基于功能分类的城市湿地公园景观格局--以西溪湿地公园为例

以西溪国家湿地公园为研究案例,从景观功能分类入手,揭示城市湿地公园景观格局与功能特征。结果表明:(1)西溪湿地公园是以生态保护为主,兼顾合理利用为基本功能特征,其生态保护功能区面积占整个公园的53.7%,旅游休闲区面积占46.3%;(2)西溪湿地公园生态保护功能斑块在整个公园中所占面积为42.08%,且面积大、形状复杂、多样性较低;旅游休闲斑块面积占25.41%,并且表现为斑块面积小、形状规则、多样性高等特点;(3)西溪湿地公园生态保护廊道面积是旅游休闲廊道面积的一半左右,其网络结构比旅游休闲廊道复杂,有利于生态保护功能的发挥;(4)生态保护廊道缓冲区内主要由生态保护斑块组成,旅游休闲廊道的缓冲区内生态功能斑块和旅游休闲斑块所占面积相差不大。基于功能分类的景观格局研究方法有利于识别景观功能的空间特征,能够有效揭示景观生态保护与利用的空间关系。     

基于RS和GIS技术的湿地景观格局变化研究进展

湿地是自然界最富生物多样性的生态景观,具有独特的生态结构与功能,蕴含的丰富资源为人类生存与发展提供了物质保证.湿地景观格局是各种生态过程综合作用的结果,湿地景观格局研究是湿地生态学领域研究的热点问题,目前RS和GIS技术的结合已成为湿地景观格局变化研究的重要途径和手段.本文从RS和GIS技术支持下的湿地景观格局研究方法、湿地景观格局指数和湿地景观格局演变驱动力等方面综述了国内外湿地景观格局变化的研究进展,探讨了RS和GIS技术相结合在湿地景观格局变化监测研究、湿地景观格局指数选取与应用以及自然和人为共同作用的驱动机制问题中的应用,指出目前研究中存在的不足,并对未来的研究进行了展望.     

3S与模型方法在湿地景观格局研究中的应用述评

湿地景观格局研究是景观生态学和全球变化研究领域中的热点问题。3S技术与模型方法相结合,已成为湿地景观格局研究重要的途径与手段。论文首先介绍了景观格局研究的3S与模型方法的基本进展,在此基础上综述和评价了3S技术与模型方法支持下的湿地景观格局的研究方法及其应用。重点探讨了遥感数据源的选择与分类、基于GIS的湿地基础参数的获取与使用、景观指数模型与动态模型在定量表征和解释湿地景观格局与时空变化方面的应用等几个方面的问题,最后分别就提高遥感分类与制图精度、构建指数模型筛选体系以及增强景观模型特别是动态模型的应用与解释能力等方面提出了建议与研究展望。     

基于景观格局的胶州湾大沽河口湿地生态安全

以胶州湾大沽河口湿地为研究区,利用TM遥感影像为数据源,运用ENVI 4.4软件在GIS技术支持下,提取1986、2002和2010年研究区自然湿地、人工湿地、非湿地3大景观类型的空间信息;运用景观格局指数原理和方法构建生态安全指数,定量分析研究区景观动态变化,阐明景观格局变化下,生态安全状况及驱动机制.结果表明:1986-2010年,研究区在自然与人为双重干扰下陆地面积萎缩,斑块数增多,优势景观消失,景观趋于复杂化、破碎化、分离化;1986-2010年,人类活动对景观干扰愈加明显,景观干扰指数与生态安全指数存在负相关性,研究区各景观损失度上升,生态安全指数下降,其中以自然湿地中河流与河口湿地和芦苇湿地景观的恶化程度最大.基于面积因素构建的各景观生态安全度依次为:非湿地＞人工湿地＞自然湿地;新建并发育的人工林景观和新整合的少海东湖人工湿地公园,在一定程度上弥补了研究区的生态损失,缓和了生态保护与经济发展之间的矛盾,探索出一条湿地保护新型道路.     

基于生态功能评价的湿地景观格局优化及其效应——以江苏盐城海滨湿地为例

景观格局与生态过程是景观生态学研究的重要内容,基于生态功能和过程影响的景观格局优化是提高景观效益和稳定性重要方法之一。选择江苏盐城海滨地区为研究对象,应用遥感和GIS技术,对2007年湿地景观生态系统服务功能进行定量分析,并采用阻力面模型研究景观格局优化途径。结果显示:(1)湿地景观生态功能强度空间差异性显著,影响区域湿地景观生态过程和功能。(2)以累积耗费距离面、生态源地、耗费路径为依据,构建源地、生态廊道和生态节点等景观组分优化景观格局。(3)景观格局优化改善景观连通度和生态流,废黄河口附近和大丰港附近等关键区域对景观连通性和生态流重要值最大,景观连通性受到显著影响,是景观生态节点优化的首要对象。(4)加强保护核心斑块源地、提高景观连通度是实现景观格局优化的关键。该研究结果为区域土地利用和生态环境保护提供科学的依据。     

基于协同发展的北方湿地公园生态修复技术研究——以琉璃河湿地公园为例

以北京房山区琉璃河湿地公园为例, 针对该区水质污染严重、水生态退化及景观单一等问题, 统筹考虑区域生态环境特征及历史文化底蕴, 以水质改善、水生态健康稳定、水景观协调为目标, 基于水环境水生态、水景观“三位一体+”的生态综合治理理念, 采用水系廊道连通、人工湿地及构建水生态系统等一系列适合区域环境特点的关键技术, 逐步实现河流湿地水系连通、河湖水质提升、恢复水生态、打造水景观, 建设成集水文调蓄、生物多样性保护、水质净化及休闲娱乐为一体的城市湿地公园, 协同湿地保护与城市发展战略需求。湿地公园生态修复方案可为北方湿地公园的生态修复提供相应的借鉴。     

淡水湿地种子库的研究方法、内容与展望

种子库是指存在于土壤表面和土壤中全部存活种子的总和.种子库的研究是深入探讨湿地植被结构、功能与动态等方面的重要基础,同时也是对湿地生物多样性研究的一个重要补充,对于了解植被演替动态、植被更新和受损湿地植被重建与恢复具有指导意义.本文结合国内外淡水湿地种子库研究现状,对湿地种子库的形成、研究方法以及湿地种子库时空格局、种子库与地表植被的关系、水文变化对湿地种子库的影响、湿地种子库在湿地恢复中的应用等主要研究内容进行了系统的总结;同时对湿地种子库的时间动态、种子库的分类、种子库与地表植被的关系、湿地恢复重建及湿地景观营造等研究进行了展望.     

湿地景观格局与水文过程研究进展

湿地是由陆地和水生生态系统的各种生态过程在不同尺度上综合作用的结果,具有显著的空间异质性.景观格局分析作为主要研究工具,有助于理解空间上的生态学过程.湿地水文过程决定了各种湿地类型的形成与维持,影响湿地的生物类群,导致湿地景观格局变化.湿地生物对湿地水文过程及理化环境具有反馈作用,从而控制湿地水文过程.通过湿地景观格局变化对水文过程的影响以及湿地水文过程变化对湿地景观格局的作用等互相关联的2个方面,探讨湿地系统景观格局与水文过程间的耦合机制,将成为今后湿地研究中的重点.     

基于BP神经网络与ETM+遥感数据的盐城滨海自然湿地覆被分类

高效而精确的湿地遥感分类是大范围湿地资源动态监测与管理的必要保障。本研究使用ETM 遥感数据,借助Matlab神经网络工具箱,构建了基于BP神经网络的滨海湿地覆被分类模型,并将其应用于江苏盐城沿海湿地珍禽国家级自然保护区的核心区的自然湿地覆被分类研究中。本研究选择3、4、7、8波段作为输入层变量,单隐藏层设为10个节点,输出层变量对应待划分的8种覆被类型,构建三层式BP神经网络滨海湿地覆被分类模型。结果显示,BP分类总精度为85.91%,Kappa系数为0.8328,与最小距离法和极大似然法的分类总精度相比,分别提高了7.99%和6.08%,Kappa系数也相比提高。研究结果表明,BP神经网络分类法是一种较为有效的湿地遥感影像分类技术,能够提高分类精度。     

景观分类的研究进展与发展趋势

景观分类既是景观结构、过程和功能研究的基础,又是开展景观评价、规划、保护和管理的前提条件,直接影响景观研究结果的精度和实用性.本文综述了国内外景观分类系统、理论、方法体系等,总结了目前研究中存在的主要问题和不足.同时系统介绍了LANMAP、MUFIC等景观分类体系.最后指出基于功能结构形态分类思想以及综合考虑景观分类实用目的、景观功能、景观结构、自然地理因子、人类活动的干扰强度等多种因素的定性和定量综合分类方法是未来该研究领域的发展方向;综合运用地学图件、3S技术、数学定量模型、计算机人工智能、专业学科知识等多种方法以提高景观分类体系的科学性和分类结果的精度水平,将是未来景观分类研究的重点和发展趋势.     

The hydrogeomorphic approach to functional assessment of riparian wetlands: evaluating impacts and mitigation on river floodplains in the U.S.A.

1. The ’hydrogeomorphic‘ approach to functional assessment of wetlands (HGM) was developed as a synthetic mechanism for compensatory mitigation of wetlands lost or damaged by human activities. The HGM approach is based on: (a) classification of wetlands by geomorphic origin and hydrographic regime (b) assessment models that associate variables as indicators of function, and (c) comparison to reference wetlands that represent the range of conditions that may be expected in a particular region. In this paper, we apply HGM to riparian wetlands of alluvial rivers. 2. In the HGM classification, riverine wetlands are characterized by formative fluvial processes that occur mainly on flood plains. The dominant water sources are overbank flooding from the channel or subsurface hyporheic flows. Examples of riverine wetlands in the U.S.A. are: bottomland hardwood forests that typify the low gradient, fine texture substratum of the south-eastern coastal plain and the alluvial flood plains that typify the high gradient, coarse texture substratum of western montane rivers. 3. Assessment (logic) models for each of fourteen alluvial wetland functions are described. Each model is a composite of two to seven wetland variables that are independently scored in relation to a reference data set developed for alluvial rivers in the western U.S.A. Scores are summarized by a ’functional capacity index‘ (FCI), which is multiplied by the area of the project site to produce a dimensionless ’functional capacity unit‘ (FCU). When HGM is properly used, compensatory mitigation is based on the FCUs lost that must be returned to the riverine landscape under statutory authority. 4. The HGM approach also provides a framework for long-term monitoring of mitigation success or failure and, if failing, a focus on topical remediation. 5. We conclude that HGM is a robust and easy method for protecting riparian wetlands, which are critically important components of alluvial river landscapes.     

小微湿地研究综述:定义、类型及生态系统服务

小微湿地作为一个"新兴"的概念，受到学者和政策制定者的日益关注。虽然小微湿地面积较小，但是却发挥着独特的生态功能。针对小微湿地的深入研究，有助于进一步拓展湿地科学的研究尺度，促进学科体系发展。介绍了小微湿地研究兴起的背景，总结了小微湿地的面积范围和分类体系，归纳了小微湿地的累加作用和景观特征，着重分析了小微湿地在维持关键物种种群、提供生物迁移踏脚石、调节雨洪、改善水质，以及营造城乡优美景观等方面提供的生态系统服务。提出未来需要进一步加强小微湿地生态过程和相关机理研究，将小微湿地建设与现行湿地保护体系和城乡生态环境建设有机结合，促进小微湿地建设的有序和可持续发展。     

Developing a wetland-type classification system in the Republic of Korea

Though there are wetlands listed by the IUCN and wetland protection areas designated by the government, it is presumed that there would be more wetlands in Korea when they are surveyed and classified according to international wetland criteria, but a considerable amount of area is yet to be identified. Therefore, in order to conduct a systematic status survey on the wetlands of Korea, a wetland classification system needs to be developed first. The objectives of this paper include reviewing international wetland classifications and mapping systems of the USA, Germany, the Netherlands, Japan and North Korea and developing a wetland classification and mapping system appropriate to Korea based on an understanding of the major case examples of wetland types. Then, the developed system was applied to the Phanmun field watershed located at the western DMZ in Korea to conduct a case study. The overall process of a wetland classification and mapping system developed in this study is undertaken as the following from step 1 to step 5. First, wetlands are identified based on three parameters: hydrology, hydrophytes and hydric soil. Second, wetland delineation distinguished wetland areas and non-wetland areas by identifying wetlands through a field survey. Third, an ecological survey is conducted in order to classify wetland characteristics and types for the target area. Ecological survey items include the topography, landscape, biota, pollutant sources and land use status. Fourth, a wetland classification is developed through a hybrid approach based on HGM (the hydrogeomorphic method). Level 1 is classified into inland, estuarine and costal areas. Level 2, the target area, is classified as an eco-region at a watershed level, and level 3 is classified into depression, riverine, slope, flat and fringe areas based on a HGM approach. Level 4 is classified into detailed wetland types based on specific characteristics of wetlands. Level 5 is classified into marsh and swamp based on grasslands and shrubs and forest trees. Level 6 indicates the dominant vegetation communities.

Assessing,with limited resources,the ecological outcomes of wetland restoration: a South African case

Resources for evaluating the ecological outcomes of ecosystem restoration projects are often limited, especially within government‐funded programs. In order to rapidly assess the ecological outcomes of wetland restoration, an improved approach has been developed, which was applied in the assessment of the ecological outcomes at nine restoration sites of South Africa's Working for Wetlands program. The sites encompass a diversity of restoration problems and land use contexts. The approach begins by distinguishing hydrogeomorphic (HGM) units, for which ecological condition is assessed and reported for hydrology, geomorphology, and vegetation pre‐ and post‐restoration. These three components are closely linked but, as demonstrated at some of the sites, may respond differentially to restoration interventions. For most HGM units, overall ecological condition was improved by between 10 and 30%, with the greatest contribution of restoration generally being to the hydrology component. Having determined the integrity and costs of the interventions, cost‐effectiveness is then reported in South African Rands per hectare equivalent restored, which was found to vary by more than an order of magnitude across the HGM units assessed. Cost‐effectiveness must be interpreted in the light of the long‐term integrity of the interventions, the site's landscape context, and the contribution of restoration to ecosystem services provision. Some sites may be considerably less cost‐effective than others, but the cost may nonetheless be justified if the sites make key contributions to ecosystem services provision. The study was conducted in the context of a formative evaluation and the findings are envisaged to improve wetland restoration practice.     

Developing an index of wetland condition from ecological data: An example using HGM functional variables from the Nanticoke watershed,USA

Demand for data on the ecological condition of wetlands is increasing as state and federal management programs recognize its value in reporting on the ambient condition of the resource, targeting restoration and protection efforts, evaluating the effects of mitigation and restoration practices, supporting regulatory decisions, and tracking the impact of land use decisions. We developed an approach for generating a single measure of wetland condition from ecological variables used in hydrogeomorphic (HGM) assessment. An Index of Wetland Condition (IWC) was developed from HGM field data collected to assess freshwater, non-tidal flat, riverine, and depression wetlands in the Nanticoke River watershed. The HGM variables were screened and scored based on a range check, responsiveness, and metric redundancy, employing a method used to develop indices of biotic integrity. Weights of the individual variables were adjusted to reflect our understanding of wetland ecology and to include variables that represented the vegetation, hydrology, and buffer of a wetland. The final IWC score discriminated high, medium, and low site disturbance classes in flat and riverine wetlands and high and low disturbance classes in depressions, one-way ANOVA F-values ranged from 44.5 to 79.1 (all p <0.0001). The combination of the IWC and HGM assessments provides a comprehensive evaluation of the wetland resource. HGM produces information on specific wetland functions. The IWC concisely conveys the ecological condition of the resource and maximizes the utility of the data collected in an HGM assessment.     

Regional prediction of wetland degradation in South Africa

Wetland assessments in South Africa continue to be undertaken at the scale of individual wetlands, while ultimately a landscape assessment is required for broader regional planning. The aim of this research was to develop probability models of degradation per wetland type using landscape-scale predictor variables. Condition data for a total of 463 seep, floodplain and valley bottom (channelled and unchannelled) hydrogeomorphic (HGM) units was combined with data for 21 potential explanatory variables for land cover, infrastructure and catchment physiography. Multiple logistic regression models to estimate the probability of degradation per HGM type were investigated at three different spatial levels (1,000?m buffer radius; 100 and 1,000?km² scales). Models at the intermediate scale were most useful and only these are reported. Percent natural vegetation, road density, population density and altitude, together with anthropogenic land use (cultivation and forestry plantation area) were important predictors of wetland condition, and differed per HGM type. Regional patterns of degradation within quaternary catchments in KwaZulu-Natal were dissimilar for each HGM type. There is potential to refine and extend the models for application at a national level, and to predict actual condition scores using ordinal logistic regression based on larger datasets.     

Efficacy of the hydrogeomorphic model (HGM): A case study from western Tennessee

Hydrogeomorphic models (HGM) for wetland classification and functional assessment have been developed for several regions in the United States. However, validation of models is lacking, even though models are already in use and the general idea is that each is a working model, developing over time with new ideas and information. We examined the HGM developed for western Tennessee using novel data collected from six stream systems, two channelized, two channelized and leveed, and two unchannelized. The western Tennessee HGM has the ability to differentiate altered and unaltered rivers based mainly on changes to hydrologic floodplain functions, although functional capacity index values were validated from independent measures. Effects of channelization were confounded in western Tennessee by other disturbances, channel recovery processes, and variability due to levee construction. Levees render the greatest change to floodplains as they disconnect the channel and floodplain system, decreasing water tables and possible exchanges. One of the main factors controlling productivity along channels without levees was sedimentation. We recommend that estimated rates of sedimentation be incorporated into an updated version of the HGM. Variability of human alterations and natural floodplain heterogeneity suggest landscape factors (e.g., beta diversity, degree of ponding) and use of gradient indices may result in greater resolution for determining functional capacity of low gradient, riverine systems.     

Hierarchical spatial organization and prioritization of wetlands: a conceptual model for wetland rehabilitation in South Africa

Wetland rehabilitation planning needs to take into account many different aspects of the wetland and its context. In South Africa, much emphasis is placed on the delivery of ecosystem services, poverty relief and skills development for those involved in labour-intensive rehabilitation measures. A framework is presented that facilitates decision-making with regards to wetland rehabilitation planning. This starts with prioritizing which wetlands need attention within a catchment. This is followed by decisions regarding which rehabilitation measures would be effective in improving certain ecosystem services based upon the aims of rehabilitation and the social context of the surrounding catchment. The functional unit that is most suitable to work with for rehabilitation is the Hydrogeomorphic (HGM) Unit, defined as a section of a wetland with more or less uniform hydrological and geomorphological characteristics. An individual wetland may comprise several HGM units, and a HGM Unit itself can be sub-divided into several smaller habitat or vegetation units. Different rehabilitation measures have been identified which are appropriate for the different scales in this spatial framework. Two case studies are presented as examples of how this spatial framework impacts upon the decisions made by the rehabilitation practitioner.