HIV-1整合酶核心区可溶性表达及抑制剂筛选

为了实现HIV-1整合酶蛋白核心区 (central core domain of integrase, IN-CCD) 的可溶性表达,并建立以IN-CCD为靶点的抑制剂体外筛选方法,从包含F185K突变HIV-1 IN基因的质粒中经PCR扩增得到含有F185K突变的IN-CCD基因,克隆到pET28b载体上构建重组质粒pIN-CCD,转化pIN-CCD至E. coli BL21 (DE3)中经IPTG诱导、表达,Ni-亲和层析纯化,获得IN-CCD蛋白。修饰DNA底物,以链亲和素包被的磁珠为载体捕获DNA产物,结合酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)检测IN-CCD的去整合活性,并筛选以IN-CCD为靶点的抑制剂。结果表明重组蛋白IN-CCD实现了高效可溶性表达,纯化后蛋白纯度达95%。建立的ELISA可以检测IN-CCD的去整合活性,且方法特异性和灵敏度好,可以实现高通量抑制剂筛选。从100个样品中筛选得到5个具有初步抑制IN-CCD去整合活性的样品。     

HIV-1整合酶的功能及其抑制剂的研究进展

I型人类免疫缺陷病毒（human immunodeflciency virustype1,HIV-1）在宿主细胞内经逆转录得到的cDNA,由整合酶（integrase,ry）催化插入到宿主基因组DNA中,该过程称为整合过程。整合是HIV-1复制周期中不可缺少的步骤,对于病毒的复制至关重要,因此对整合酶的抑制能够有效地起到抗HIV的作用。该文综述了整合酶的结构与功能以及目前关于整合酶抑制剂的最新研究进展。     

HIV-1整合酶去整合活性高通量检测方法的建立

HIV-1整合酶催化病毒DNA与宿主细胞基因组整合,是病毒复制所需的关键酶之一,也是抗病毒药物研发的重要靶点.IN及其核心结构域均能在体外催化去整合反应.本研究表达纯化了IN和IN-CCD蛋白,建立了一种检测IN和IN-CCD去整合活性的微孔板式高通量方法.设计了生物素和地高辛修饰的去整合DNA底物,运用链亲和素标记的珠子捕获反应产物,再通过酶标地高辛抗体及随后的酶联免疫吸附实验方法对地高辛定量以检测去整合.结果显示,IN和IN-CCD催化的去整合反应信号（A405）分别达到1.6和1.2,而背景信号值低于0.05;IN去整合反应更倾向于使用Mn2＋而不是Mg2＋作为金属辅助离子;研究还发现,已知的IN抑制剂baicalein是IN-CCD抑制剂.以上结果表明,本工作建立的检测方法能高通量、高灵敏度和高特异性地研究去整合反应,并能够应用于以IN为靶点,特别是以IN-CCD为靶点的HIV抑制剂的筛选.     

用分子模拟方法研究HIV-1整合酶突变体的耐药性机理

二酮酸类化合物(DKAs)是目前最有前景的HIV-1整合酶(integrase, IN)抑制剂．为了解DKAs引起的多种耐药株共有的耐药性机理,选择3种S-1360引起的IN耐药突变体,用分子对接和分子动力学模拟,研究了野生型和突变型IN与S-1360的结合模式,基于该结合模式探讨了3种耐药突变体所共有的耐药性机理．结果表明：在突变体中,S-1360结合到耐药突变IN核心区中的位置靠近功能loop 3区却远离与 DNA结合的关键残基,结合位置不同导致S-1360的抑制作用部分丧失;残基138到166区域的柔性对IN发挥生物学功能很重要,S-1360能与DNA结合的关键残基N155及K159形成氢键,这2个氢键作用降低了该区域的柔性,突变体中无类似氢键,因而该区域柔性增高;在突变体中,S-1360的苯环远离病毒DNA结合区,不能阻止病毒DNA末端暴露给宿主DNA;T66I突变导致残基Ⅰ的长侧链占据IN的活性口袋,阻止抑制剂以与野生型中相同的方式结合到活性中心,这均是产生抗药性的重要原因．这些模拟结果与实验结果吻合,可为抗IN的抑制剂设计和改造提供帮助．     

基于包膜蛋白和Tat蛋白筛选HIV-1细胞融合抑制剂的高效方法

旨在建立一个细胞-细胞融合系统,高效筛选对HIV-1病毒细胞-细胞间传播有抑制作用的药物。构建了p EGFP-Tat质粒,将p EGFP-Tat质粒和HIV-1包膜质粒共转染HEK-293T细胞,成为表达Tat蛋白和包膜蛋白的效应细胞,然后与表达CD4及辅助受体和β-半乳糖苷酶、荧光素酶双报告基因的靶细胞TZM-bl融合,建立了细胞-细胞融合系统,并进行条件优化,确定了最佳的融合体系。用阳性融合抑制剂maraviroc以及没有融合抑制作用的AZT和raltegravir作用于该体系,证明该系统可以特异性有效筛选具有细胞融合抑制作用的药物。用该系统测试了8个样本,发现两种样品对融合有一定的抑制作用。该方法背景值低,特异性强,可用来高效筛选具有切断HIV-1病毒细胞-细胞间传播作用的抗病毒药物。     

分子信标方法研究HIV-1整合酶3'加工反应动力学

HIV-1整合酶催化病毒cDNA与宿主细胞基因组DNA的整合,是病毒在宿主细胞中增殖的一个关键酶.3'加工是整合酶催化整合过程的第一步反应,3'加工反应动力学的研究对整合酶催化机理研究和以整合酶为靶点的药物研发都具有重要意义.构建了野生型HIV-1整合酶重组质粒,在大肠杆菌BL21中诱导表达,通过对包涵体变性、复性,纯化得到了整合酶蛋白.基于分子信标原理,设计了荧光和淬灭基团标记的DNA底物,通过荧光信号实时监测3'加工反应,对酶反应的动力学性质进行研究.结果表明,纯化的整合酶蛋白具有较高的活性,酶反应表现出显著的Mg2+偏好性.酶动力学研究(Km=131.79 nmol/L,Kcat=0.0042 min-1)表明,该分子信标方法和设计的DNA底物可用于整合酶3'加工反应动力学研究以及酶反应性质的研究.     

计算机辅助设计抗HIV-1整合酶抑制剂的研究进展

HIV-1整合酶是HIV-1生命周期中必不可少的酶之一,已成为目前最具潜力的抗HIV药物设计的靶点之一。2007年,Merk公司研发的MK-5108作为首个整合酶抑制剂药物被美国食品药物管理局批准上市,标志着整合酶抑制剂研究的重大突破,也激发了抗HIV-1整合酶抑制剂研究的新一轮高潮。计算机辅助药物设计(computer-aided drug design,CADD)具有效率高、成本低等特点,基于计算机辅助手段合理药物设计已取得了很大的进展。文章综述了近几年来计算机辅助设计抗HIV整合酶抑制剂及耐药机理方面的研究进展。     

HIV-1整合酶及其抑制剂的研究进展

HIV-1整合酶是由HIV病毒pol基因编码的分子量为32KD的蛋白质,是HIV病毒复制的必需酶之一,它催化病毒DNA整合入宿主染色体DNA。人类细胞中没有HIV 整合酶的类似物[1],理论上抑制整合酶对人体副作用很小。因此HIV-1整合酶成为继HIV-1蛋白酶,逆转录酶后治疗艾滋病的富有吸引力和合理的靶标。本文综述了HIV整合酶结构,抑制剂的研究以及以HIV-1 整和酶为靶点治疗AIDS方法的最新研究进展。     

分子信标方法研究HIV-1整合酶3'加工反应动力学

HIV-1整合酶催化病毒cDNA与宿主细胞基因组DNA的整合,是病毒在宿主细胞中增殖的一个关键酶。 3'加工是整合酶催化整合过程的第一步反应,3'加工反应动力学的研究对整合酶催化机理研究和以整合酶为靶点的药物研发都具有重要意义。构建了野生型HIV-1整合酶重组质粒,在大肠杆菌BL21中诱导表达,通过对包涵体变性、复性,纯化得到了整合酶蛋白。 基于分子信标原理,设计了荧光和淬灭基团标记的DNA底物,通过荧光信号实时监测3' 加工反应,对酶反应的动力学性质进行研究。 结果表明,纯化的整合酶蛋白具有较高的活性,酶反应表现出显著的Mg²⁺偏好性。 酶动力学研究 (K_m = 131.79 nmol/L,K_cat = 0.0042 min ^-1) 表明,该分子信标方法和设计的DNA底物可用于整合酶3'加工反应动力学研究以及酶反应性质的研究。     

Sp100与HIV-1整合酶互作并抑制其介导的病毒整合

Sp100是核颗粒ND10的组成蛋白,在哺乳动物细胞中广泛存在．Sp100参与多种细胞生理病理过程,如转录调控、细胞内抗病毒免疫等．利用酵母双杂交系统,我们发现了Sp100的互作蛋白HIV-1整合酶,免疫共沉淀实验进一步证实了Sp100与 HIV-1整合酶的互作,细胞内荧光共定位实验也证实了二者在细胞内部分共定位．此外,突变体实验表明,Sp100的C端300～480氨基酸和HIV-1的催化结构域是两个蛋白质的互作区域．利用siRNA降低细胞内Sp100的表达量,可以增加HIV-1整合酶介导的病毒的整合,反之,细胞内过表达Sp100则会降低HIV-1整合酶介导的病毒的整合．这是首次发现Sp100可以和HIV-1整合酶发生相互作用,并进而抑制病毒的整合．我们发现了Sp100作为HIV-1整合酶互作蛋白的新功能,并扩展了细胞防御病毒感染的相关研究．     

Naphthyridinone (NTD) integrase inhibitors 4. Investigating N1 acetamide substituent effects with C3 amide groups

A series of N1 acetamide substituted naphthyridinone HIV-1 integrase inhibitors have been explored to understand structure–activity relationships (SAR) with various C3 amide groups. Investigations were evaluated using integrase enzyme inhibition, antiviral activity and protein binding effects to optimize the sub-structures. Lipophilicity was also incorporated to understand ligand lipophilic efficiency as a function of the structural modifications. Three representative analogs were further examined in a peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) antiviral assay as well as in vitro and in vivo drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies.     

Characterization of Mutant HIV-1 Integrase Carrying Amino Acid Changes in the Catalytic Domain

To gain insight into the importance of conserved residues in the core domain of HIV-1 IN, we performed site-directed mutagenesis of the full-length enzyme, overexpressed the mutant proteins in E. coli, purified and analyzed their 3-processing, integration and disintegration activities in vitro. Change of E152V in the DD(35)E motif abolished all detectable activities of IN. Alteration of two highly conserved residues, P145 and K156, by isoleucine, resulted in a substantial loss or completely abolished the three activities of the enzyme. Mutant P90D weakly reduced the 3-processing but severely affected the two other IN activities. Results obtained from double and triple mutations, P90D/P145I and P145I/F185K/C280S, clearly suggest a crucial role of P145 in the catalytic function of IN, whereas the mutants V150E, L158F and L172M had no detectable effect on any of the IN activities. Taken together, these results allowed us to conclude that all the conserved amino acids in the core domain of IN are not equally important for catalytic functions: like D64, D116 and E152, our data suggest that P90, P145 and K156 are also essential for all three enzymatic activities of HIV-1 IN in vitro, whereas V150, L158 and L172 appear to be less critical.     

Rous Sarcoma Virus Synaptic Complex Capable of Concerted Integration Is Kinetically Trapped by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors

We determined conditions to produce milligram quantities of the soluble Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) synaptic complex that is kinetically trapped by HIV strand transfer inhibitors (STIs). Concerted integration catalyzed by RSV integrase (IN) is effectively inhibited by HIV STIs. Optimized assembly of the RSV synaptic complex required IN, a gain-of-function 3′-OH-recessed U3 oligonucleotide, and an STI under specific conditions to maintain solubility of the trapped synaptic complex at 4 °C. A C-terminal truncated IN (1–269 residues) produced a homogeneous population of trapped synaptic complex that eluted at ∼151,000 Da upon Superdex 200 size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). Approximately 90% of input IN and DNA are incorporated into the trapped synaptic complex using either the C-terminally truncated IN or wild type IN (1–286 residues). No STI is present in the SEC running buffer suggesting the STI-trapped synaptic complex is kinetically stabilized. The yield of the trapped synaptic complex correlates with the dissociative half-life of the STI observed with HIV IN-DNA complexes. Dolutegravir, MK-2048, and MK-0536 are equally effective, whereas raltegravir is ∼70% as effective. Without an STI present in the assembly mixture, no trapped synaptic complex was observed. Fluorescence and mass spectroscopy analyses demonstrated that the STI remains associated with the trapped complex. SEC-multiangle light scattering analyses demonstrated that wild type IN and the C-terminal IN truncation are dimers that acted as precursors to the tetramer. The purified STI-trapped synaptic complex contained a tetramer as shown by cross-linking studies. Structural studies of this three-domain RSV IN in complex with viral DNA may be feasible.     

Design and synthesis of novel pyrimidone analogues as HIV-1 integrase inhibitors

A series of novel pyrimidone analogues have been designed and synthesized as HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitors. This study demonstrated that introducing a substituent in the N1-position of the pyrimidone scaffold does not significantly influence IN inhibitory activity. Molecular docking studies showed these compounds could occupy the IN active site and form pi–pi interactions with viral DNA nucleotides DC16 and DA17 to displace reactive viral DNA 3′OH and block intasome activity.     

HIV整合酶在大肠杆菌中的表达纯化及其应用

采用pThioHisB系统表达HIV-1整合酶P31蛋白,目的蛋白的表达量达到菌体蛋白的30%左右。通过包涵体洗涤和离子交换层析,蛋白纯度高于95%。用纯化后的P31抗原制备成条带免疫试纸条,检测HIV参考品血清时表现了很好的灵敏度和特异性。本研究为进一步开发HIV-1血清学诊断试剂盒奠定了基础。     

Active site binding modes of the beta-diketoacids: a multi-active site approach in HIV-1 integrase inhibitor design

Predicting a bioactive conformation of a ligand is of paramount importance in rational drug design. The task becomes very difficult when the receptor site possesses a region with unusual conformational flexibility. Significant conformational differences are present in the active site regions in the available crystal structures of the core domains of HIV-1 integrase (IN). Among all reported IN inhibitors, the β-diketoacid class of compounds has proved to be of most promise and indeed S-1360 was the first IN inhibitor to enter clinical studies. With an aim to predict the bioactive (active site bound) conformation of S-1360, we performed extensive docking studies using three different reported crystal structures where the active site or partial active site region was resolved. For comparison we extended our studies to include 5CITEP (the first compound cocrystallized with IN core domain) and a bis-diketoacid (BDKA). We found that the conformation of S-1360 when bound in one of the active sites matches that of the experimentally observed results of IN escape mutants resistant to S-1360. Therefore, we propose that this active site conformation is the biologically relevant conformation and can be used for the future structure-based drug design studies selectively targeting IN.