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1.
有害甲藻孢囊主要是指能产生毒素和(或)能引起有害藻华发生并对水生态系统产生各种危害效应的甲藻孢囊。我国沿海共记录了10属18种,占全球有害甲藻孢囊的3/4。这些有害甲藻孢囊广泛分布于我国沿海,会对水产养殖业造成严重的经济损失,甚至会威胁人类的身体健康。因此,有害甲藻孢囊的多样性及分布越来越受到人们的关注。对有害甲藻孢囊的准确判断不仅对研究其多样性及分布至关重要,而且有助于水产品的安全检验和有害藻华的早期预警。对有害甲藻孢囊的分类主要存在鉴定困难、鉴定不准确等问题。本文综述了有害甲藻孢囊的危害、中国沿海有害甲藻孢囊的种类和分布,以及有害甲藻孢囊的鉴定等3个方面的研究进展,并提出利用孢囊及营养细胞的形态学特征、分子生物学、毒理学等多学科研究手段准确鉴定有害甲藻孢囊的建议。  相似文献   

2.
春季东海中华哲水蚤对有害藻华物种的选择性摄食   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
2005年4月27日—6月5日在东海有害藻华高发区的6个典型站位采样,分析了浮游植物的群落结构,并采用现场实验研究了中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)的选择性摄食.结果表明,中华哲水蚤对浮游植物的选择性摄食具有食物密度依赖性.低浮游植物细胞丰度下中华哲水蚤具有明显的选择性摄食行为,高浮游植物细胞丰度下中华哲水蚤摄食选择性由偏好转变为排斥,浮游植物细胞丰度329 cells·ml-1是中华哲水蚤由偏好趋于排斥摄食的阈值.中华哲水蚤的选择性摄食还与食物组成有关,对于食物中的微型浮游动物,中华哲水蚤无选择性或排斥摄食.有害藻华发生区中华哲水蚤对具齿原甲藻(Prorocentrum dentatum)的偏好摄食以及对米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)的排斥摄食,促使藻华的物种演替最终向米氏凯伦藻水华方向发展.  相似文献   

3.
由于硫酸铜等传统杀藻剂在环境中残留期长、选择性差、容易造成二次污染等,因此其应用受到限制。天然产物和以天然产物为基础的化合物由于其环境友好,对有害藻类选择毒性强,因此在有害藻华防治方面受到越来越多的关注。植物是天然溶藻化合物的重要来源之一。近几十年来,从植物代谢产物中发现了各种类型的溶藻化合物,诸如甘油糖脂类、酚类、生物碱和萜类等,从这些天然产物中可能筛选到对有害藻华选择性好、溶藻活性强的杀藻剂。本文对植物源的各类溶藻化合物研究概况进行综述,以促进植物源杀藻剂的研究。  相似文献   

4.
球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)是近年来北部湾常见的有害藻华原因种,涠洲岛海域作为广西沿海藻华的高发区之一,目前仍缺乏关于该海域球形棕囊藻藻华过程的相关研究。为探究涠洲岛海域球形棕囊藻藻华过程中营养盐的状况及藻华的发生对浮游植物群落组成的影响,对2017年3月下旬涠洲岛周边发生的球形棕囊藻藻华区域进行取样调查。结果表明,藻华期间水体中溶解有机磷含量与细胞及囊体密度呈显著正相关。本次藻华主要受水体中溶解态无机氮含量影响,多个调查站点的无机氮/无机磷(DIN/DIP)<10,且硅酸盐/无机氮(SiO32–/DIN)>1,表明这些站点存在氮限制现象,而氮限制可能是本次藻华消亡的主要因素。调查区域共鉴定出浮游植物4门58种,球形棕囊藻细胞密度最高可达1.04×108 cells/L,占浮游植物总细胞密度的98.28%。球形棕囊藻细胞密度与物种多样性指数存在显著的负相关关系。在营养缺乏条件下,有利于球形棕囊藻成囊的链状硅藻种类具有相对较大的细胞密度。  相似文献   

5.
吕淑果  韩博平  孙松  王旭晨 《生态学报》2009,29(5):2391-2399
胶州湾在2005年夏季发生了中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum ( Grev.) Cleve)藻华,该优势种占细胞总量的比例在两个研究站位(C3站及A5站)分别达到59%和86%.对藻华发生过程中(7月,8月及9月份)的颗粒有机物进行了采样分析,测定了脂肪酸、叶绿素(Chl-a)和颗粒有机碳(POC)的浓度,分析了藻华发生过程中浮游植物和脂肪酸的组成特征,并通过标志脂肪酸对藻华发生过程中颗粒有机物组成的动态变化进行了分析.总脂肪酸浓度同叶绿素和颗粒有机碳浓度一样,在藻华发生期达到最高,两个采样站位(C3站及A5站)分别为29.0μg·L-1及185.5μg·L-1,比藻华发生前和消退后高2~3倍及20倍.胶州湾悬浮颗粒脂肪酸主要包括16:0,14:0,18:0等直链饱和脂肪酸(SSFA),16:1ω7、16:1ω5+ω9、18:1ω9,18:1ω7等单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)及以 20:5ω3(DHA)和22:6ω3(EPA)为主的多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)和以i-15:0及ai-15:0为主的支链饱和脂肪酸(BSFA).藻华期与发生前相比,脂肪酸中的不饱和组分(MUFA,PUFA)所占比例在两个取样站位均有提高.随着藻华的消退,藻华区域中心的A5 站的SSFA及BSFA比例有大幅提高,而在非藻华中心区域的C3站,不饱和脂肪酸尤其是ω3系列多不饱和脂肪酸(DHA, EPA等)比例的上升非常显著.藻华发生时浮游植物在颗粒有机物中的比重提高.藻华消退后,A5站颗粒有机物中碎屑有机物及细菌所占比重提高,而C3站颗粒有机物中浮游植物的比重仍然很高.浮游植物大量死亡是A5站藻华消退的主要形式,而C3站藻华的消退则可能与浮游动物的摄食有关.  相似文献   

6.
对青海湖的丝状藻类进行了样品采集, 分析引起水华的藻类种类和组成。基于SSU-LSU的联合进化分析和基于ITS的系统进化分析显示: 形成青海湖水华的丝状藻为一种刚毛藻, 该种与史氏刚毛藻Cladophora stimpsonii和散束刚毛藻Cladophora vagabunda具有较近的亲缘关系, 属于海洋刚毛藻和淡水刚毛藻的中间过渡种类。和邻近种类的区别特征如下: 该种生长于咸水生境, 植物体纤细柔软, 呈绿色或浅绿色, 分枝旺盛, 具明显的顶端生长和居间生长。细胞直径较小。主轴细胞直径30.0—90.0 μm, 细胞长宽比2.4—8.0。分枝细胞直径25.0—70.0 μm, 长宽比4.0—12.3。顶端细胞直径25.0—50.0 μm, 长宽比3.6—12.0。基于形态学特征和分子系统发育分析, 将其定为一新种, 即青海刚毛藻Cladophora qinghaiensis sp. nov.。  相似文献   

7.
党晓岩  伍玉梅  樊伟  纪世建  杨胜龙 《生态学报》2017,37(23):8039-8047
基于地理位置、纬度和生态特征的不同在东海选取了9个面积相同的子区域,采用1997-2015年由SeaWiFS(Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor)和MODIS(Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)传感器获得的叶绿素a浓度资料,对我国东海浮游植物生物量的时空变化和藻华现象进行了分析。通过高斯曲线模型拟合,得到了藻华爆发的起始时间、峰值时间、结束时间及持续时间。研究表明东海浮游植物生物量在空间上的分布规律为:外海浮游植物生物量小于近岸;长江口和台州列岛海域的浮游植物生物量较大,近黄海海域的两个区域次之,较小的位于南麂列岛海域和台湾海峡,越靠近南部海域浮游植物生物量越低。藻华发生的规律为:以南麂列岛为分界线,由高纬度到低纬度,浮游植物到达藻华发生峰值的时间持续推后,爆发持续时间增长。  相似文献   

8.
利用长江中下游87个浅水湖泊的调查数据,研究了依沙矛丝藻(Cuspidothrix issatschenkoi)在长江中下游湖泊中的分布现状以及生态适应性特征。结果表明,依沙矛丝藻在长江中下游湖泊中分布广泛,在调查区域内超过一半的湖泊被检测到,生物量为0.001—3.019 mg/L;依沙矛丝藻的生物量与总磷呈现负相关关系,与总氮呈现正相关关系,表明依沙矛丝藻在低磷的条件下具有更好的适应性和竞争力,水体中充足的氮源将增加依沙矛丝藻水华的风险。此外,依沙矛丝藻已被报道是中国水体中产生鱼腥藻毒素的主要类群之一,可能会对淡水生态安全造成巨大威胁。研究结果可为今后开展有害藻类的生态学研究和风险管控提供基础资料。  相似文献   

9.
伪柔弱拟菱形藻复合群的形态分类学研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
于2007年夏季(8月)在广东省大亚湾海域观察到伪柔弱拟菱形藻复合群的6个种类:花形拟菱形藻(P.caciantha Lundholm,Moestrup Hasle)、靓纹拟菱形藻(P.calliantha Lundholm,Moestrup Hasle)、尖细拟菱形藻[P.cuspidata(Hasle)Lundholm,Moestrup Hasle]、曼氏拟菱形藻(P.mannii Amato Montresor)、伪柔弱拟菱形藻[P.pseudodelicatissima(Hasle)Lundholm,Hasle Moestrup]和中华拟菱形藻(P.sinica QiWang),其中花形拟菱形藻、靓纹拟菱形藻和曼氏拟菱形藻为我国新记录种类。对该复合群种类的形态学特征、生活习性和生态分布进行了观察和描述,并对其种类之间的形态学特征进行了比较研究。  相似文献   

10.
东海剧毒卡尔藻的形态特征及其系统进化分析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
利用光学显微镜、荧光显微镜、扫描电镜及分子生物学等方法, 对分布于我国东海海域的剧毒卡尔藻(Karlodinium veneficum)藻株(LAMB090611)的形态特征和显微结构进行了描述, 并探讨了其分子系统进化关系。该藻株细胞长11.1-18.7 μm, 平均值为(14.2±1.8) μm, 宽8.2-14.7 μm, 平均值为(10.8±1.5) μm。细胞形态结构特征为: 上下锥体积基本相同; 顶沟短而直; 腹孔明显; 纵沟延伸至上锥; 横沟错位距离约占细胞总长的28%-38%; 含有2或4个不规则形态的叶绿体; 细胞核位于中部或下锥。此藻种的暴发可引发有害赤潮(harmful algal bloom)。当前加强有害赤潮的预防和监测工作是减少危害的有效途径, 而对引发赤潮原因种的准确识别和鉴定则是基础和关键。  相似文献   

11.
山东海域赤潮灾害特征及预警报管理   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
掌握赤潮灾害时空分布规律是科学设计赤潮监控方案、提高防灾管理效率的基础和依据。本文统计分析了1990—2010年间山东海域的76次赤潮灾害事件数据。结果表明:赤潮灾害频率显著地分为4个波段,且峰值呈递增趋势;灾害面积呈现周期性倒U型曲线变化;每年的5—10月是赤潮灾害的多发期,其中,8月的灾害次数和灾害面积均占全年总数的30%以上;灾害空间分布集中在莱州湾海域、青岛近海、庙岛群岛的北隍城海域,烟台四十里湾的赤潮灾害最频繁;夜光藻(Noctiluca scintillans)和球型棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)引发的赤潮灾害面积最高,夜光藻和红色裸甲藻(Gymnodinium sanguineum)致灾次数最多。本文从赤潮监测与信息采集、赤潮预报方法以及赤潮灾害预警报管理机制3个方面分析总结了山东海域赤潮灾害预警报业务化管理现状,结合山东海域赤潮灾害特征和预警报管理实践,提出了以控制污染和修复生态环境为根本的赤潮防控建议。  相似文献   

12.
Promotion of harmful algal blooms by zooplankton predatory activity   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Mitra A  Flynn KJ 《Biology letters》2006,2(2):194-197
The relationship between algae and their zooplanktonic predators typically involves consumption of nutrients by algae, grazing of the algae by zooplankton which in turn enhances predator biomass, controls algal growth and regenerates nutrients. Eutrophication raises nutrient levels, but does not simply increase normal predator-prey activity; rather, harmful algal bloom (HAB) events develop often with serious ecological and aesthetic implications. Generally, HAB species are outwardly poor competitors for nutrients, while their development of grazing deterrents during nutrient stress ostensibly occurs too late, after the nutrients have largely been consumed already by fast-growing non-HAB species. A new mechanism is presented to explain HAB dynamics under these circumstances. Using a multi-nutrient predator-prey model, it is demonstrated that these blooms can develop through the self-propagating failure of normal predator-prey activity, resulting in the transfer of nutrients into HAB growth at the expense of competing algal species. Rate limitation of this transfer provides a continual level of nutrient stress that results in HAB species exhibiting grazing deterrents protecting them from top-down control. This process is self-stabilizing as long as nutrient demand exceeds supply, maintaining the unpalatable status of HABs; such events are most likely under eutrophic conditions with skewed nutrient ratios.  相似文献   

13.
Di Jin  Porter Hoagland   《Harmful algae》2008,7(6):772-781
In this study, we develop a framework for measuring the value of harmful algal bloom (HAB) predictions. The framework captures the effects of both private and public responses to HABs. Using data from the New England nearshore commercial shellfish fishery and impact estimates for a large-scale HAB event in 2005, we illustrate how the potential value of HAB forecasts may be estimated. The results of our study suggest that the long-term value of a HAB prediction and tracking system for the Gulf of Maine is sensitive to the frequency of HAB events, the accuracy of predictions, the choice of HAB impact measures, and the effectiveness of public and private responses.  相似文献   

14.
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) of Karenia brevis are a recurrent problem in the Gulf of Mexico, with nearly annual occurrences on the Florida southwest coast, and fewer occurrences on the northwest Florida and Texas coasts. Beginning in 1999, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has issued the Gulf of Mexico HAB Bulletins to support state monitoring and management efforts. These bulletins involve analysis of satellite imagery with field and meteorological station data. The effort involves several components or models: (a) monitoring the movement of an algal bloom that has previously been identified as a HAB (type 1 forecast); (b) detecting new blooms as HAB or non-HAB (type 2); (c) predicting the movement of an identified HAB (type 3); (d) predicting conditions favorable for a HAB to occur where blooms have not yet been observed (type 4). The types 1 and 2 involve methods of bloom detection requiring routine remote sensing, especially satellite ocean color imagery and in situ data. Prediction (types 3 and 4) builds on the monitoring capability by using interpretative and numerical modeling. Successful forecasts cover more than 1000 km of coast and require routine input of remotely sensed and in situ data.The data sources used in this effort include ocean color imagery from the Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor/OrbView-2 satellite and processed using coastal-specific algorithms, wind data from coastal and offshore buoys, field observations of bloom location and intensity provided by state agencies, and forecasts from the National Weather Service. The HAB Bulletins began in coordination with the state of Florida in autumn of 1999 and included K. brevis bloom monitoring (type 1), with limited advisories on transport (type 3) and the detection of blooms in new areas (type 2). In autumn 2000, we improved both the transport forecasts and detection capabilities and began prediction of conditions favorable for bloom development (type 4). The HAB Bulletins have had several successes. The state of Florida was advised of the potential for a bloom to occur at the end of September 2000 (type 4), and the state was alerted to the position of blooms in January 2000 and October 2001 in areas that had not been previously sampled (type 3). These successful communications of HAB activity allowed Florida agencies responsible for shellfish management and public health to respond to a rapidly developing event in a timely, efficient manner.  相似文献   

15.
The symposium session, Indicators for Effects and Predictions of Harmful Algal Blooms, explored the current state of indicators used to assess the human health and ecological risks caused by harmful algal blooms, and highlighted future needs and impediments that must be overcome in order to provide a complete risk assessment of their impacts. Six recognized human poisoning syndromes resulting from algal toxins (paralytic, neurotoxic, amnesic, diarrhetic shellfish poisonings, ciguatera fish poisoning, and putative estuary associated syndrome) impact human health through consumption of contaminated seafood, direct contact with bloom water, or inhalation of aerosolized toxin. Thorough health risk assessment for the variety of algal toxins is hampered to varying degrees because either the toxin has not been identified or indicators for exposure and effects remain poorly defined. Predicting the occurrence and determining the impacts of harmful algal blooms in coastal ecosystems are the two major ecological risk assessment needs. In the former case, the hazard is the suite of conditions that trigger bloom initiation, magnify bloom intensity or support bloom longevity, whereas in the latter case, the hazard is the algal toxin. In both cases, indicators (of triggering mechanisms, exposure, and effects) are better defined for some HAB species and toxins than others, but are by no means complete.  相似文献   

16.
The effects of physical transport processes on the initiation of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in estuaries were investigated through both mathematical model analysis and numerical model experiments. This study highlights the influence of the flushing effect due to physical transport processes on the location of bloom initiation, which is comparable to or even more important than local processes. The theoretical analysis suggests that the differential flushing effect at different waterbodies due to complex geometry is one of the dominant factors causing inhomogeneous distribution of algal density during HAB initiation. The ratio of residence time to volume is one of the key variables that determine the differential timing of HAB occurrence in estuary-subestuary systems with multiple interconnected waterbodies. As a result, a HAB tends to be observed first in those locations with relatively long residence time and small waterbodies, such as tributaries or areas with large eddies. Multiple unconnected originating locations can co-exist within an estuary.Two three-dimensional model experiments with realistic forcings were conducted to demonstrate the flushing effect on annual Cochlodinium polykrikoides bloom in the lower James River. The results show that while the environmental conditions that affect local processes, such as salinity and temperature, are important in determining the originating locations of HABs, the differential flushing effect is the dominant factor driving the spatial difference in the density of C. polykrikoides in this region during the bloom initiation. This explains why the occurrence of the first bloom in this region is frequently observed in the Lafayette River, a relatively small waterbody with long residence time. Because of the relatively low growth rate of C. polykrikoides and because of the high water-exchange between the mainstem and tributaries of the James River, initial cyst distribution is suggested to have a relatively small impact on originating locations of the bloom compared to flushing effect and salinity, and the HAB originating locations do not have to be in the waterbody with abundant cysts.  相似文献   

17.
The detection of dense harmful algal blooms (HABs) by satellite remote sensing is usually based on analysis of chlorophyll-a as a proxy. However, this approach does not provide information about the potential harm of bloom, nor can it identify the dominant species. The developed HAB risk classification method employs a fully automatic data-driven approach to identify key characteristics of water leaving radiances and derived quantities, and to classify pixels into “harmful”, “non-harmful” and “no bloom” categories using Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). Discrimination accuracy is increased through the use of spectral ratios of water leaving radiances, absorption and backscattering. To reduce the false alarm rate the data that cannot be reliably classified are automatically labelled as “unknown”. This method can be trained on different HAB species or extended to new sensors and then applied to generate independent HAB risk maps; these can be fused with other sensors to fill gaps or improve spatial or temporal resolution. The HAB discrimination technique has obtained accurate results on MODIS and MERIS data, correctly identifying 89% of Phaeocystis globosa HABs in the southern North Sea and 88% of Karenia mikimotoi blooms in the Western English Channel. A linear transformation of the ocean colour discriminants is used to estimate harmful cell counts, demonstrating greater accuracy than if based on chlorophyll-a; this will facilitate its integration into a HAB early warning system operating in the southern North Sea.  相似文献   

18.
海洋卡盾藻与中肋骨条藻和锥状斯氏藻种间竞争研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
研究了不同起始细胞密度与硅酸盐浓度对海洋卡盾藻(Cm)与中肋骨条藻(Sc)及锥状斯氏藻(St)之间种间竞争的影响,利用竞争抑制参数对相互间的竞争关系进行了分析,并引入体积竞争抑制系数的概念。结果表明:海洋卡盾藻的环境容量不受起始细胞密度(100—3600cells/mL)的影响,但随着起始接种密度的增加,达到最大细胞密度和进入稳定生长期的时间均提前。在硅缺乏的条件下,中肋骨条藻仍能保持一定生长,并能在与海洋卡盾藻之间的种间竞争中保持数量优势,但硅酸盐浓度的增加有利于其种间竞争。初始细胞密度和接种比例对3种赤潮藻类之间的种间竞争影响明显,总体来说海洋卡盾藻在竞争中处于劣势。当海洋卡盾藻细胞密度远远高于中肋骨条藻时(Cm:Sc=6:1),海洋卡盾藻才能在与中肋骨条藻的竞争中取胜;而在与海洋卡盾藻共培养条件下,锥状斯氏藻具有一定竞争优势,其对海洋卡盾藻的体积抑制系数(α')是后者(β')的27—100倍。但在所有处理中均没有绝对优胜者,竞争结果都会出现不稳定的平衡状态。  相似文献   

19.
《Harmful algae》2009,8(1):70-76
High biomass algal bloom events are a characteristic of eutrophic coastal waters; these may result both in ecosystem degradation and economic loss. We present a skill evaluation of a coupled hydrodynamic ecosystem model of the NW European shelf for predicting bloom events based on a comparison with satellite chlorophyll estimates. By setting thresholds to define bloom events we use a binary classification system to generate maps showing the probability a model bloom prediction is correct. Model and satellite data limitations are discussed along with the application of this method to forecasting specific harmful algal species.  相似文献   

20.
Mechanisms influencing initiation of harmful algal blooms (HABs) are diverse, and are not likely to be mutually exclusive. Rather, initiation of HABs is a result of interactions between processes, which result in biological, physical, and chemical conditions optimal for a bloom. Due to the complexity of some bloom initiation processes, bloom-preventative management may be possible. Results from a modeling exercise and a laboratory experiment indicated that a phytoplankton bloom could be circumvented through manipulation of the nutrient-loading mode, i.e., pulsed vs. continuous loading. These findings, should they prove consistent in more robust field experiments, may provide insights for the development of new management approaches for some HABs. Optimal bloom conditions, however, vary between HAB species. Consequently, it is unlikely that a single management solution will exist. Preventative management efforts will require early warning of HAB initiation, perhaps even before the appearance of an HAB species. An indicator based on the dynamic nature of phytoplankton succession events and phytoplankton species diversity may prove useful for this purpose. Applying this index to an existing plankton data set showed that Microcystis blooms might have been predicted months before the start of the bloom.  相似文献   

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