霍山石斛的光合特性研究

本文研究了霍山3种石斛的光合特性、气孔日变化与生态因子的相关性,研究结果表明,石斛光合作用的净光合速率、光饱和点、光补偿点均低,要求低光强和散射光.相对湿度是影响光合作用和气孔开闭的主要因子.相对湿度降低,净光合速率也降低.白天气温在20℃以下,相对湿度在80%以上时,气孔开闭随光强变化呈单峰曲线;气温在20℃以上,相对湿度达90%以上时,气孔开张度与光强呈强正相关,相对湿度降低到80%以下,气孔开张度与光强无相关性.气孔日变化出现双峰曲线.叶绿素b含量略高,在短波光430nm处吸收峰较高,表现了阴性植物的光合特性.     

不同光强对越南抱茎茶光合及荧光特性日变化的影响

为研究不同光强对越南抱茎茶光合作用机理的影响,设置3种处理方式,即全光照(L1)、光强度45%(L2)、光强度15%(L3),分别在遮阴3个月后测定其光合荧光参数的变化。结果表明,不同光强处理下,净光合速率均呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在11:00左右;光合速率下降主要是气孔限制因素引起的;叶绿素荧光参数表明,强光条件下电子传递受阻,热耗散增加,PSII反应中心受到破坏,从而降低了茶花的光合效率;过度遮阴条件下受到光抑制,从而导致光合机构损伤;45%光照条件下光合效率较高。相关性分析表明,净光合速率(Pn)与空气温度(Ta)、相对湿度(RH)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)、表观电子传递速率(ETR)呈极显著相关,与RH呈极显著负相关,与胞间CO2浓度(Ci)呈显著负相关。影响越南抱茎茶净光合速率的主要环境因子是空气温度和相对湿度。     

土壤温度与气温对紫花雪山报春光合作用和蒸腾作用的影响

在气候箱中研究了土壤温度、气温对高山草本植物紫花雪山报春光合作用和蒸腾作用的影响。结果显示 :1 0℃～ 2 5℃土壤温度范围内 ,净光合速率和蒸腾速率及气孔导度和胞间CO2 浓度随土壤温度的变化为“单峰”曲线。“峰”值及其位置受气温影响。在 1 0℃～ 35℃气温范围内 ,净光合速率随气温的变化曲线为“单峰”型 ,蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间 CO2 浓度随气温升高既有增加又有减少 ,增加或是减少及变化速率与土壤温度有关。土壤温度和气温对光合作用和蒸腾作用都有影响 ,各因子对光合作用和蒸腾作用的影响受到另一因子的促进或制约。其中一因子处于不利状态 ,光合作用和蒸腾作用都将受到严重损害。土壤温度和气温分别为 2 0℃和 2 5℃时 ,紫花雪山报春叶片净光合速率最大 ,为 1 4 .67μmol CO2 · m-2 · s-1 。光合作用的最适温度范围是土壤温度 1 5℃～ 2 0℃ ,气温 2 0℃～ 2 5℃。经相关系数分析表明 :在不同气温条件下 ,土壤温度变化时净光合速率、蒸腾速率与气孔导度、胞间 CO2 浓度的相关性不同 ;在不同土壤温度条件下 ,气温变化时它们之间的相关性也不同。不同气温下土壤温度影响光合作用、蒸腾作用或不同土壤温度下气温影响光合作用、蒸腾作用的生理机制不完全相同     

沈阳城市森林主要绿化树种——丁香的光合特性研究

应用LI-6400红外气体分析仪对城市森林典型树种丁香不同季节光合作用的日变化规律进行研究,采用相关分析和多元逐步回归统计分析方法,得出净光合速率与光合有效辐射、气温、大气湿度、气孔导度等生理生态因子间的相关关系．结果表明,丁香春季和夏季光合速率呈双峰曲线,秋季呈单峰曲线．春季影响光合速率的主要因子为光合有效辐射和气孔导度;夏季影响光合速率的主要因子为气孔导度和光合有效辐射;秋季为气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度,建立了相应的影响因子回归方程。     

沈阳城市森林主要绿化树种——丁香的光合特性研究

应用LI-6400红外气体分析仪对城市森林典型树种丁香不同季节光合作用的日变化规律进行研究,采用相关分析和多元逐步回归统计分析方法,得出净光合速率与光合有效辐射、气温、大气湿度、气孔导度等生理生态因子间的相关关系.结果表明,丁香春季和夏季光合速率呈双峰曲线,秋季呈单峰曲线.春季影响光合速率的主要因子为光合有效辐射和气孔导度;夏季影响光合速率的主要因子为气孔导度和光合有效辐射;秋季为气孔导度和胞间CO₂浓度.建立了相应的影响因子回归方程.     

黑石顶常绿阔叶林群落冠层树木光合生理特性研究

本文用封闭式的光合作用测定仪测定了黑石顶南亚热带常绿阔叶林群落冠层的两种优势种群──相和光叶红豆的光合速率以及其它生理因子的日变化,同时测定了群落冠层的环境因子──光量子通量密度、气温和相对湿度等的日变化。冠层中ｃｏ＿２浓度的平均值为３０６．６ｍｇ／ｋｇ,日变幅为±６．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ。树种间光合速率差别很大,硬叶相叶片的日平均净光合速率为２．６３７４μｍｏｌ／ｍ￣２·ｓ．日最高净光合作用速率在１１时左右。分析了净光合速率与叶片气孔导度之间的显著相关性,并指出气孔导度的差异可能是引起不同种间净光合速率差异的主要原因之一。     

羌活光合作用日变化及其与生理生态因子的关系

以大田引种栽培的羌活植株为材料,用Li-6400便携式光合作用测定系统原位测定自然条件下生长的羌活孕蕾期叶片的光合速率光响应、净光合速率及生理生态因子日变化,并通过相关分析、通径分析和逐步回归分析探讨净光合速率与生理生态因子的关系.结果表明:(1)羌活净光合速率(P_n)、 蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)日变化均呈双峰曲线,其净光合速率具有典型的"午休"现象,并主要由非气孔限制因素造成;(2)影响羌活叶片Pn日变化的主要决定生理因子是G_s,主要限制因子是胞间CO_2浓度(C_i);主要决定生态因子是空气相对湿度(RH),限制因子是气温(T_a); G_s是影响净光合速率最重要的生理生态因子.研究发现,羌活有较强的适应弱光环境的能力,属于阳性耐荫植物,宜选择海拔和荫蔽度均较高的环境进行引种驯化栽培,以利于其生长和存活.     

环境因子对辣椒光合与蒸腾特性的影响

采用灰色关联分析方法研究环境因子对辣椒(Capsicum annuum Linn.)光合和蒸腾特性的影响.结果表明,在强光照下影响净光合速率的环境因子大小顺序为相对湿度、CO2浓度、温度、光照强度、气孔导度;净光合速率与相对湿度、叶温呈显著的负相关,与CO2浓度呈极显著的正相关;蒸腾速率与气温呈极显著的正相关,与相对湿度呈极显著的负相关;水分利用效率与相对湿度呈极显著的正相关,与温度呈极显著的负相关.弱光照时影响净光合速率的环境因子大小顺序为光照强度、温度、相对湿度、CO2浓度;净光合速率与光照强度、CO2浓度呈显著的正相关,与相对湿度呈显著的负相关.在强光照下适当遮阳、灌水、增施CO2肥,在弱光照下减少荫蔽、通风透气、降低相对湿度、增加温度可促进辣椒光合作用,提高辣椒产量.     

桂花不同花期蒸腾作用和光合作用日变化研究

对不同花期桂花的光合作用、蒸腾作用日变化及二者与环境因子的相互作用进行研究.结果表明:处于不同花期的桂花净光合速率日变化为典型的双峰曲线,有明显的"午休"现象;蒸腾速率日变化总体趋势是先升高后降低.盛花期桂花净光合速率(Pn)最大,蒸腾作用最强,而且蒸腾作用的日变化最大.水分利用率最高.气孔导度与光合速率呈显著的正相关.叶面温度、光照强度、水蒸气压浓度差与蒸腾速率有明显正相关性.     

云锦杜鹃叶片光合作用日变化特征

自然条件下, 对云锦杜鹃光合作用日进程和光响应进行了观测, 结果表明:夏季晴天云锦杜鹃阳叶净光合速率日进程曲线为"双峰"型, 光合效率午间明显降低。胞间CO₂ 浓度的日进程基本与净光合速率相反, 中午胞间CO₂ 浓度增高表明净光合速率午间降低主要受非气孔限制因素的影响。暗呼吸速率日进程呈单峰曲线, 中午最高。阴叶净光合速率在一天的大部分时间里变化不大。一天分时段光响应试验表明, 阳叶饱和光强和表观量子效率上午较高, 下午有所降低, 而光补偿点下午有所上升。阴叶的这些光合参数在上午和下午没有明显的变化。这些研究结果表明, 强光下光抑制的发生是引起云锦杜鹃阳叶光合效率午间降低的重要原因。逐步多元回归和通径分析表明, 光合有效辐射和空气温度是直接影响净光合速率日变化的主要因子。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.