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1.
实蝇共生菌研究进展   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
实蝇类昆虫(双翅目Diptera:实蝇科Tephritidae)是重要的农业害虫,为害农作物茎秆和水果,严重影响农业生产和果蔬贸易,被许多国家列为重要的检疫性有害生物。实蝇共生菌对宿主实蝇的取食、生殖、发育及环境适应能力具有重要作用。目前,已有21个属的共生细菌(Enterobacter、Klebsiella、Citrobacter、Pseudomonas、Providencia、Erwinia、Acetobacter、Serratia、Proteus、Hafnia、Cedecea、Arthrobacter、Lactobacillus、Micrococcus、Streptococcus、Staphylococcus、Vibrio、Hafnia、Deinococcacea、Bacillus、Wolbachia)以及1个属的共生真菌(Candida)被鉴定。其中,肺炎杆菌Klebsiella pneumoniae、产酸克雷伯氏菌Klebsiella oxytoca、成团泛菌Pantoea agglomerans、费氏柠檬酸杆菌Citrobter freundii、阴沟肠杆菌Enterobacter cloacae和沃尔巴克氏体Wolbachia普遍存在于实蝇中且备受大家的关注。Wolbachia作为初级共生菌,主要分布于宿主的卵巢和产卵器中;其他次级共生菌则主要分布于宿主的消化道内。共生菌与宿主种群、宿主的地理分布、寄主植物以及宿主入侵能力之间的关系尚未明确。研究实蝇共生菌,对于发现新的实蝇诱饵,提高不育实蝇的环境适应性,以及提出新的实蝇防治技术具有重要意义。本文概述了实蝇共生菌的分布、种类、生物学特性、功能以及相关的研究方法,提出了研究中有待解决的问题,并探讨了下一步的研究热点。  相似文献   

2.
为了解手机肠杆菌的种类及分布情况,对采集的11部手机样本进行细菌的分离纯化、革兰氏染色、氧化酶反应、生化实验和16S rRNA鉴定。结果鉴定出5种肠杆菌,分别为:霍米奇肠杆菌(Enterobacter hormaechei)、蜂房哈夫尼亚氏菌(Hafnia alvei)、迟缓爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda)、志贺氏痢疾杆菌(Shigella dysenteriae)和嗜线虫致病杆菌(Xenorhabdus nematophila)。优势菌为霍米奇肠杆菌和迟缓爱德华氏菌。  相似文献   

3.
采用富集筛选法从杜仲根中分离到5株具有ACC脱氨酶活性的内生细菌, 利用纸片法测定它们的抑菌活性, 通过形态特征、生理生化试验和16S rRNA序列分析对分离菌株进行鉴定。结果显示, 5株杜仲内生细菌均具有较高的ACC脱氨酶活性, 其中4株菌对大肠杆菌CGMCC1.1103和枯草芽孢杆菌CGMCC1.769均有较好的抑菌活性, 通过生理生化试验和16S rRNA序列分析, 将菌株JDM-2、JDM-8、JDM-11、JDM-14和JDM-19分别鉴定为Pseudomonas koreensis、肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)、路德维希肠杆菌(Enterobacter ludwigii)、变栖克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella variicola)和阿氏肠杆菌(Enterobacter asburiae)。  相似文献   

4.
中华真地鳖若虫肠道细菌的研究   总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0  
中华真地鳖是一种传统中药资源昆虫,从人工饲养种群的正常取食及蜕皮若虫肠道环境中分离、纯化,好氧和厌氧培养获得11个细菌菌株,对其形态、染色反应、培养性状和生理生化反应进行了系统研究。鉴定结果表明,上述11个细菌菌株依次分别属于:不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、柠檬酸杆菌属(Citobacter)、沙门菌属(Sal-monella)、芽胞乳酸杆菌属(Sporolacillus)、节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、地杆菌属(Terrabacter)、放线杆菌属(Actinobacillus)、克雷伯菌属(Klebsiella)、沙雷菌属(Serratia)、预研菌属(Yokenella)。中华真地鳖正常取食和蜕皮若虫肠道环境细菌种类不同。分离未获得真菌和放线菌。  相似文献   

5.
昆虫共生菌在宿主昆虫的生长、发育及适应环境方面具有重要作用。因此,本文利用16S rDNA文库随机测序法分析了甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)初孵幼虫和1日龄整个虫体、3龄幼虫中肠和5龄幼虫中肠的细菌菌群组成,以探究甜菜夜蛾共生菌可能存在的作用。结果显示,在甜菜夜蛾中发现了12种共生细菌,其中有1种共生细菌只能鉴定到伯克氏菌目Burkholderiales;有3种可以鉴定到科,分别是丛毛单胞菌科Comanonadaceae、肠杆菌科Enterobacteria和草酸杆菌科Massilia;剩余8种均可以鉴定到属,分别是不动杆菌属Acinetobacter、噬酸菌属Acidovorax、噬氢菌属Pelomonas、埃希氏菌属Escherichia、柠檬酸杆菌属Citrobacter、肠球菌属Enterococcus、丛毛单胞菌属Cruvibacter和肠杆菌属Enterobacter。在得到的571条有效序列中,不动杆菌属Acinetobacter相对丰度最高,占72.3%,属于优势共生菌。其次是噬氢菌属Pelomonas和噬酸菌属Acidovorax分别占12.8%和5.6%,剩余种类的相对丰度均低于5%。本研究结果证明甜菜夜蛾中存在多种共生细菌,且其种类和相对丰度随甜菜夜蛾生长发育呈动态变化。其中不动杆菌属Acinetobacter作为优势共生菌具有对多种抗生素天然耐药性的重要特征,这为研究甜菜夜蛾为何易产生较强抗药性的机理提供了新思路,也为甜菜夜蛾的微生物防治研究奠定了基础。  相似文献   

6.
目的探究家蝇幼虫肠道细菌对幼虫取食与发育的影响,进而明确肠道细菌的部分功能。方法取3日龄家蝇幼虫,采用细菌传统分离法分离纯化其肠道内可培养细菌并进行分子鉴定,利用这些肠道细菌进行家蝇幼虫爬行选择实验,测定幼虫对不同细菌的选择性;利用这些肠道细菌发酵液与麦麸混合饲养家蝇幼虫,记录家蝇幼虫发育过程中的生物学参数,分别以LB培养原液与麦麸混合饲养的幼虫为阴性对照,以无菌水与麦麸混合饲养的幼虫为空白对照。结果在家蝇幼虫肠道中共分离出9个属10种细菌,分别为霍氏肠杆菌(Enterobacter hormaechei)、肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)、铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)、别雷斯不动杆菌(Acinetobacter bereziniae)、斯氏普罗威登斯菌(Providencia stuartii)、阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae)、乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis)、纺锤形赖氨酸芽胞杆菌(Lysinibacillus fusiformis)、居幼虫普罗威登斯菌(Providencia vermicola)和沙福芽胞杆菌(Bacillus safensis)。其中,除铜绿假单胞菌和斯氏普罗威登斯菌外,其余8种细菌对幼虫有显著吸引作用;除铜绿假单胞菌对家蝇生长有明显抑制作用以外,其余9种细菌对家蝇幼虫生长均有一定的促进作用,其中霍氏肠杆菌和别雷斯不动杆菌对其生长有显著促进作用。结论明确了家蝇幼虫肠道细菌的组成,确定了8种家蝇幼虫肠道细菌对其取食有吸引作用,9种细菌对其生长发育有促进作用。霍氏肠杆菌和别雷斯不动杆菌可作为添加剂用于家蝇的规模化饲养,以提高养殖效率。铜绿假单胞菌可作为生长抑制剂用于家蝇幼虫的防治。  相似文献   

7.
昆虫病原线虫共生细菌的代谢产物   总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16  
昆虫病原线虫共生细菌寄生于昆虫病原线虫肠道内 ,二者互惠共生。该菌革兰氏染色阴性 ,属肠杆菌科 (Enterobacteriaceae) ,包含两个属———嗜线虫致病杆菌属 (Xenorhabdus)和发光杆菌属 (Photorhabdus)。其中嗜线虫致病杆菌与斯氏线虫 (Steinernema)共生 ,发光杆菌与异小杆线虫 (Heterorhaditis)共生。近几年 ,随着对共生菌研究的逐渐深入 ,发现共生菌能产生许多有应用潜力的代谢产物 ,如杀虫蛋白、抑菌物质、抗癌物质、胞外酶、胞内晶体蛋白、色素及荧光素等。特别是…  相似文献   

8.
昆虫肠道微生物对其寄主的生长发育、营养代谢、免疫以及农药抗性等方面都发挥着重要作用。为研究斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura幼虫肠道细菌的多样性,并为其功能验证做准备,本文利用传统微生物分离纯培养方法从斜纹夜蛾4龄幼虫肠道中共分离鉴定得到10株细菌,分别为属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的脱氮假单胞菌(Pseudomonas denitrificans),不动细菌(Acinetobacter sp.),肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)和肠杆菌(Enterobacter sp.);属于厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)的鸡葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus gallinarum),蒙氏肠球菌(Enterococcus mundtii),蜡样芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus)和枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)以及放线菌门(Actinobacteria)的微杆菌(Microbacteriums sp.)和乳酪棒杆菌(Corynebacterium casei)。变形菌门和厚壁菌门是斜纹夜蛾肠道可培养细菌中的优势菌群。功能验证实验表明肠杆菌具备纤维素降解能力,微杆菌具备很强的苯酚降解能力。本研究为未来深入研究斜纹夜蛾肠道微生物的功能提供了方向和菌株材料。  相似文献   

9.
[目的]分析小球藻共栖微生物的种类和种群多样性,为小球藻养殖病害防治提供依据。[方法]从小球藻共栖生长环境中分离共栖微生物,利用限制性核酸内切酶RsaⅠ酶切共生微生物的r DNA序列,进行多态性分析,获得共栖微生物种群信息。[结果]利用纯培养的方法获得15种菌落表型特征各异的小球藻共生微生物,分成7个操作分类单元(OUT),分别是变形菌门(Proteobacteria),包括:气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、泛菌属(Pantoea),厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)的锰氧化还原菌(Exiguobacterium)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)。在小球藻共栖微生物中未分离到弧菌,也没有分离到真菌。[结论]小球藻共栖微生物种类多样,其中,革兰氏阴性菌占据绝对优势,革兰氏阳性菌只有芽孢杆菌属和锰氧化还原菌属,其中锰氧化还原菌是首次发现,小球藻共生菌中,很少分离到真菌,本研究中没有分离到真菌。  相似文献   

10.
腈水合酶产生菌的培养及其酶活性的比较   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
从腈污染的土样中筛选获得,株腈水合酶活性较高的细菌,分属于棒状杆菌(Cerynebactertum sp.)、节杆菌(Arthrobacter sp.)和克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella sp.)其中具有腈水合酶活性的克氏杆菌属菌为首次分离到。对这些菌株适宜培养条件及酶形成诱导特性的研究表明,棒状杆菌和节杆菌的腈水合酶为诱导酶,而克氏杆菌的酶为组成酶。前二个属的细菌完整细胞腈水合酶活性相近,均较后一属细菌高约10倍。  相似文献   

11.
Tephritid fruit flies comprise the most important group of quarantined pests of fresh produce. Most quarantine treatments of fresh agricultural commodities are directed against these pests, and considerable effort in detection, trapping, and population control is expended worldwide to prevent these pests from invading new territories. Ionizing radiation has been studied for 70 yr for its possible use as a quarantine treatment against fruit flies, but has only been applied commercially on a limited basis since 1995. The treatment has great potential and will probably be used extensively in the future as it is tolerated by more species of fruits than any other major treatment. The U.S. Department Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service only recently proposed allowing irradiation for fresh agricultural imports from other countries, and other countries are studying proposals to do likewise. In 1991, the International Consultative Group on Food Irradiation recommended a generic dose against all tephritid fruit flies of 150 Gy. This article examines the literature dealing with irradiation quarantine treatments against fruit flies and recommends minimum absorbed doses of 70 Gy for Anastrepha spp., 101 Gy for Bactrocera jarvisi and B. tryoni, and 150 Gy for all Tephritidae except when fruits have been stored in hypoxic atmospheres.  相似文献   

12.
实蝇与体内微生物的共生关系是目前较受关注的研究课题。其中,肠杆菌科细菌是这些内共生微生物中的重要一类,广泛存在于实蝇肠道和生殖系统中。研究证明,共生肠杆菌科细菌在参与实蝇的碳氮循环、营养代谢、生殖免疫及生物防治等方面都发挥着极大的作用。近年来,人们利用分子生物学技术已鉴定出部分实蝇内共生肠杆菌科细菌的类群,发现许多优势的益生肠杆菌种和代谢产物,它们能增强实蝇的健康,提高昆虫不育技术的应用高效性。本文对实蝇共生肠杆菌科细菌的种类、分布和作用,以及它们在不育昆虫技术中的应用进展作一综述,这不仅有助于人们更深入地了解宿主与共生菌群落间的互作关系,而且对人类开发新型实蝇防治饵剂以及将此类共生益生菌应用于实蝇不育技术有重要意义。  相似文献   

13.
实蝇是全世界重要的农业害虫,其生殖行为规律对其防治方法的研究具有重要指导意义。本文在文献调研的基础上,对实蝇类昆虫求偶、交配和产卵等行为的最新研究进展进行综述。实蝇类昆虫具有非资源型交配系统,性内、性间选择共同驱动实蝇的性特征进化;同时,实蝇生殖行为受到性信息素、翅信号、物理、化学以及环境等因素的影响。此外,雌虫在交配后会为理想产卵位置发生竞争,而产卵标记信息素起着调节作用。实蝇类昆虫的诸多生殖行为研究结果已成功应用于田间防治,取得了较好的效果。  相似文献   

14.
Tropical trees can provide various ecological services to adjacent agricultural environments, including maintaining and amplifying the numbers of beneficial insects. In Mexico, certain tree species harbor a diverse guild of hymenopteran parasitoids that attack pest fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and are at the same time sources of valuable hardwood timber. Indigenous trees and their associated fauna are slowly disappearing due to forest clearance and the expansion of crop monocultures. Here we explore the relationship among pest and non-pest fruit flies, their fruit-hosts and parasitoids in the context of mango orchards and surrounding patches of uncultivated vegetation and propose a novel mechanism to use these associations in favor of conservation purposes and pest management. Trees of conservation biological control interest are classified as: (1) parasitoid multiplier plants, species that serve as alternate hosts for key fruit fly pests when their commercial hosts are not available, but in which they are unusually vulnerable to parasitism; (2) parasitoid reservoir plants, native or introduced trees in whose fruits non-pest fruit flies serve as hosts to generalist parasitoids that are able to attack pest tephritids in other species of commercially grown fruit; and (3) pest-based parasitoid reservoir plants, native or introduced species that are not economically important locally, but which harbor fruit flies that would be pests in other circumstances and that serve as hosts for parasitoids of the important pests in the vicinity. Protection, multiplication and dissemination of such tree species has the potential to increase the number of naturally produced fruit fly parasitoids and could assist in the management of tephritid pests in areas where destruction of forests has impoverished the historical sources of fruit fly natural enemies. Tropical forest conservation may help resource-poor farmers reduce crop losses, increase biodiversity within fruit-growing regions and conserve native forests for both conservation purposes and commercial use of native hardwoods.  相似文献   

15.
A study was performed to assess the preference of fourteen mango cultivars for fruit flies and their management by bagging. So the choice of Tephritid flies to mango cultivars during fruiting phase is crucial. Fourteen different cultivars of mango viz., ‘Dusehri’, ‘Malda’, ‘Langra’ early cultivars, ‘Chaunsa’, ‘Fajri Klan’, ‘Sensation’ medium whereas ‘Sanglakhi’, ‘Retaul-12’, ‘Mehmood Khan’, ‘Tukhmi’, ‘Kala Chaunsa’, ‘Chitta Chaunsa’, ‘Dai Wala’ and ‘Sobey De Ting’ late cultivars were assessed for their suitability for fruit flies. The results indicate that the population density of fruit flies was higher on late cultivars like ‘Sanglakhi’ (20.61 percent), ‘Mehmood Khan’ (20.22 percent) and ‘Reutal-12’ (19.92 percent) were proved to be highly susceptible to fruit flies. Among these the cultivar ‘Reutal-12’ was selected being commercial and future cultivar for the management of fruit flies through bagging. The results reported that the attack of tephritid fruit flies and other insect pests were zero in bagged fruits as compared with control. It was further recorded that the bagged fruits has maximum average fruit weight i.e. 203.50 and 197.83 g per fruit was noted in those treatments where butter paper bag and brown paper bag was wrapped with better coloration as compared with un-bagged fruit with 159.5 g per fruit. Similarly, on an average fruit length were more i.e. 90.17, 91.33 mm in bagged fruit and 85.33 in un-bagged fruits. Furthermore, bagged fruits have zero incidence of disease with reduced fruit crack, fruit sunburn, mechanical damage, bird damage, fruit blemished and agrochemical residues on the fruit. So, it is concluded that the special attention should be given on ‘Reutal-12’ for the management of fruit flies when devising an IPM program for the control of fruit flies. Further, bagging has proved to be the good agricultural practices for the production of quality mango.  相似文献   

16.
The recent increase in agricultural commodities from abroad and travelers due to the economic growth and globalization in Korea has resulted in an increase in invasive alien insect species establishing in Korea. When “alien” is defined as species introduced after the beginning of the Greater Korean Empire Era (1897), 171 insect species are considered invasive alien species. On average, 0.85 alien insect species have become established each year for the last 40 years, and 76.6% of the alien insect species are economic agricultural pests. The annual invasion rate and the pest interceptions from imported cut flowers, planting material, and vegetables have been increasing rapidly. Traveler's baggage is an important pathway for fruit flies. Most of the alien pests that were first found in Japan were confirmed in Korea at least 3 years later until the 1990s, but the pattern has been reversed since the 2000s. Thus, continuous information sharing with neighboring countries such as Japan and China is needed to develop a system for early detection and prompt action against invading insect species. Thus, we introduce and summarize the present status of invasive alien insect species in Korea.  相似文献   

17.
实蝇类昆虫的引诱剂和诱捕器   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
实蝇科昆虫的许多种类是重要的入侵物种, 在国际植物检疫领域具有重要地位。联合国粮农组织(FAO)和《国际植物保护公约(IPPC)》积极倡导国际合作实施对实蝇类害虫的有效控制, 不断完善和出版实蝇控制技术手册并制定相关的国际植物检疫标准。引诱剂和诱捕器是实蝇类害虫监测、调查和防治中最重要的手段之一, 被广泛采用。国际上普遍认可的实蝇诱剂主要包括蛋白质诱剂(PA)、甲基丁香酚(ME)、诱蝇酮(CUE)、乙酸铵诱剂(AA)、乙酸铵盐诱剂(AS)、TML 诱剂、己酸丁酯诱剂(BuH)、吡嗪诱剂(MVP)等, 我国也研发了大量植物型和食物型诱剂。国际上常用实蝇诱捕器有20多种, 依据捕获实蝇的不同方式分为干型诱捕器、湿型诱捕器和干湿综合型诱捕器3类。同时, 我国利用各种塑料瓶研制了多种多样的诱捕器。本文对国际、国内实蝇诱剂和诱捕器等研究和利用情况进行了总结, 提出我国在建设外向型水果非疫区的实蝇监测中应使用国际标准的诱剂和诱捕器, 以便获得国际认可并促进我国优势农产品顺利进入国际市场, 在研发诱剂和诱捕器时做到标准化并及时申请专利保护、推向国际市场以便获得国际有关标准的采用和认可。  相似文献   

18.
The role of symbiotic microbes in insects, especially the beneficial character of this interaction for insects, has received much attention in recent years as it has been related to important aspects of the host insects' biology such as development, reproduction, survival, and fitness. Among insect hosts, tephritid fruit flies are well known to form beneficial associations with their symbionts. To control these destructive agricultural pests, environmentally friendly approaches, like the sterile insect technique as a component of integrated pest management strategies, remain most effective. In this study, changes in the bacterial profile of mass‐reared oriental fruit flies, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), were examined in both larval and adult stages and also after irradiation by employing a 16S rRNA gene‐based Illumina sequencing approach. Proteobacteria was the prevalent bacterial phylum in non‐irradiated adults and larvae. Alphaproteobacteria was the most abundant class in larvae but almost absent in adults, which was dominated by Gammaproteobacteria. Firmicutes were present in both developmental stages but at lower relative abundance. At genus level, Acetobacter prevailed in the larval stage and members of the Enterobacteriaceae family in adults. Irradiated samples exhibited higher diversity and richness indices compared to the non‐irradiated oriental fruit flies, whereas no significant changes were observed between the two developmental stages of the non‐irradiated samples. Lactobacillus, members of the Orbacecae family, and Morganella were detected but to a lesser degree upon irradiation, whereas the relative abundance of Lactococcus and Orbus increased. The bacterial profile of larvae appeared to be different compared to that of adult B. dorsalis flies. The subsequent application of irradiation at the pupal stage led to the development of different microbiota between treated and untreated samples, affecting diversity and operational taxonomic unit composition. Irradiated samples of oriental fruit flies were characterized by higher species diversity and richness.  相似文献   

19.
Several fruit fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae) are invasive pests that damage the quality of fruits in horticultural crops and cause significant value losses worldwide. Management of fruit flies mainly depends on conventional insecticides. Unfortunately, the application of synthetic insecticides has caused environmental pollution, risks for humans and animals, and development of resistance. Furthermore, controlling fruit flies by applying synthetic insecticides is challenging because fruit containing third instars often fall from the tree – subsequently the larvae leave the decaying fruits and pupate in the soil. Consequently, both larvae and pupae are protected from surface-applied insecticides in fruits and soil. So, there is a pressing need for more eco-friendly and selective control measures with new modes of action. Among such measures are entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs) and nematodes (EPNs). I gathered knowledge on past and present research about EPFs and EPNs as biocontrol agents against fruit flies to investigate approaches that may improve their capacities. I also highlighted several recommendations that may help future field studies on the suppression of fruit fly populations by EPFs and EPNs.  相似文献   

20.
A multitude of insects and mites attack fruit crops throughout the tropics. The traditional method for controlling most of these pests is the application of chemical pesticides. Growing concern on the negative environmental effects has encouraged the development of alternatives. Inundatively and inoculatively applied microbial control agents (virus, bacteria, fungi, and entomopathogenic nematodes) have been developed as alternative control methods of a wide variety of arthropods including tropical fruit pests. The majority of the research and applications in tropical fruit agroecosystems has been conducted in citrus, banana, coconut, and mango. Successful microbial control initiatives of citrus pests and mites have been reported. Microbial control of arthropod pests of banana includes banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (with EPNs and fungi) among others Oryctes rhinoceros (L.) is one of the most important pests of coconut and one of the most successful uses of non-occluded virus for classical biological control. Key pests of mango that have been controlled with microbial control agents include fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) (with EPNs and fungi), and other pests. Also successful is the microbial control of arthropod pests of guava, papaya and pineapple. The challenge towards a broader application of entomopathogens is the development of successful combinations of entomopathogens, predators, and parasitoids along with other interventions to produce effective and sustainable pest management.  相似文献   

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