几种微生态制剂治疗婴幼儿腹泻病的疗效评价

目的：评价微生态制剂治疗婴幼儿腹泻病的临床疗效,为合理应用微生态制剂治疗婴幼儿腹泻提供指导。方法：对婴幼儿腹泻病患儿住院治疗期间应用微生态制剂治疗情况进行回顾性调查,运用Kaplan—Meier(K—M)法对不同微生态制剂治疗婴幼儿腹泻病的临床疗效进行时间—效应分析。结果：470例婴幼儿腹泻病患儿住院治疗期间,有453例患儿有应用微生态制剂治疗,占96．4％;其中,选用培菲康、整肠生的病例最多,分别有237例和198例;多种微生态制剂联合应用有83例(18．32％)。K—M法分析显示：培菲康治疗婴幼儿急性腹泻病的疗效优于整肠生组及多种微生态制剂联合应用组;无论是急性腹泻病,还是迁延性、慢性腹泻病,多种微生态制剂联合应用治疗的临床治愈时间均不优于单用微生态制剂组。结论：适当应用微生态制剂有助于婴幼儿腹泻的恢复,但盲目采用多种微生态制剂联合治疗并不能提高临床疗效,甚至不利于婴幼儿腹泻病的康复。     

微生态制剂的临床研究现状

在简述微生态制剂的类型和菌种的基础上,从屏障作用、营养作用、免疫调节作用、抗肿瘤作用等方面综述了微生态制剂的作用机制和微生态理论,并从预防治疗各种腹泻、结肠癌、动力障碍性疾病、肝硬化以及某些自身免疫性疾病等方面综述了微生态制剂在临床上的应用,继而指出了应用注意事项,展望了前景。     

微生态制剂的作用机制和临床应用

人体微生态系统对维持机体健康状态、预防和治疗疾病方面具有极其重要的作用。近的睐,临床上抗生素和免疫抑制剂的大量使用,造成微生态系统失衡从而引起疾病发生的病例越来越多。调节机体正常菌群平衡的微生态制剂开始受到广泛的关注和重视。1991年Fuller将微生态制剂定义为促进肠道菌群平衡的活的细菌性食品添加剂。目前常被用作微生态制剂的菌种有以下几种：双歧杆菌属、乳酸杆菌属、肠球菌亚种、类细菌亚种、杆菌亚种和链球菌亚种等。本文仅就微生态制剂的作用机制和临床应用方面的研究近况作一介绍。     

微生态制剂的应用现状及展望

微生态制剂无残留、无副作用、不产生抗性,是理想的抗生素替代品,有着广泛的应用前景。介绍了微生态制剂的分类,综述了国内外近几年微生态制剂在保健食品、普通食品、医药、动物饲料中的应用现状和开发情况,分析了微生态制剂研究存在的问题,并探讨了微生态制剂的发展前景。     

动物微生态制剂研究应用进展

动物微生态制剂是在动物微生态理论指导下,采用已知有益的微生物所制成的生物制品或活菌制剂。综述了动物微生态制剂的产生起源、益生菌和微生态制剂的概念、微生态制剂所用菌株、作用机制、国内外应用现状及发展前景。     

微生态制剂研究进展

微生态制剂无副作用、无残留、不产生抗性,是理想的抗生素替代品,有着广泛的应用前景。本文综述了国内外近几年微生态制剂的研究现状和开发情况,分析了微生态制剂研究热点及存在的问题,探讨了微生态制剂的发展前景。     

微生态制剂干预肠易激综合征患者疗效meta分析

目的对微生态制剂干预肠易激综合征患者的疗效进行系统性分析,指导临床用药。方法联机检索Medline、维普、万方数据库、CNKI、CBMdisc中微生态制剂治疗肠易激综合征疗效的随机对照临床试验,对文献质量进行严格评价和资料提取,对符合质量标准的RCT进行Meta分析。结果共有7项研究符合入选标准,其中5项研究提示微生态制剂干预肠易激综合征患者疗效不优于安慰剂,2项研究认为微生态制剂有效改善患者的临床症状,荟萃结果表明微生态制剂可以有效缓解肠易激综合征临床症状[OR(95%CI):1.66(1.27,2.18)]。结论微生态制剂可以有效缓解肠易激综合征临床症状。     

乳酸杆菌微生态制剂的研究进展

本研究主要从微生态制剂的概念、乳酸杆菌制剂的作用机制、临床应用及目前存在的问题和发展前景等方面进行论述,以期对乳酸杆菌微生态制剂的进一步发展提供理论依据.     

水产养殖饲用微生态制剂研究进展

微生态制剂作为新型饲料添加剂,能够有效调节水产动物营养保健和微生态平衡,减少抗生素使用,是理想的抗生素替代品,对保障高效种养殖、食品安全及环境可持续发展意义重大。我国饲用微生态制剂应用起步较晚且发展较慢,仍面临着难点和挑战。本文介绍了微生态制剂及饲用益生菌在鱼、虾及海参养殖中的应用,基于优良益生菌选育、培养条件优化及混合菌株发酵与制剂应用等生物技术研究现状,总结了近年来水产养殖饲用微生态制剂的研究进展,并对未来微生态制剂研究重点和发展前景进行了展望。     

动物微生态制剂在宠物领域的应用现状及研究进展

动物微生态制剂是在动物微生态理论指导下,采用益生菌制成的活菌制剂。本文主要结合国内外的研究资料,对动物微生态制剂在宠物领域的应用现状、研究进展及存在的问题进行综述。     

A cytogenetic survey of men being investigated for subfertility.

A study of 336 men attending a subfertility clinic but otherwise unselected, and a further 12 men studied as a part of the investigation of the female partner, revealed 10 with major chromosome anomaly and 3 with unambiguous chromosomal variants. In addition to those with sex chromosome aneuploidy, an extra, small marker chromosome and D/D Robertsonian translocations, anomalies which have been reported in other studies, there were 7 men with rearrangements, including a paracentric inversion of chromosome 7 and an X/21 reciprocal translocation. These would have been difficult or impossible to identify without good banded preparations, suggesting that such rearrangement may be more frequent in association with subfertility than was appreciated.     

乳酸杆菌代谢产物对引起阴道炎常见细菌的抑制作用的初步探讨

目的探讨乳酸杆菌代谢产物对临床常见引起阴道炎的大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌、伤寒杆菌和肠球菌的抑菌作用。方法采用营养琼脂平板培养基定量涂菌,国际标准药敏杯给药的药敏试验法,检测乳酸杆菌代谢产物对大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌、伤寒杆菌和肠球菌的抑菌环的大小。结果乳酸杆菌代谢产物对大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和伤寒杆菌有明显的抑菌作用,对肠球菌、白色念珠菌无抑菌作用。结论在临床上可应用乳酸杆菌及其制剂调节阴道微生态平衡,治疗细菌性阴道炎。     

Tubulovesicular structures within vesicular stomatitis virus G protein-pseudotyped lentiviral vector preparations carry DNA and stimulate antiviral responses via Toll-like receptor 9

Recombinant lentiviral vectors (LVs) are commonly used as research tools and are being tested in the clinic as delivery agents for gene therapy. Here, we show that Vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSV-G)-pseudotyped LV preparations produced by transient transfection are heavily contaminated with tubulovesicular structures (TVS) of cellular origin, which carry nucleic acids, including the DNA plasmids originally used for LV generation. The DNA carried by TVS can act as a stimulus for innate antiviral responses, triggering Toll-like receptor 9 and inducing alpha/beta interferon production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC). Removal of TVS markedly reduces the ability of VSV-G-pseudotyped LV preparations to activate pDC. Conversely, virus-free TVS are sufficient to stimulate pDC and act as potent adjuvants in vivo, eliciting T- and B-cell responses to coadministered proteins. These results highlight the role of by-products of virus production in determining the immunostimulatory properties of recombinant virus preparations and suggest possible strategies for diminishing responses to LVs in gene therapy and in research use.     

Critical considerations for the development of potency tests for therapeutic applications of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived small extracellular vesicles

Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) have been widely tested against many diseases, with more than 1000 registered clinical trials worldwide. Despite many setbacks, MSCs have been approved for the treatment of graft-versus-host disease and Crohn disease. However, it is increasingly clear that MSCs exert their therapeutic functions in a paracrine manner through the secretion of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) of 50–200 nm in diameter. Unlike living cells that can persist long-term, sEVs are non-living and non-replicative and have a transient presence in the body. Their small size also renders sEV preparations highly amenable to sterilization by filtration. Together, acellular MSC-sEV preparations are potentially safer and easier to translate into the clinic than cellular MSC products. Nevertheless, there are inherent challenges in the development of MSC-sEV drug products. MSC-sEVs are products of living cells, and living cells are sensitive to changes in the external microenvironment. Consequently, quality control metrics to measure key identity and potency features of MSC-sEV preparations have to be specified during development of MSC-sEV therapeutics. The authors have previously described quantifiable assays to define the identity of MSC-sEVs. Here the authors discuss requirements for prospective potency assays to predict the therapeutic effectiveness of the drug substance in accordance with International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use guidelines. Although potency assays should ideally reflect the mechanism of action (MoA), this is challenging because the MoA for the reported efficacy of MSC-sEV preparations against multiple diseases of diverse underlying pathology is likely to be complex and different for each disease and difficult to fully elucidate. Nevertheless, robust potency assays could be developed by identifying the EV attribute most relevant to the intended biological activity in EV-mediated therapy and quantifying the EV attribute. Specifically, the authors highlight challenges and mitigation measures to enhance the manufacture of consistent and reproducibly potent sEV preparations, to identify and select the appropriate EV attribute for potency assays despite a complex “work-in-progress” MoA and to develop assays likely to be compliant with regulatory guidance for assay validation.     

Variability of NPH Insulin Preparations

In 1968-69 certain juvenile diabetics receiving NPH insulin began having pre-breakfast glucosuria and mid-morning hypoglycemic reactions. A mail survey of our clinic population and a study done at the Quebec camp for diabetic children in 1969 revealed that certain lot numbers were associated with poor control and that a change to new lot numbers or alternate insulin preparations resulted in better control. “Suspect” insulin preparations and non-suspect insulins were given to newly diagnosed diabetics, and plasma insulin and glucose levels were measured over a 24-hour period. The data confirmed that the “suspect” insulins were causing early hypoglycemia and failing to control hyperglycemia during the latter hours of the 24-hour period. The lower glucose levels were associated with higher plasma insulin levels. The “suspect” insulins were further found to have elevated levels of free insulin in the supernatant fluid.The requirements for quality control of modified insulin preparations are reviewed and suggestions are offered for their improvement.     

The effect of arginine and its metabolites on tissue culture of rat myocardium

In was demonstrated using the method of organotypic culture that arginine and its metabolites: cutrulline, ornitine and especially urea, in ultralow doses stimulated the myocardium proliferation in mature rats. Only nitric oxide (NO) possessed the antiproliferative effect. The cytrulline effect was similar to the arginine effect. The metabolism of these amino acids is intimately interrelated so the cytrulline can be used in the clinic practice as an "argininepreserved" preparation. The antiproliferative NO effect can be delayed by thiole-containing preparations: glulathione and unithiole.     

Ageing of fixed cytological preparations produces degradation of chromosomal DNA

When fixed chromosome preparations were allowed to age for 1-72 h, they became progressively more susceptible to digestion by exonuclease III and by S1 nuclease. Analysis of DNA from these aged preparations on agarose gels showed that the molecular weight of the DNA decreased as ageing progressed. We conclude that DNA in fixed chromosome preparations becomes progressively degraded as the preparations age.     

The current trends in the development of new immunobiological preparations

In this article information on the main immunobiological preparations, including vaccines and toxoids, phages, eubiotics, preparations obtained on the basis of antibodies, immunomodulators, new adaptogens of different origin, is presented. The problem of the development of new diagnostic preparations and biosensors whose action is based on specific immunological reactions is discussed. The expected use of more effective, more natural, as well as free from many drawbacks, modern immunobiological preparations in the medical practice of the XXI century is emphasized.     

In Vivo Production, Stabilization, and Infectivity of Baculovirus Preoccluded Virions

Wild-type and polyhedrin-negative isolates of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus were replicated in fifth-instar Trichoplusia ni larvae. Insect tissues infected with wild-type virus contained two types of virions that are highly infectious when ingested, those occluded in polyhedra and preoccluded virions. Tissue infected with the polyhedrin-negative virus contained only preoccluded virions. The relative potencies of the two types of infected tissue were determined by dose-mortality bioassays by using the neonate droplet feeding procedure. On a fresh weight basis, preparations of tissues infected with the polyhedrin-negative virus were approximately four times more potent than equivalent preparations of tissue infected with wild-type virus. Approximately half of the observed potency of the wild-type-virus preparations was due to polyhedra, and the remaining activity was due to preoccluded virions present in the tissue. The potency of the polyhedrin-negative preparations was not reduced significantly by lyophilization. The polyhedrin-negative isolate produced about 60% more infectious virus per unit of larval weight than did the wild-type isolate. The ability to produce large amounts of high-potency viral preparations in larvae and the convenience of being able to lyophilize the preparations for long-term storage shows promise for the use of preoccluded virus preparations as biopesticides.     

Attraction of Mexican fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) to bacteria: effects of culturing medium on odour volatiles

Effects of culturing medium on production and emission of volatiles by Pantoea agglomerans (Beijerinck 1888) Gavini et al. 1989 preparations and on attractiveness of the preparations to the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens Loew, were investigated. Bacterial cultures in each of four biochemically different types of liquid media emitted different volatiles. Cultures in a medium containing uric acid as its primary nitrogen source emitted more ammonia and 2‐nonanone than the other media. We postulate that the high production of ammonia was because of uricase activity by this uricase (+) strain. Regardless of media type, supernatants emitted more volatiles than preparations containing cells that had been removed from whole cultures and put into distilled water. Attractiveness varied little with biochemical make‐up of the culturing medium although the uric acid and carbohydrate preparations were as a group more attractive than preparations made from the other two media. Supernatants and whole cultures generally were more attractive than cell preparations and non‐inoculated media. Bacteria grown in aqueous uric acid‐based media emitted volatiles similar but not identical to those emitted by bacteria grown on gel (agar or solid) uric acid‐based media in Petri plates.