阔叶丰花草与2种菊科植物之间的化感作用

阔叶丰花草是一种适用于华南果园生草控草的一年生植物。为了揭示阔叶丰花草与果园常见杂草之间的竞争关系,研究了阔叶丰花草与两种菊科植物(胜红蓟和白花鬼针草)之间的化感作用。结果表明: 10～50 mg·mL^-1的阔叶丰花草水浸液处理显著抑制胜红蓟和白花鬼针草种子萌发和幼苗生长,胜红蓟和白花鬼针草的胚根长分别比对照降低57.4%～90.2%和57.3%～62.3%。胜红蓟和白花鬼针草水浸液对阔叶丰花草种子萌发也有较强的化感效应,在50 mg·mL^-1的浓度处理下,阔叶丰花草种子几乎不能萌发。经10 mg·mL^-1阔叶丰花草水浸液处理30 d后,胜红蓟播种苗的净光合作用、株高和生物量分别比对照降低15.2%、20.6%和41.5%,白花鬼针草播种苗的生物量也出现下降趋势;但胜红蓟和白花鬼针草水浸液处理对阔叶丰花草播种苗生长的影响均不显著。在混种条件下,阔叶丰花草的生物量与单种的水平相当,胜红蓟和白花鬼针草的生物量则分别比单种降低86.0%和27.1%。与胜红蓟和白花鬼针草相比,阔叶丰花草的化感优势在于除了能抑制对方的种子萌发,也能抑制其植株生长。     

3种入侵植物叶片挥发物对旱稻幼苗根的影响

入侵植物通过化感作用对入侵地的生态系统构成了严重的威胁,影响了入侵域农作物的生产。采用石蜡切片技术,利用光学显微镜进行观察,研究了不同质量浓度的黄顶菊、三叶鬼针草、胜红蓟3种入侵植物的叶片挥发物对旱稻幼苗初生根的结构以及根系发育的影响,结果表明:低质量浓度(5g)的三叶鬼针草和胜红蓟叶片挥发物对根皮层起抑制作用,低质量浓度(5g)的三叶鬼针草挥发物对维管柱有促进作用,而黄顶菊挥发物对髓腔影响比较大,表现为低浓度抑制,高浓度促进;20g质量浓度的三种入侵植物叶片挥发物对旱稻幼苗初生根结构影响最大,均出现结构上的变异;对侧根的发育随浓度的增加而呈现明显的抑制作用,20g质量浓度时没有侧根的发生。表明入侵植物对受体植物根结构的影响随植物种类和挥发物浓度的不同而有不同的特点。     

假臭草等12种植物对白花鬼针草幼苗的化感作用

用具有化感作用或潜在抑草活性的12种植物的叶片水浸液对白花鬼针草(Bidens alba)幼苗进行处理,对其幼苗的生长 进行研究,以期筛选出对白花鬼针草生长有较强抑制作用的植物种类。结果表明,12种供体植物叶片水浸液(0.05 g DW mL^-1) 均能显著抑制白花鬼针草幼苗的生长(P<0.05),综合化感效应(SE)均为负值(≤-0.2),抑制强度依次为假臭草(Eupatorium catarium)>胜红蓟(Ageratum conyzoides)>海芋(Alocasia macrorrhiza)>水茄(Solanum torvum)>马缨丹(Lantana camara)>薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)>构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)>南美蟛蜞菊(Wedelia trilobata)>三裂叶薯(Ipomoea triloba)>葛藤(Pueraria lobata)>鸡矢藤(Paederia scandens)>五爪金龙(Ipomoea cairica),其中假臭草叶水浸液浓度仅为0.04 g DW mL^-1时就可以使白花鬼针草死亡。假臭草和胜红蓟的茎水浸液也可以显著抑制白花鬼针草的生长(P<0.05),抑制效果略低于叶水浸液。回归分析表明,假臭草叶水浸液浓度与白花鬼针草的生物量等指标之间有线性回归关系(R²>0.85, P<0.001),随着水浸液浓度的增加,白花鬼针草的生物量等指标下降。防除白花鬼针草时使用假臭草和胜红蓟的茎、叶水浸液, 其有效浓度低且资源丰富,可作为白花鬼针草天然除草剂的主要资源植物。     

麦冬不同部位水浸提液对 5 种植物的化感作用研究

以滤纸生测方法测定了麦冬(Ophiopogon japonicus)不同部位去离子水浸提液对黑麦草(Lollum multiflorum)、紫云英(Astragalus sinicus)、菜心 (Brassica parachinensis)、萝卜 (Raphanus sativus)以及三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)等几种南方常见植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感效应, 结果表明低浓度麦冬水浸提液促进了受体种子萌发和幼苗根长, 而高浓度则均表现出抑制作, 水提液的浓度越高抑制效果越强。水提液对萝卜幼苗苗高和生物量均表现出显著的化感促进作用 , 而高浓度的麦冬地上部水提液对黑麦草、紫云英和三叶鬼针草幼苗的株高和生物量存在显著化感抑制作用。且麦冬不同部位水浸提液对同一受体的化感效应强度有差异, 地上部水浸提液化感作用强于地下部分。     

外来入侵植物银胶菊水提物对三叶鬼针草和茶条木种子萌发的化感作用

以伴生草本植物三叶鬼针草和能源木本植物茶条木为受试植物,初步研究了外来入侵植物银胶菊根、茎、花水浸提液对二者种子萌发的化感效应。根据发芽率、化感效应敏感指数、发芽速率可以看出,银胶菊不同部位的浸提液在不同浓度下对三叶鬼针草的种子萌发的影响力不同;而对茶条木种子萌发无明显的作用。为选择适宜植物,生物替代防治银胶菊提供依据。     

胜红蓟化感作用研究 Ⅱ.主要化感物质的释放途径和活性

研究了南方重要杂草胜红蓟(Ageratumconyzoides)挥发物质的化感作用。结果表明,胜红蓟鲜叶的挥发物质和挥发油对所有受试植物的幼苗生长有显着的抑制作用。用色谱法鉴定并分离了胜红蓟挥发油的主要成分早熟素Ⅰ和早熟素Ⅱ,两者分别占总量的30.93%和51.61%.胜红蓟水溶物中的早熟素Ⅰ和Ⅱ是从挥发物中而来,挥发是胜红蓟释放化感物质的主要途径。分离纯化的早熟素Ⅰ和Ⅱ的饱和水溶液对萝卜、番茄和黑麦草的幼苗生长均有显着的抑制作用,特别是早熟素Ⅱ具有强烈的化感作用,在25μg·ml^-1低浓度下,仍能抑制植物幼苗的生长,但早熟素Ⅰ和Ⅱ的混合溶液对植物的抑制作用并无显着增强,两者之间不存在协同作用。     

胜红蓟化感作用研究Ⅱ.主要化感物质的释放途径和活性

研究了南方重要杂草胜红蓟（Ａｇｅｒａｔｕｍｃｏｎｙｚｏｉｄｅｓ）挥发物质的化感作用．结果表明,胜红蓟鲜叶的挥发物质和挥发油对所有受试植物的幼苗生长有显著的抑制作用．用色谱法鉴定并分离了胜红蓟挥发油的主要成分早熟素Ⅰ和早熟素Ⅱ,两者分别占总量的３０．９３％和５１．６１％．胜红蓟水溶物中的早熟素Ⅰ和Ⅱ是从挥发物中而来,挥发是胜红蓟释放化感物质的主要途径．分离纯化的早熟素Ⅰ和Ⅱ的饱和水溶液对萝卜、番茄和黑麦草的幼苗生长均有显著的抑制作用,特别是早熟素Ⅱ具有强烈的化感作用,在２５μｇ·ｍｌ－１低浓度下,仍能抑制植物幼苗的生长,但早熟素Ⅰ和Ⅱ的混合溶液对植物的抑制作用并无显著增强,两者之间不存在协同作用．     

胜红蓟化感作用研究I.水溶物的化感作用及其化感物质分离鉴定

研究了胜红蓟水溶物对植物的化感作用,结果表明,胜红蓟水溶物溶液浓度在０．２５ｇＦＷ．ｍｌ＾－１时对所有供试植物的萌发和幼苗生长均有显著的抑制作用,浓度降至０．１０ｇＦＷ．ｍｌ＾－１时其抑制作用基本消失,胜红蓟不同器官,不同生育期水溶物的化感作用是有差异的,特别是不同生境条件下生长的胜红蓟水物化感作用有显著差异,表明在恶劣生境下胜红蓟的化感作用更为强烈,对胜红蓟水溶物中的化感活性物质进行了分离和分子     

胜红蓟化感作用研究Ⅰ.水溶物的化感作用及其化感物质分离鉴定

研究了胜红蓟水溶物对植物的化感作用 .结果表明 ,胜红蓟水溶物溶液浓度在0 .2 5gFW·ml- 1 时对所有供试植物的萌发和幼苗生长均有显著的抑制作用 ,浓度降至0 .1 0 gFW·ml- 1 时其抑制作用基本消失 ;胜红蓟不同器官、不同生育期水溶物的化感作用是有差异的 ,特别是不同生境条件下生长的胜红蓟水溶物化感作用有显著差异 ,表明在恶劣生境下胜红蓟的化感作用更为强烈 .对胜红蓟水溶物中的化感活性物质进行分离和分子结构鉴定 ,得到早熟素Ⅰ、早熟素Ⅱ和 5,2 2 二烯 3β 豆甾醇 3个化感化合物 .     

胜红蓟化感作用研究 Ⅷ.植株对花生和相关杂草的田间化感效应

在田间条件下,胜红蓟化感效应与处理植株的方式和时间显相关。覆盖处理对花生出苗和生长不产生化感抑制效应,而是显示一定的促进效应,翻埋处理对花生出苗和生长都产生显的化感抑制效应,然而覆盖处理30d,翻埋处理10d后再播种花生,花生出苗均受显抑制,两种处理都能减少许多杂草的萌发,但对不同种属杂草萌发的抑制作用有差异。进一步用高效液相色谱（HPLC）技术研究证实;覆盖处理条件下,胜红蓟植株直到第14天才向土壤中缓慢释放化感物质胜红蓟素,第30天达到最大值后逐渐减少,而翻埋处理的第2天,植株就向土壤中释放胜红蓟素,第10天达到最大值后缓慢减少,但第26天后土壤中胜红蓟素含量又上升,然后再逐步下降。这些结果显示不同处理条件下,胜红蓟植株对花生和相关杂草的田间化感效应是与胜红蓟植株在不同时间释放的化感物质在土壤中的存在状态和有效作用浓度显相关的。     

Antifungal Activity of Leaf Extracts and Essential Oils of some Medicinal Plants against Didymella bryoniae

The fungitoxicity of crude extracts and essential oils of Achillea millefolium , Cymbopogon citratus , Eucalyptus citriodora and Ageratum conyzoides on the fungus Didymella bryoniae was verified in vitro by means of germination of spores and mycelial growth. In addition, some observations were made using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to detect possible alterations on the hyphae of Didymella bryoniae . The results revealed that crude extracts of E. citriodora and A. conyzoides were more effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of D. bryoniae whereas in the germination of spores A. conyzoides and A. millefolium were responsible for most of the inhibition, namely, 52 and 46%, respectively. The essential oils of C. citratus , A. conyzoides and E. citriodora provided 100% inhibition of the mycelial growth and germination of spores of D. bryoniae . SEM observations revealed alterations in the growth pattern of hyphae of D. bryoniae when the essential oil of A. millefolium was present.     

冷蒿对三种禾本科植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用

研究了冷蒿茎叶水浸提液及冷蒿斑块土壤对羊草草原3种禾本科植物(羊草、克氏针茅和糙隐子草)种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:冷蒿茎叶水浸提液使受试植物种子的发芽指数降低,平均发芽时间延长.羊草、克氏针茅和糙隐子草幼苗苗高及克氏针茅幼苗根长均受冷蒿茎叶水浸提液抑制;浸提液浓度≥0.075g.ml-1时显著抑制羊草幼苗根长生长,≤0.05g.ml-1时则无显著影响;而茎叶水浸提液对糙隐子草幼苗根长有"低促高抑"的作用.冷蒿斑块土壤抑制受试植物幼苗生长;3种植物对冷蒿化感效应的敏感性依次为克氏针茅羊草糙隐子草,且幼苗根长的敏感性均大于苗高.     

Allelopathic effects of interrupted fern on northern red oak seedlings: Amelioration bySuillus luteus L.: Fr.

Summary The allelopathic effects of interrupted fern frond leachates on ectomycorrhizal (inoculated) and nonmycorrhizal (noninoculated) northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings were investigated. Container-grown northern red oak was inoculated with vegetative mycelium ofSuillus luteus L. Fr. following acorn germination. Noninoculated control seedlings were also maintained. Seedlings were grown in a glasshouse under full sunlight or shaded (25% of full sunlight) conditions. Leachate or deionized water solutions were applied to seedlings eleven times over a 91-day period to simulate a rainfall induced transfer of allelopathic chemicals from fern fronds to the soil. Fern frond leachates significantly reduced seedling survival, however, inoculated seedlings showed less mortality. Chromium concentrations of pooled lateral root or leaf tissue were comparatively higher in tissues exhibiting greater mortality. Root biomass was reduced by fern fern frond leachate applications. Seedling biomass was not significantly affected by fungal inoculation. Our results confirm previous documentation of the allelopathic potential of ferns, and suggest that ectomycorrhizal fungi may ameliorate allelopathic effects of ferns on northern red oak seedling survival and growth.     

胜红蓟化感作用研究Ⅵ.气象条件对胜红蓟化感作用的影响

在田间条件下 ,胜红蓟化感作用与光、温、水等气象要素显著相关 ,有利的光、温、水生长条件使得其化感作用减弱 ,反之增强 .春夏季温度和降水有利胜红蓟的生长 ,其化感作用减弱 ,而秋冬季温度和降水不利胜红蓟生长 ,其化感作用增强 .实验表明 ,30 0 μg·ml-1高浓度胜红蓟挥发油使受试植物不能生长 ,而6 0 μg·ml-1低浓度影响较小 ,在高温、低温和遮光等不利植物生长的条件下 ,低浓度的胜红蓟化感物质对受试植物的抑制效应显著增强 ,显示在不利的生长条件下 ,受试植物对胜红蓟化感物质的抵御能力减弱 .研究表明 ,在不利于胜红蓟及受试植物生长的气象条件下 ,胜红蓟化感作用增强 ,受试植物抵御化感物质的能力降低 ,使得胜红蓟群落中其它植物难以正常生长 ,相应地提高了胜红蓟在自然群落中的竞争优势 .化感作用和光、温、水、气象条件的共同作用是胜红蓟在自然群落中成为优势种群的重要原因之一 .     

木麻黄浸提液对榄仁树幼苗生长及生理生化的影响

该研究试图将榄仁树引入木麻黄海防林以期形成混交林型的海防林。以15 d榄仁树种子苗为材料,分别采用浓度为125 g·L~-1的木麻黄根、木麻黄凋落物和林下表层土壤的水浸提液胁迫处理榄仁树幼苗60 d,研究木麻黄化感作用对榄仁树幼苗生长、光合作用、膜系统伤害、抗氧化系统酶活性及游离Pro含量的影响。结果表明:木麻黄根、木麻黄凋落物及林下表层土壤的水浸提液都能降低榄仁树幼苗的存活率,影响幼苗株高、叶和根生物量,可以推断不同浸提液中对影响植物生长成分的浓度有所不同。3种浸提液均显著降低处理15~45 d期间幼苗的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Ccond)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr),且显著增加幼苗水分利用率(WUE)。第60天时3种木麻黄浸提液能显著增加幼苗叶片、根的Pro含量,使得幼苗根系组织细胞膜通透性增加,而木麻黄根浸提液能显著增加幼苗Ccond、Ci、叶SOD、根CAT含量,木麻黄凋落物浸提液能显著增加幼苗Ccond和Tr,同时凋落物浸提液会显著降低幼苗根POD含量。榄仁树幼苗通过调整自身的生理生化能适应木麻黄化感胁迫的影响,为此可考虑榄仁树作为沿海防护林建设的树种之一。     

红薯叶片浸提液对5种主要农田杂草种子萌发及幼苗生长的化感作用

以发芽率、发芽势、根长、茎长和鲜重变化为种子萌发和幼苗生长参数,研究了作物红薯叶片水浸液对云南省农田5种恶性杂草牛膝菊、藿香蓟、鬼针草、马唐和稗草的化感作用。结果表明,红薯叶片水浸液对5种受体杂草种子发芽率的影响不明显,但对发芽势有显著抑制作用。牛膝菊、藿香蓟、鬼针草和马唐的根长和生物量随红薯叶片水浸液浓度增加而显著降低,其中对马唐的抑制最强,高浓度0.1 g/m L时对根长和生物量抑制率分别为92.04%和73.33%,而低浓度0.0125 g/m L时分别为40.99%和46.67%;其次为鬼针草、藿香蓟、牛膝菊;最差的是稗草,随浓度的变化趋势均不明显。随红薯叶片水浸液浓度增加牛膝菊、鬼针草和马唐的茎长显著地降低,其中对马唐的抑制最强,高浓度0.1 g/m L和低浓度0.0125 g/m L时分别为86.85%和70.64%;其次为鬼针草和牛膝菊;相反藿香蓟和稗草的茎长随浓度增加而显著增加,高浓度0.1 g/m L和低浓度0.0125 g/m L时对藿香蓟的促进率分别为86.97%和16.03%。红薯叶片水浸液低浓度0.0125 g/m L时对牛膝菊的茎长和生物量有促进作用(低促高抑)。从化感作用响应指数和综合效应指数的综合对比来看,红薯对牛膝菊、藿香蓟、鬼针草、马唐具有显著的化感抑制作用,随浓度增加其抑制能力显著增加;其中对马唐的为最强,其次为鬼针草、牛膝菊和藿香蓟,相反对稗草具有促进作用(除了浓度0.1 g/m L)。所有这些表明,红薯叶片水浸液对5种杂草化感作用的敏感性趋势总体为:马唐鬼针草牛膝菊藿香蓟,最不敏感或者具有促进作用的是稗草。     

Soil biota reduce allelopathic effects of the invasive Eupatorium adenophorum

Allelopathy has been hypothesized to play a role in exotic plant invasions, and study of this process can improve our understanding of how direct and indirect plant interactions influence plant community organization and ecosystem functioning. However, allelopathic effects can be highly conditional. For example allelopathic effects demonstrated in vivo can be difficult to demonstrate in field soils. Here we tested phytotoxicity of Eupatorium adenophorum (croftonweed), one of the most destructive exotic species in China, to a native plant species Brassica rapa both in sand and in native soil. Our results suggested that natural soils from different invaded habitats alleviated or eliminated the efficacy of potential allelochemicals relative to sand cultures. When that soil is sterilized, the allelopathic effects returned; suggesting that soil biota were responsible for the reduced phytotoxicity in natural soils. Neither of the two allelopathic compounds (9-Oxo-10,11-dehydroageraphorone and 9b-Hydroxyageraphorone) of E. adenophorum could be found in natural soils infested by the invader, and when those compounds were added to the soils as leachates, they showed substantial degradation after 24 hours in natural soils but not in sand. Our findings emphasize that soil biota can reduce the allelopathic effects of invaders on other plants, and therefore can reduce community invasibility. These results also suggest that soil biota may have stronger or weaker effects on allelopathic interactions depending on how allelochemicals are delivered.     

Effects of leaf litter on inter-specific competitive ability of the invasive plant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Wedelia trilobata</Emphasis>

Allelochemicals released by invasive plants contribute to the successful invasion of new habitats. However, the relationship between allelopathic effects and competitive ability of invasive plants has not been characterized. We quantified the neighbor effects of Wedelia trilobata (family: Asteraceae) and the allelopathic effects of its leaf litter on two Asteraceae competitor species (invasive Eupatorium catarium and non-invasive Lactuca sativa) and on its own ramet growth. The seed germination rate and seedling biomass of the two competitor species decreased following treatment with W. trilobata leaf extracts. When co-cultured with W. trilobata, the total biomass of the two competitor species significantly decreased regardless of whether leaf extracts were present. Under low plant density co-culture conditions, W. trilobata leaf extracts enhanced the inhibitory effects on E. catarium. In contrast, W. trilobata leaf extracts promoted the growth of W. trilobata adventitious roots, resulting in increased competitive ability. Therefore, W. trilobata growth was promoted by its own allelochemicals in leaf extracts, whereas the growth of the invasive and non-invasive competitors was inhibited by the same chemicals. These responses facilitated the invasion by W. trilobata. Our study demonstrates that leaf litter of invasive plants may inhibit the growth of neighboring species to enhance the competitive ability of the invasive plants during the early stages of invasion.     

入侵植物紫茎泽兰化感作用及其途径研究

紫茎泽兰广泛入侵中国西南地区,研究结果表明化感作用是其入侵的重要武器,但其化感作用的途径并不十分清楚。本研究中,我们发现紫茎泽兰可以通过多种途径对两种栽培植物大麦和玉米的生长产生化感作用,这些途径包括了叶挥发物、叶淋溶物以及根分泌物。并且在紫茎泽兰幼苗早期就可以检测到这些化感作用。然而,没有实验证据表明紫茎泽兰落叶的微生物降解物对两种测试植物具有化感作用。