影响引入微生物根部定殖的因素

从外界引入的各类有益微生物如生防菌（ＢＣＡ）和根际促生菌或增产菌（ＰＧＰＲ,ＹＩＢ）到种子表面随其生根发芽而蔓延或直接到根表沿根分布定殖。外来微生物在根际定殖的过程为与根尖接触,沿根分布,最后在根际建立自己的种群。定殖的位点以ＰＧＰＲ为例,是表皮细胞间隙,或侧根、根毛基部。外来微生物在根际定殖动态变化的原因,由于根际生物的和非生物的因素引起的。生物因子除去外来微生物本身的生理特性,还有根际土著微生     

南水北调中线水源区浮游植物时空分布及其营养状态

2004年3月-2006年5月,在南水北调中线水源区选择4个监测点进行了7次采样,获取了表层浮游植物和水质理化指标数据,采用污水生物系统法、营养状态指数法和单因子评价法综合评价了水源区的营养状态.结果表明:中线水源区浮游植物群落具有明显的时空变异性;浮游植物共有8门67属161种(含变种),硅藻占39%,污染指示种21属24种(含变种),β-中营养型占污染指示种的38%;在检出的浮游植物中未发现水体重污染指示种;水源区叶绿素a质量浓度为0.00425 mg·m-3,营养状态指数为0.0001;除总氮外,其他理化检测指标均符合Ⅰ类水质标准;综合评价水源区处于中营养状态.本研究可为中线水源区长期生态研究数据信息库的建立及库区环境保护政策的制定提供科学依据.     

基于冠层反射光谱的棉花叶片氮含量估测

通过分析不同施氮水平下棉花叶片氮含量与冠层多光谱反射率及其衍生的比值、归一化及差值植被指数之间的关系,确立了棉花叶片氮含量的敏感波段及预测方程.结果表明:由红谷区域(610、660、680和710nm4个波段)和近红外区域(760、810、870、950、1100和1220nm6个波段)组成的植被指数与棉花叶片氮含量的相关性较好,比值植被指数RVI(950,710)对叶片氮含量的预测性最好.利用独立的棉花田间试验资料对基于RVI(950,710)的预测方程进行检验,该模型适用于不同棉花品种及不同生育期棉花叶片氮含量预测.     

土壤有益细菌在植物根际竞争定殖的影响因素

在土壤有益微生物应用于生物肥料、生物杀虫剂、植物生长刺激剂和生物处理剂的过程中,根际定殖具有重要作用。细菌在植物根际定殖是一个比较复杂的过程,影响定殖能力的因素也是复杂多样的。本文综述了参与根部竞争定殖的生物因素,包括受细菌遗传控制的某些特性如鞭毛/运动性、趋化性、多糖、位点特异重组酶/菌落阶段变异、NADH脱氢酶,植物根的分泌物和植物种类等;影响微生物根际定殖的非生物因素如土壤类型、土壤特性和土壤温度等,探讨了影响微生物根际定殖的主要研究方向。     

植物内生细菌的分离、分类、定殖与应用

植物内生细菌已成为国内外的研究热点,目前已从植物中分离得到许多不同种属的植物内生细菌,其中有的具有促生与防治病害等对宿主植物有利的作用,而一些则具有潜在的致病性。研究人员利用多种方法对植物内生细菌的内生定殖行为进行研究,发现了有意义的定殖规律,例如,某种植物内生细菌对其宿主的侵染能力明显强于另一种内生细菌。目前,尽管植物内生细菌还有不少问题有待解决,但它在农业上的巨大应用潜力业已彰显。     

外源基因标记的紫云英根瘤菌在水稻根部的定殖研究

前期研究中已证实紫云英根瘤菌(Rhizobium astragalus)JS5A16菌株对水稻生长有一定的促生作用,利用gusA基因标记的JS5A16菌株(编号为JS5A16G)接种水稻种子并检测其在水稻(汕优63)生长初期的根固定殖动态及分布。结果表明菌株JS5A16G在水稻出苗后2d根固定殖密度大量增加,第4天达到最大值16d后趋于稳定。将水稻根表面灭菌后,检测菌株JS5A16G在根内的定殖情况,发现在“汕优63”出苗后2d检测不出菌株JS5A16G,第4天可检测出。根部直接染色显示,菌株JS5A16G在根部的分布并不均匀,主要是在根系的某些部位形成微菌落。同时利用luxAB发光酶基因标记紫云英根瘤菌JS5A16菌株(编号为JS5A16L)研究其在不同品种水稻根部的定殖动态。结果表明,菌株JS5A6L在不同水稻品种“汕优63”、“汕优64”和“马协l18—2”根部的定殖密度不同且可以进入不同水稻品种的根内。在整个水稻生长期内菌株JS5A16L在“汕优64”根部的定殖密度明显高于其在“汕优63”根部的定殖密度,在“马协ll8—2”的定殖密度与其在“汕优63”、“汕优64”根部相比没有显著差异。但菌株JS5A16L在不同水稻根部的定殖动态相似,数量均在水稻生长到60-75d时(即水稻的孕穗期)达到最高值。     

绿色荧光蛋白在微生物根际定殖研究中的应用

农业有益微生物根际定殖能力的强弱决定着其应用效果的好坏,而作为荧光标记分子的GFP被认为是当前用于分子生态学研究中最理想的报告基因,成为近年来研究微生物根际定殖的热点方法.简要介绍GFP的一些特性及其在微生物根际定殖研究中的应用与前景展望.     

嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌PX1的降解芘特性及定殖效能

为丰富多环芳烃降解菌菌种库、降低农作物的污染风险,本研究对一株可高效降解多环芳烃(PAHs)的植物内生菌进行筛选鉴定,并初步探究其降解途径以及定殖效能。结果表明: 菌株PX1为嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌。该菌株对多环芳烃的降解具有广谱性,7 d几乎可彻底降解PAH无机盐培养基中的萘,在分别含有50.0 mg·L^-1菲、20.0 mg·L^-1芘、20.0 mg·L^-1荧蒽和10.0 mg·L^-1苯并[a]芘的培养体系中,对菲、芘、荧蒽、苯并[a]芘的降解率分别为72.6%、50.7%、31.9%和12.9%。选取芘作为PAHs模型研究菌株PX1的降解特性。酶活性试验表明,芘可诱导菌株PX1体内邻苯二甲酸双加氧酶、邻苯二酚-1,2-双加氧酶和邻苯二酚-2,3-双加氧酶的活性。在芘降解过程中检测到4,5-环氧化芘、4,5-二羟基芘、龙胆酸/原茶儿酸、水杨酸、顺-己二烯二酸/2-羟粘糠酸半醛、顺-2′-羧基苯丙酮酸、1-羟基-2-萘甲酸、水杨醛等中间产物。浸种定殖试验表明,菌株PX1可高效定殖到空心菜和小麦体内,显著促进空心菜和小麦生长,并能够将空心菜、小麦体内及其生长基质中的芘浓度分别降低29.8%～50.7%、52.4%～67.1%和8.0%～15.3%。表明菌株PX1主要通过“水杨酸途径”和“邻苯二甲酸途径”降解芘,且可以定殖到植物体内,促进植物生长。     

Tpb55菌株对烟草赤星病菌的影响及其在烟草叶表的定殖

采用生长速率法及分生孢子萌发法测定了烟草叶围细菌Tpb55菌株对烟草赤星病菌的影响。结果表明：Tpb55能分泌抗菌物质,抑制烟草赤星病菌的菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发,破坏菌丝和分生孢子形态,使菌丝和分生孢子出现细胞原生质收缩、肿大呈泡囊状、细胞壁破损导致原生质外泄等。温室和田间定殖作用测定结果表明：0～30 d内,Tpb55菌株在烟草叶表定殖菌量分别为23×10⁶～189×10⁶ cfu·g^-1鲜质量和1.87×10⁶～179.33×10⁶ cfu·g^-1鲜质量,其中,接种后3～8 d,Tpb55定殖数量较高且基本稳定,随后定殖数量逐渐下降。     

根系分泌物介导的植物-微生物相互作用

陆生植物所经历的一系列最复杂的化学、物理和生物相互作用是发生在根与其周围土壤环境(即根际)之间的.在特定环境下,植物通过根系的不同部位释放到根际环境中的有机物质的总和被称为根系分泌物,植物与土壤微生物之间的相互作用主要是由根系分泌物介导的.本文介绍了植物根系分泌物的主要成分、渗出方式,以及其介导的植物-微生物的正负相互作用,为未来开发和利用根系分泌物提高农作物的产量提供参考.     

Growth promotion and yield enhancement of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) by application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria

Although plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have been reported to influence plant growth, yield and nutrient uptake by an array of mechanisms, the specific traits by which PGPR promote plant growth, yield and nutrient uptake were limited to the expression of one or more of the traits expressed at a given environment of plant–microbe interaction. We selected nine different isolates of PGPR from a pool of 233 rhizobacterial isolates obtained from the peanut rhizosphere on the basis of ACC-deaminase activity. The nine isolates were selected, initially, on the basis of germinating seed bioassay in which the root length of the seedling was enhanced significantly over the untreated control. All the nine isolates were identified as Pseudomonas spp. Four of these isolates, viz. PGPR1, PGPR2, PGPR4 and PGPR7 (all fluorescent pseudomonads), were the best in producing siderophore and indole acetic acid (IAA). In addition to IAA and siderophore-producing attributes, Pseudomonas fluorescens PGPR1 also possessed the characters like tri-calcium phosphate solubilization, ammonification and inhibited Aspergillus niger and A. flavus in vitro. P. fluorescens PGPR2 differed from PGPR1 in the sense that it did not show ammonification. In addition to the traits exhibited by PGPR1, PGPR4 showed strong in vitro inhibition to Sclerotium rolfsii. The performances of these selected plant growth-promoting rhizobacterial isolates were repeatedly evaluated for 3 years in pot and field trials. Seed inoculation of these three isolates, viz. PGPR1, PGPR2 and PGPR4, resulted in a significantly higher pod yield than the control, in pots, during rainy and post-rainy seasons. The contents of nitrogen and phosphorus in soil, shoot and kernel were also enhanced significantly in treatments inoculated with these rhizobacterial isolates in pots during both the seasons. In the field trials, however, there was wide variation in the performance of the PGPR isolates in enhancing the growth and yield of peanut in different years. Plant growth-promoting fluorescent pseudomonad isolates, viz. PGPR1, PGPR2 and PGPR4, significantly enhanced pod yield (23–26%, 24–28% and 18–24%, respectively), haulm yield and nodule dry weight over the control in 3 years. Other attributes like root length, pod number, 100-kernel mass, shelling out-turn and nodule number were also enhanced. Seed bacterization with plant growth-promoting P. fluorescens isolates, viz. PGPR1, PGPR2 and PGPR4, suppressed the soil-borne fungal diseases like collar rot of peanut caused by A. niger and PGPR4 also suppressed stem rot caused by S. rolfsii. Studies on the growth patterns of PGPR isolates utilizing the seed leachate as the sole source of C and N indicated that PGPR4 isolate was the best in utilizing the seed leachate of peanut, cultivar JL24. Studies on the rhizosphere competence of the PGPR isolates, evaluated on the basis of spontaneous rifampicin resistance, indicated that PGPR7 was the best rhizoplane colonizer and PGPR1 was the best rhizosphere colonizer. Although the presence of growth-promoting traits in vitro does not guarantee that an isolate will be plant growth promoting in nature, results suggested that besides ACC-deaminase activity of the PGPR isolates, expression of one or more of the traits like suppression of phytopathogens, solubilization of tri-calcium phosphate, production of siderophore and/or nodulation promotion might have contributed to the enhancement of growth, yield and nutrient uptake of peanut.     

植物根际促生菌及丛枝菌根真菌协助植物修复重金属污染土壤的机制

植物修复是一种前景广阔的重金属污染土壤的主要修复技术,在微生物的协助下效果更为显著。植物根际促生菌可通过分泌吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)、产铁载体、固氮溶磷等方式促进植物生长、改善植物重金属耐受性,从而有效提高重金属污染土壤的植物修复效率。菌根真菌是土壤-植物系统中重要的功能菌群之一,可侵染植物根系改变根系形态和矿质营养状况,通过菌丝体吸附重金属,也可产生球囊霉素、有机酸、植物生长素等次生代谢产物改变重金属生物有效性。植物根际促生菌与丛枝菌根真菌可对植物产生协同促生作用,在重金属污染土壤修复中具有一定应用潜力。目前,国内外关于植物根际促生菌和丛枝菌根真菌互作已有大量研究,而二者的相互作用机理仍处于探索阶段。本文综述了近年来国内外植物根际促生菌和丛枝菌根真菌在重金属污染土壤植物修复中的作用机制,并对其研究前景进行展望。     

The effect of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on the phytoextraction of Cd and Zn by Brassica napus L.

The test strains Bacteroidetes bacterium (Ba), Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf) and Variovorax sp. (Va) were selected in advance for their in vitro capability for growth promotion of rapeseed in the presence of increased concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the medium. In the pot experiment, the strains were used for single Ba, Pf, Va or combined Ba + Pf, Ba + Va, Pf + Va, and Ba + Pf + Va inoculation of B. napus growing in contaminated soil from alluvial deposits. The positive effect of bacterial strains on plant growth was observed in vitro, but was not confirmed in situ in the contaminated soil, where the tested strains inhibited biomass production, rather than stimulating it. However, single inoculation with Ba significantly increased the chlorophyll content and K⁺ concentration in the leaves. The inoculation of rapeseed with Ba and Va strains was indicated to be the most promising combination for phytoextraction of Cd and Zn from contaminated soil. Combined inoculation with Pf+Va and Pf + Ba+Va significantly decreased the concentration of heavy metals in the roots of rapeseed. We conclude that suitable combinations of PGPR can control the metal uptake of B. napus, selectively increasing either metal extraction or metal stabilization in the rhizosphere and offering promising applications in soil remediation.     

In situ characterization of mercury-resistant growth-promoting fluorescent pseudomonads

Pseudomonas fluorescens strains PRS9 and GRS1 (wild type) were made mercury resistant PRS9Hg(r) (147 microM HgCl2) and GRS1Hg(r) (55 microM HgCl2), respectively, in King's medium by enrichment selection and their in situ root colonization studies were carried out. Mercury resistant mutant of PRS9 was stable and resulted in significant increase in root and shoot fresh weight (P < 0.05). Both the mutants are positive for indoleacetic acid (IAA), 'P' solubilization and siderophore production. PRS9, potent 'P' solubilizer, exhibited higher 'P' solubilization as compared to GRS1. After 2 weeks of inoculation, the population level of wild type PRS9 and its mercury resistant mutants has increased (50 fold). Mercury resistance has no adverse effect on the growth promoting properties of mutants besides being comparable in its morphological and physiological properties with their wild type counterpart. Furthermore, mercury resistant character facilitates rhizospheric competition and thus helpful for establishment of growth promoting strains where metal ions are either limiting and/or present at toxic level.     

植物根际促生菌对3种土传真菌病害病原的抑制作用

【目的】获取促生同时可防治3种土传真菌病害(Fusarium oxysporum、Sclerotinia sclerotiorum和Rhizoctonia solani)的生防菌,并明确其抑菌效果。【方法】利用前期研究获得的17株促生菌,采用平板对峙法测定其对病原真菌的拮抗作用及对菌丝生长的抑制作用。【结果】可有效拮抗立枯丝核菌的生防菌有6株,其中促生菌株FX2和LM4-3的抑制率达73.82%;拮抗尖孢镰刀菌的生防菌有7株,其中FX2的抑制率达到66.81%;拮抗油菜菌核病菌的生防菌有4株,其中菌株LHS11的抑制率高达85.71%。菌株LHS11和JM170通过次生代谢物抑制病原真菌。所有的生防菌对病原菌的菌丝生长均有一定的抑制作用。【结论】筛选得到对3种真菌病害病原具有较好生防作用的菌株LHS11和FX2。     

Biological hardening of micropropagated Picrorhiza kurrooa Royel ex Benth., an endangered species of medical importance

Three plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria viz. Bacillus megaterium, B. subtilis and Pseudomonas corrugata were used for biological hardening of micropropagated plantlets of Picrorhiza kurrooa. The bacterial isolates antagonized the fungal spp. postulated to cause death of micropropagated plants in plate-based assays and positively influenced survival and growth parameters in greenhouse investigation.     

BIOLOG系统鉴定黄瓜根围促生菌的初步研究

对筛选出的８株具有明显促生防病作用的黄瓜根围促生菌ＣＮ１１,ＣＮ３１,ＣＮ４５,ＣＮ１ １６,ＣＮ１２９,ＸＢ１２０,ＸＢ５,ＸＢ４１通过ＢＩＯＬＯＧ法进行了分类鉴定,分别为：铜绿假单胞菌（Ｐｓｅｎｄｏｍｏｎａｓ ａｅｒｕｇｉｎｏｓａ）,波纹假单胞菌（Ｐ． Ｃｏｒｒｕｇａｔａ）,短芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ ｂｒｅｖｉｓ）,荧光假单胞菌Ｂ型（Ｐ． Ｆｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｎｓ ｔｙｐｅ Ｂ）,铜绿假单胞菌（Ｐ． Ａｅｒｕｇｉｎｏｓａ）,荧光假     

Induction of Systemic Resistance by Bacillus cereus Against Tomato Foliar Diseases Under Field Conditions

The ability of a rhizobacterium to protect tomato plants against naturally occurring diseases as well as to improve crop yield under field conditions was studied. The rhizobacterium was introduced to the plants through seed microbiolization. Treatments consisted of different frequencies of fungicide (Chlorothalonyl) sprayings (5, 10 or 20 applications) of tomato plants grown from either microbiolized or non‐microbiolized seeds over a 90‐day evaluation period. Treatment of non‐microbiolized seeds without fungicide application was included as a control. The progress of the following three naturally occurring diseases was evaluated in the field and quantified: early blight (Alternaria solani), late blight (Phytophthora infestans), and septoria leaf spot (Septoria lycopersici). All treatments resulted in reduced disease severity when compared with the control treatment. Highest final fruit yields were found after treatment of plants grown from non‐microbiolized seeds and sprayed with fungicide 20 times over 90 days, and for treatment of plants from microbiolized seeds that received 10 fungicide spray applications, although all treatments increased yield over that obtained in the control treatment. The results demonstrate that combined rhizobacterial and chemical treatments in the field may permit reducing fungicidal spraying frequency while at the same time increasing crop yields.     

植物根际促生枯草芽孢杆菌JC01筛选

【目的】筛选高效植物根际促生细菌,阐明产挥发性有机化合物(VOC)菌株JC01的促生机制。【方法】选取从植物根际中分离得到的838株细菌,以固氮、解(溶)磷以及分泌嗜铁素、吲哚乙酸(IAA)活性为指标,对其促生能力进行赋值评估,将赋值在3分以上的107株细菌进行指纹图谱分析,挑选其中不同簇的20株促生潜力细菌进行温室实验,以评价赋值体系与温室促生效果之间的关系,进一步探究具有较好促生效果菌株JC01的作用机理。【结果】共筛选出了来源于指纹图谱中不同簇的4株具有较好促生效果的菌株,细菌的平板活性赋值与促生效果之间的相关系数r大于0.6。其中,菌株JC01分泌的具有促生作用的VOC能够增强番茄植株IAA信号通路关键基因的表达,减弱脱落酸(ABA)、乙烯(ETH)信号通路关键基因的表达。JC01经16S r RNA基因鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌。【结论】细菌的平板活性赋值与促生效果之间存在较高的正相关性,枯草芽孢杆菌JC01可能通过产生VOC对番茄生长进行调控。