil cores to a depth of 100?cm. The fine root biomass decreased from the middle site to the southern site for both stand ages, as expected, and the decrease could be due to a higher fine root N concentration associated with a higher fine root turnover rate at the southern site. There was a similar rooting pattern, though not deeper, in the drier, sandy site as predicted based on soil water infiltration and evaporation demands. The different effects of stand characters (e.g., tree density, tree height) on the fine root distribution as compared with the environmental properties may contribute partly to the similar pattern found in the two sites. The fine root biomass increased with stand age in both sites. In contrast to the evident difference in fine root biomass, there was no clear trend in the fine root vertical distribution pattern with stand age. Our results indicate that fine roots are likely to respond to changes in soil physicochemical properties and stand age by changing fine root biomass rather than by varying rooting pattern.