植物开花时间：自然变异与遗传分化

开花时间是植物的重要生活史性状。对模式植物的研究表明： 从感受内外环境信号开始到最终分化形成功能性花器官的过程涉及复杂的信号转导途径和调控网络; 开花时间受多种因子的调控, 而FT基因作为整合途径成分起到非常关键的作用。植物的花期变异在物种、群体和个体水平上具有复杂的自然变异模式, 且不同植物的花期变异随全球环境变化而具有不同的变异趋势。植物个体之间通过传粉进行的基因交流需要功能性开花时间的一致或重叠, 而花期变异会导致群体之间或群体内部亚群体之间的基因流障碍和遗传分化, 并可能导致邻域或同域的物种形成。该文分析了植物花期变异与群体遗传分化的关系, 认为决定开花时间的基因在物种分化中可能起到关键的作用, 而对开花时间自然变异模式的研究对于揭示晚近分化快速辐射物种的进化模式具有重要意义。     

大气CO2浓度升高对花蜜及传粉昆虫的影响

植物依赖昆虫传授花粉,昆虫从植物获得花粉和花蜜作为食物,两者在漫长的进化过程中形成了密切的互惠共生关系.大量研究表明,CO2浓度升高对植物花蜜的产量和组成有显著的影响.CO2浓度增加后,有花植物花蜜的产量和组分在不同物种之间的变化差异很大,即使是种内不同基因型植株的花蜜对CO2浓度增加的反应也有所不同.大部分种类花蜜的...     

植物开花时间: 自然变异与遗传分化

开花时间是植物的重要生活史性状。对模式植物的研究表明: 从感受内外环境信号开始到最终分化形成功能性花器官的过程涉及复杂的信号转导途径和调控网络; 开花时间受多种因子的调控, 而FT基因作为整合途径成分起到非常关键的作用。植物的花期变异在物种、群体和个体水平上具有复杂的自然变异模式, 且不同植物的花期变异随全球环境变化而具有不同的变异趋势。植物个体之间通过传粉进行的基因交流需要功能性开花时间的一致或重叠, 而花期变异会导致群体之间或群体内部亚群体之间的基因流障碍和遗传分化, 并可能导致邻域或同域的物种形成。该文分析了植物花期变异与群体遗传分化的关系, 认为决定开花时间的基因在物种分化中可能起到关键的作用, 而对开花时间自然变异模式的研究对于揭示晚近分化快速辐射物种的进化模式具有重要意义。     

国家自然科学基金委员会生命科学部2004年度资助重点科学基金项目一览表

项　目　名　称申请者姓名单　位　名　称链霉菌分化与发育中重要基因的调控机制谭华荣中国科学院微生物研究所通过进化生物学途径从植物共生放线菌中寻找强生理活性化合物沈月毛中国科学院昆明植物研究所稻属中的杂交和多倍化及其进化意义葛　颂中国科学院植物研究所细胞质遗传的机理、进化及其在真核细胞起源中的作用苏都莫日根北京大学眼子菜属植物的自然杂交与进化郭友好武汉大学高等植物远缘杂交诱导的表观遗传变异(epigenetic variation)刘　宝东北师范大学　现象及其在物种进化和新种形成中的作用中国水生植物区系组成与地理分布格局…     

转座子插入宿主基因在稻属中的分布式样及其适应意义的初探

转座子在各类真核生物基因组中都占有很高的比例,它们对宿主基因组特别是关联的基因在结构、功能和进化上都起着重要的作用。基于生物信息学分析,本研究选择了水稻基因组中2个被转座子插入的宿主基因,通过PCR扩增和琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析,获得了转座子在稻属16个代表物种94份材料中的插入式样。结果表明,这2个转座子在稻属中的分布式样与插入时间不同,基因三DG-＆02926349中的转座子在AA-基因组的物种中全部存在,基因LOC-Os02945130中的转座子则插入稻属AA-基因组的部分物种中,与AA-基因组的物种的系统发育关系相吻合。转座子在宿主基因组中不同的分布与保留式样以及插入后已经固定在不同地理来源的群体中,暗示了它们在物种进化过程中对宿主基因可能存在适应性意义。     

灵长类苦味受体基因研究进展

在鲜味、甜味、苦味、咸味和酸味5种味觉形式中,苦味能避免动物摄入有毒有害物质,在动物的生存中发挥着特别重要的作用。苦味味觉的产生依赖于苦味物质与苦味受体的相互作用。苦味受体由苦味受体基因Tas2rs编码,此类基因在不同物种中数量变化较大以适应不同的需求。目前的研究在灵长类中鉴别出了若干苦味受体的配体,并发现有的苦味受体基因所经受的选择压在类群之间、基因之间甚至同一基因不同功能区之间都存在着变化。本文从苦味受体作用的多样性特点,受体与配体的对应关系、受体基因进化模式与食性之间的关系、苦味受体基因的适应性进化方面对灵长类苦味受体基因进行了综述,以期为苦味受体基因在灵长类中的深入研究提供参考。     

植物AP1基因研究进展(综述)

AP1(APETALA1)基因属于植物花分生组织特征基因和花器官形态特征基因,在控制植物花分生组织特性与花器官的形成过程中起着重要的作用。本文综述了近年来植物AP1基因结构、功能、表达调节及其与物种进化关系研究的新进展,并对其在果树上的应用研究进行分析和展望。     

绿豆VrWOX基因家族鉴定及表达分析北大核心CSCD

WOX(WUSCHEL-related homebox)基因家族是植物特有的一类转录因子,是同源盒(homeobox,HB)转录因子超家族中的重要成员。WOX基因在植物干细胞调节及生殖发育过程中具有重要作用,其功能已在多个植物物种中鉴定。然而绿豆(Vigna radiate)VrWOX基因家族信息尚不清楚。本研究通过同源比对和聚类分析,在绿豆基因组中鉴定了42个VrWOX基因。VrWOX基因在绿豆染色体中分布不均,其中7号染色体含有的VrWOX数量最多。VrWOX基因分为古老进化支(19个VrWOX)、中等进化支(12个VrWOX)和年轻进化支(WUSCHEL进化支,11个VrWOX)3个亚类。种内和种间共线性分析发现,VrWOX基因共有12个重复事件,与拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)AtWOX有15个同源基因对,与菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris)PvWOX有22个同源基因对。VrWOX基因在基因结构、保守基序等方面存在很大差异,因而可能存在功能差异。VrWOX基因启动子区域含有不同种类和不同数量的顺式作用元件,导致VrWOX基因在不同组织中表现出不同的基因表达模式。本研究对VrWOX基因家族信息和表达模式进行了分析,为绿豆VrWOX基因功能和调控网络的解析奠定了一定的理论依据。     

基于系统发育分析的DNA条形码技术在澄清芍药属牡丹组物种问题中的应用

清晰的物种概念是材料正确鉴定的基础,是DNA条形码技术应用的前提.本文通过芍药属牡丹组植物DNA条形码数据的系统发育分析,揭示牡丹组植物的进化谱系及其与分类上“物种”的关系.在此基础上分析DNA条形码技术在牡丹组植物中应用的可能性.同时,以芍药科芍药属牡丹组植物为例,讨论DNA条形码技术在应用中存在的问题与解决方案.研究材料包括牡丹组植物目前已知的几乎所有的变异类型（种或种下分类群）共40份.DNA序列来自叶绿体基因组ndhF,rps16-trnQ,trnL-F和trnS-G4个基因,共有（含插入/缺失）5040个位点,包含96个变异位点,其中信息位点69个;核基因组GPAT基因2093~2197bp,变异位点（含插入/缺失）总数279个,其中信息位点148个.叶绿体基因组与核基因组所揭示的包括四川牡丹、矮牡丹、卵叶牡丹和紫斑牡丹在内的进化线与根据形态所建立的物种限定不吻合：（ⅰ）叶绿体基因分化明显但核基因没有明显分化——四川牡丹和紫斑牡丹的各居群系统;（ⅱ）核基因分化显著而叶绿体基因分化很小——矮牡丹和卵叶牡丹.因为这些居群系统之间存在一定程度的地理隔离,但不存在生殖隔离,出现这种两个基因组数据背离的现象可能是由于不同居群系统在进化历史中捕获了其他居群系统的叶绿体基因组.这些基因作为牡丹组植物DNA条形码的适合性分析显示,叶绿体基因在种间或居群系统之间的变异是种或居群系统内变异的4.82倍,GPAT基因在种间或居群系统之间的变异是种或居群系统内变异的2.21倍,说明这些基因可作为牡丹组植物的DNA条形码.种间或居群系统之间完全分化位点的统计结果表明,这些种或居群系统之间存在相互区别所必需的位点.通过牡丹组植物DNA条形码分析,认为：（ⅰ）物种概念对DNA条形码技术能否成功应用有十分重要的影响,拟应用DNA条形码的类?     

基于系统基因组学分析揭示早期陆生植物的复杂网状进化关系

植物由水生走向陆生的进化过程中经历了非常复杂的演化,期间产生的大量基因的进化路线可能互不相同,因此仅仅使用系统发育树无法呈现真实的演化关系。系统发育网络图能够清楚地展示包括垂直演化和水平演化在内的复杂网状进化关系。本文选取莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)和4种陆生植物,利用系统基因组学的方法,筛选得到1,668个一对一直系同源基因,重新构建了陆生植物的系统发育网状进化关系。结果发现,使用不同的分析策略所得到的系统发育树不同;对1,668个基因单独分析,发现存在15种不同的拓扑结构;对5个物种筛选得到的直系同源基因进行系统发育网络分析显示,在非常稳健的系统发育网络图中,仅仅5个物种就存在9个不同的分离支,暗示着非常复杂的网状进化关系;而且藻类植物与苔藓植物和石松类植物的分离支之间差异很小,这可能是产生系统发育树冲突的原因之一,也暗示着早期陆生植物发生了复杂的辐射演化。     

Conserved structure and function of the Arabidopsis flowering time gene CONSTANS in Brassica napus

The Arabidopsis thaliana CONSTANS (CO) gene which promotes flowering in long days was recently isolated by chromosome walking. The mapping of QTLs controlling flowering time in Brassica species has identified genomic regions that contain homologues of the CO gene. Four genes homologous to the Arabidopsis CO gene were isolated from a pair of homoeologous loci in each of two doubled-haploid Brassica napus lines displaying different flowering times, N-o-1 and N-o-9. The four genes, BnCOa1, BnCOa9, BnCOb1 and BnCOb9, are located on linkage groups N10 and N19, and are highly similar to each other and to the Arabidopsis CO gene. Two regions of the proteins are particularly well conserved, a N-terminal region with two putative zinc fingers and a C-terminal region which may contain a nuclear localization signal. All four genes appear to be expressed in B. napus. The BnCOa1 allele was shown to complement the co-2 mutation in Arabidopsis in a dosage-dependent manner causing earlier flowering than in wild type under both long- and short-day conditions.     

The evolution of CONSTANS-like gene families in barley,rice, and Arabidopsis

The CO (CONSTANS) gene of Arabidopsis has an important role in the regulation of flowering by photoperiod. CO is part of a gene family with 17 members that are subdivided into three classes, termed Group I to III here. All members of the family have a CCT (CO, CO-like, TOC1) domain near the carboxy terminus. Group I genes, which include CO, have two zinc finger B-boxes near the amino terminus. Group II genes have one B-box, and Group III genes have one B-box and a second diverged zinc finger. Analysis of rice (Oryza sativa) genomic sequence identified 16 genes (OsA-OsP) that were also divided into these three groups, showing that their evolution predates monocot/dicot divergence. Eight Group I genes (HvCO1-HvCO8) were isolated from barley (Hordeum vulgare), of which two (HvCO1 and HvCO2) were highly CO like. HvCO3 and its rice counterpart (OsB) had one B-box that was distantly related to Group II genes and was probably derived by internal deletion of a two B-box Group I gene. Sequence homology and comparative mapping showed that HvCO1 was the counterpart of OsA (Hd1), a major determinant of photoperiod sensitivity in rice. Major genes determining photoperiod response have been mapped in barley and wheat (Triticum aestivum), but none corresponded to CO-like genes. Thus, selection for variation in photoperiod response has affected different genes in rice and temperate cereals. The peptides of HvCO1, HvCO2 (barley), and Hd1 (rice) show significant structural differences from CO, particularly amino acid changes that are predicted to abolish B-box2 function, suggesting an evolutionary trend toward a one-B-box structure in the most CO-like cereal genes.     

Comparative mapping in Arabidopsis and Brassica, fine scale genome collinearity and congruence of genes controlling flowering time

The model dicotyledonous plant, Arabidopsis thaliana , is closely related to Brassica crop species. It is intended that information concerning the genetic control of basic biological processes in Arabidopsis will be transferable to other species. Genome collinearity and its potential to facilitate the identification of candidate genes in Arabidopsis homologous to genes controlling important agronomic traits in Brassica was investigated. Genetic mapping in B. nigra identified two loci influencing flowering time (FT), with loci on linkage groups 2 and 8 explaining 53% and 12% of the total variation in FT, respectively. The CO gene exerts an important control over FT in A. thaliana , and B. nigra homologues of CO probably also play an important role in regulating FT. B. nigra homologues of CO were identified on linkage groups 2 and 8, the homologue on group 2 was coincident with the major locus controlling FT while the homologue on group 8 was within the 90% confidence interval of the weaker FT gene. The CO homologue on group 2 exhibits abundant allelic variation suggesting that it naturally controls a wide range of flowering times. Fine-scale A. thaliana/B. nigra comparative mapping demonstrated short-range collinearity between the genomes of Arabidopsis and Brassica . Eleven DNA fragments spaced over a 1.5 Mb contig in A. thaliana were used as RFLP probes in B. nigra . Three collinear representations of the A. thaliana contig were identified in B. nigra , with one interrupted by a large chromosomal inversion. Collinearity over this range will allow the resources generated by the Arabidopsis genome project to facilitate map-based cloning in Brassica crops.     

Flowering time and transcriptome variation in Capsella bursa-pastoris (Brassicaceae)

? Flowering is a major developmental transition and its timing in relation to environmental conditions is of crucial importance to plant fitness. Understanding the genetic basis of flowering time variation is important to determining how plants adapt locally. ? Here, we investigated flowering time variation of Capsella bursa-pastoris collected from different latitudes in China. We also used a digital gene expression (DGE) system to generate partial gene expression profiles for 12 selected samples. ? We found that flowering time was highly variable and most strongly correlated with day length and winter temperature. Significant differences in gene expression between early- and late-flowering samples were detected for 72 candidate genes for flowering time. Genes related to circadian rhythms were significantly overrepresented among the differentially expressed genes. ? Our data suggest that circadian rhythms and circadian clock genes play an important role in the evolution of flowering time, and C. bursa-pastoris plants exhibit expression differences for candidate genes likely to affect flowering time across the broad range of environments they face in China.     

Comparative genetics of flowering time

Analysis of genes controlling flowering time (heading date) contributes to our understanding of fundamental principles of plant development and is of practical importance because of the effects of flowering time on plant adaptation and crop yield. This review discusses the extent to which plants may share common genetic mechanisms for the control of flowering time and the implications of such conservation for gene isolation from the major cereal crops. Gene isolation may exploit the small genome of rice in map-based approaches, utilizing the conservation of gene order that is revealed when common DNA markers are mapped in different species. Alternatively, mechanisms may be conserved within plants as a whole, in which case genes cloned from the model dicot Arabidopsis thaliana provide an alternative route.     

Elevated CO2 influences the expression of floral-initiation genes in Arabidopsis thaliana

Atmospheric CO(2) concentration ([CO(2)]) is rising on a global scale and is known to affect flowering time. Elevated [CO(2)] may be as influential as temperature in determining future changes in plant developmental timing, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms that control altered flowering times at elevated [CO(2)]. Using Arabidopsis thaliana, the expression patterns were compared of floral-initiation genes between a genotype that was selected for high fitness at elevated [CO(2)] and a nonselected control genotype. The selected genotype exhibits pronounced delays in flowering time when grown at elevated [CO(2)], whereas the control genotype is unaffected by elevated [CO(2)]. Thus, this comparison provides an evolutionarily relevant system for gaining insight into the responses of plants to future increases in [CO(2)]. Evidence is provided that elevated [CO(2)] influences the expression of floral-initiation genes. In addition, it is shown that delayed flowering at elevated [CO(2)] is associated with sustained expression of the floral repressor gene, FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), in an elevated CO(2)-adapted genotype. Understanding the mechanisms that account for changes in plant developmental timing at elevated [CO(2)] is critical for predicting the responses of plants to a high-CO(2) world of the near future.     

荠菜LEAFY同源基因的克隆与进化分析

LEAFY同源基因是高等植物花的分生组织分化的重要调节基因。根据已发表的LEAFY同源基因序列保守区设计引物,以荠菜(Capsellabursa-pastoris(L.)Medic.)基因组DNA序列为模板,克隆了一条长2866bp的LEAFY同源基因。序列分析表明,该基因含有3个外显子和2个内含子,外显子编码424个氨基酸组成的多肽。其单个外显子核苷酸序列与拟南芥(Arabidopsisthaliana)LEAFY基因同源性在90%以上,氨基酸序列同源性为86%,而与琴叶拟南芥(Ara-bidopsislyrata)的氨基酸序列同源性高达90%。不同植物物种的LEAFY同源氨基酸序列在C端高度保守,而N端则有较大程度的变异。3个外显子进化速率不同可能是由于所受选择压力不同所致。存在于荠菜CapLFY基因346位上的精氨酸突变可能是造成荠菜两种生态型花期不同的原因。