缺铁敏感度不同的大豆品种对缺铁的适应机制

与供铁处理相比,对缺铁敏感的大豆品种“哈８３”幼苗在缺铁胁迫条件下根际没有酸化现象,根系对Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）的还原能力也没有明显增强。但抗缺铁的大豆品种“８７０１”幼苗根际则严重酸化,根系对Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）的还原能力显著增强;加入能抑制根系Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性、减弱根际酸化作用的Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶抑制剂正钒酸钠会降低根系对Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）的还原能力;说明根际酸化与根系还原Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）能力相互联系,初步证实根细胞原生质膜Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶和缺铁诱导的还原酶相互偶联的假说。     

缺铁敏感度不同的大豆品种对缺铁的适应机制

与供铁处理相比,对缺铁敏感的大豆品种“哈８３”幼苗在缺铁胁迫和上根际没有酸化现象,根系对Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）的还原能力也没有明显增强。但抗缺铁的大豆品种“８７０１”幼苗根际则严重酸化,根系对Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）的还原能力显著增强;加入能抑制根系Ｈ＾＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性、减弱根际酸化作用的Ｈ＾＋－ＡＴＰ酶抑制剂正钒酸钠会降低根系对Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）的还原能力;说明根际酸化与根系还原Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）能力相互联系,初步证实根细胞原生质膜Ｈ＾     

石灰性土壤上植物根际中Fe,Mn的形态分布及其与植物吸收的关系

研究了石灰性土壤上５种作物品种根际微生态环境中Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ的形态分布．结果表明,交换态Ｆｅ（ＥＸ－Ｆｅ）、碳酸盐结合态Ｆｅ（ＣＡＲＢ－Ｆｅ）、无定形氧化铁（ＡＯ－Ｆｅ）和交换态Ｍｎ（Ｅ－Ｍｎ）、碳酸盐结合态Ｍｎ（ＣＡＲＢ－Ｍｎ）在根际土壤中都呈现明显的累积．各品种根际中的累积量有较大差异．相关分析表明,黄潮土上植株含Ｆｅ量、吸Ｆｅ量与根际土壤ＡＯ－Ｆｅ含量呈显著正相关．根际有效态Ｆｅ累积不仅是根际ｐＨ作用的结果,与根系分泌物对难溶性Ｆｅ活化有关．根际有效态Ｍｎ累积则受到根际土壤Ｅｈ的影响．     

锰对部分缺失金属原子簇的固氮酶钼铁蛋白的重组作用

棕色固氮菌（Ａｚｏｔｏｂａｃｔｅｒ ｖｉｎｅｌａｎｄｉｉ）固氮酶钼铁蛋白经邻菲口罗啉和Ｏ２ 处理后,变为部分缺失Ｐ－ｃｌｕｓｔｅｒ和ＦｅＭｏｃｏ 的失活蛋白,经与由ＫＭｎＯ４、高柠檬酸铁、Ｎａ２Ｓ和二硫苏糖醇组成的重组液保温后,重组蛋白的吸收光谱和对Ｃ２Ｈ２、Ｈ＋ 和Ｎ２ 的还原活性都恢复至与还原钼铁蛋白相似的状态,而它的α－螺旋度和在３８０—５５０ ｎｍ 、６２０—６７０ ｎｍ 的ＣＤ谱虽有明显的恢复,但仍与还原钼铁蛋白有所不同。表明：（１）重组蛋白液既含有在缺失金属原子簇的ＭｏＦｅ蛋白与含Ｍｎ 重组液重组过程中可能组装的ＭｎＦｅ 蛋白,又含有在邻菲口罗啉和Ｏ２ 处理后金属原子簇仍旧完整的ＭｏＦｅ蛋白;（２）ＭｎＦｅ蛋白和ＭｏＦｅ蛋白在固氮能力上可能是相似的,而在结构上却可能略有差异     

干旱胁迫对黄瓜PSⅡ颗粒铁组分Mossbauer谱的影响

黄瓜（Ｇｃｕｍｉｓ ｓａｔｉｖｕｓ Ｌ）叶片ＰＳⅡ颗粒的Ｍｏｓｓｂａｕｅｒ谱呈现４套双峰,依它们的化学位移相四敬矩劈塑数值,分别属于氧化态Ｃｙｔ－ｂ５５９,还原态Ｃｙｌ－ｂ５５９、Ｆｅ＾３＋－Ｑ画物和Ｆｅ＾２＋－Ｑ复合物。干埋胁迫旱影响ＱＡ／ＱＢ中铁（Ｆｅ）参与电子传递的速率,使ＰＳⅡ颗粒的ｏｓｓｂａｕｅｔ谱中Ｆｅ＾２＋的吸收双峰消失,即还原态Ｇ７ｙｔ－Ｂ５５９转变为氧化态Ｃｙｔ－ｂ５５９Ｆｅ＾２     

缺磷或缺铁引起白羽扇豆锰中毒的机理

白羽扇豆在缺磷或缺铁条件下均有排根形成,并且根系还原力显著增加。缺磷、缺铁根系还原力在高峰期分别高于对照。缺磷与缺铁根系还原力高峰不仅出现的时期不同,而且还原力增加部位也不一样。缺磷处理的排根区具有很高的还原力,缺铁处理还原力较高的部位是在主根和侧根的根尖以及排根区。由于Ｍｎ４＋比Ｆｅ３＋更易被还原,致使根系还原力提高促使根际大量锰被还原,这是缺磷和缺铁造成白羽扇豆锰中毒的主要原因之一。     

水分胁迫下山黧豆多胺代谢与β—N—草酰—L—α,β—二氨基丙酸？…

为了研究水分胁迫下山黧豆（Ｌａｔｈｙｒｕｓ ｓａｔｉｖｕｓ Ｌ．）叶片中多胺代谢与β－Ｎ－草酰－Ｌ－α,β－二氨基丙酸（ＯＤＡＰ）积累的相关关系,利用聚乙二醇（ＰＥＧ）对山黧豆幼苗进行水分胁迫处理,同时加入腐胺（Ｐｕｔ）,α－二氟甲基精氨酸（ＤＦＭＡ）和Ｐｕｔ＋ＤＦＭＡ。实验结果表明,随ＰＥＧ处理时间的延长,山黧豆幼苗叶片中Ｐｕｔ、亚精胺（Ｓｐｄ）和精胺（Ｓｐｍ）含量逐渐增加,特别是Ｓｐｍ含量增加     

水分胁迫对小麦根细胞质膜氧化还原系统的影响

水分胁迫使小麦根质膜ＮＡＤＨ和ＮＡＤＰＨ的氧化速率及Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）６＾３－和ＥＤＴＡ－Ｆｅ＾３＋的还原速率明显降低。对照与胁迫处理的质膜氧化还原系统活性均不受鱼藤酮、抗霉素Ａ和ＤＣＮ等呼吸链抑制剂的影响。在不加Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）６＾－３作为电子受体时,水杨基羟肟酸（ＳＨＡＭ）可明显刺激质膜ＮＡＤＨ的氧化和Ｏ２吸收速率。水分胁迫促使ＳＨＡＭ刺激的ＮＡＤＨ氧化明显降低,但却使Ｏ２吸收略有上升。     

缺磷或缺铁引起白羽扇豆锰中毒的机理

白羽扇豆在缺磷或缺铁条件下均有排根形式,并且根系还原力显著增加。缺磷、缺铁根系还原力在高峰期分别高于对照。缺磷与缺铁根系还原力高峰不仅出现的时期不同,而且还原力增加部位也不一样。缺磷处理的排根区具有很高的还原力,缺铁处理还原力较高的部位是在主根和侧根的根尖以及排根区。由于Ｍｎ＾４＋比Ｆｅ＾３＋更易被还原,致使根系还原力提高促使根际大量锰被还原,这是缺磷和缺铁造成白羽扇豆锰中毒的主要原因之一。     

小麦根质膜原位膜微囊与翻转膜微囊的氧化还原特性比较

用二相法和不连续蔗糖梯度离心分别制得小麦根质膜的原位膜微囊和翻转膜微囊,两者比较可知,质膜内外两侧均表现出较高的氧化还原活性;膜内侧的ＮＡＤ（Ｐ）Ｈ氧化和Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）＾３－６还原速率高于外侧,质膜内外两侧都能还原ＥＤＴＡ－Ｆｅ＾３＋,但外侧的还原活性高于内则,质膜内外两侧均有Ｏ２吸收,同时都可被ＳＨＡＭ刺激,被ＫＣＮ抑制,质膜内侧和外侧都可产生Ｏ＾－２,最适ｐＨ值为６．０既可被ＳＨＡＭ刺激,也可被     

Physiological Characterization of a Single-Gene Mutant of Pisum sativum Exhibiting Excess Iron Accumulation: I. Root Iron Reduction and Iron Uptake

Root systems of mutant (E107) and parental (cv `Sparkle') Pisum sativum genotypes were studied to determine the basis for excess Fe accumulation in E107. Plants were grown with (+Fe-treated) or without (−Fe-treated) added Fe(III)-N,N'-ethylenebis[2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)glycine] in aerated nutrient solutions. Daily measurements of Fe(III) reduction indicated a four-to seven-fold higher reduction rate in +Fe- or −Fe-treated E107, and −Fe-treated Sparkle, when compared with +Fe-treated Sparkle. An agarose-based staining technique used to localize Fe(III) reduction, revealed Fe(III) reduction over most of the length of the roots (but not at the root apices) in both E107 treatments and −Fe-treated Sparkle. In +Fe-treated Sparkle, Fe(III) reduction was either nonexistent or localized to central regions of the roots. Measurements of short-term Fe influx (with 0.1 millimolar ⁵⁹Fe(III)-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) was also enhanced (threefold) in +Fe- or −Fe-treated E107 and −Fe-treated Sparkle, relative to +Fe-treated Sparkle. The physiological characteristics of E107 root systems, which are similar to those seen in Fe-deficient Sparkle, have led us to conclude that the mutation causes E107 to act functionally as an Fe-deficient plant, and appears to explain the excess Fe accumulation in E107.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DEVELOPMENT OF IRON(III) REDUCTASE ACTIVITY IN ROOT SYSTEMS OF PISUM SATIVUM (FABACEAE) CHALLENGED WITH IRON-DEFICIENCY STRESS

The development of plasma membrane-associated iron(III) reductase activity was characterized in root systems of Pisum sativum during the first 2 wk of growth, as plants were challenged with iron-deficiency stress. Plants of a parental genotype (cv. Sparkle) and a functional iron-deficiency mutant genotype (E107) were grown hydroponically with or without supplemental iron. Iron(III) reductase activity was visualized by placing the roots in an agarose matrix containing 0.2 idm Fe(III)-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 0.3 mM Na₂-bathophenanthrolinedisulfonic acid (BPDS). Red staining patterns, resulting from the formation of Fe(II)-BPDS, were used to identify iron(III)-reducing regions. Iron(III) reduction was extensive on roots of E107 as early as d 7, but not until d 11 for -Fe-treated Sparkle. Roots of +Fe-treated Sparkle showed limited regions of reductase activity throughout the period of study. For secondary lateral roots, iron(III) reduction was found for all growth types except + Fe-treated Sparkle. Treating Sparkle plants alternately to a cycle of iron deficiency, iron sufficiency, and iron deficiency revealed that reductase activity at a given root zone could be alternatively present, absent, and again present. Our results suggest that for Pisum roots grown under the present conditions, iron-deficiency stress induces the activation of iron(III) reductase capacity within 2 d.     

Physiological Characteristics of Fe Accumulation in the ;Bronze' Mutant of Pisum sativum L., cv ;Sparkle' E107 (brz brz)

The pea (Pisum sativum L.) mutant, E107 (brz, brz) accumulated extremely high concentrations of Fe in its older leaves when grown in light rooms in either defined nutrient media or potting mix, or outdoors in soil. Leaf symptoms (bronze color and necrosis) were correlated with very high Fe concentrations. When E107 plants were grown in nutrient solutions supplied 10 μm Fe, as the Fe(III)-N,N′-ethylenebis[2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)glycine] chelate, their roots released higher concentrations of Fe(III) reducing substances to the nutrient media than did roots of the normal parent cv, `Sparkle.' Reciprocal grafting experiments demonstrated that the high concentrations of Fe in the shoot was controlled by the genotype of the root. In short-term <sup>59</sup>Fe uptake studies, 15-day-old E107 seedlings exhibited higher rates of Fe absorption than did `Sparkle' seedlings under Fe-adequate growth conditions. Iron deficiency induced accelerated short-term Fe absorption rates in both mutant and normal genotypes. Iron-treated E107 roots also released larger amounts of both protons and Fe(III) reductants into their nutrient media than did iron-treated `Sparkle' roots. Furthermore, the mutant translocated proportionately more Fe to its shoot than did the parent regardless of Fe status.     

Direct Measurement of 59Fe-Labeled Fe2+ Influx in Roots of Pea Using a Chelator Buffer System to Control Free Fe2+ in Solution

Fe2+ transport in plants has been difficult to quantify because of the inability to control Fe2+ activity in aerated solutions and non-specific binding of Fe to cell walls. In this study, a Fe(II)-3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine-4[prime]4"-disulfonic acid buffer system was used to control free Fe2+ in uptake solutions. Additionally, desorption methodologies were developed to adequately remove nonspecifically bound Fe from the root apoplasm. This enabled us to quantify unidirectional Fe2+ influx via radiotracer (59Fe) uptake in roots of pea (Pisum sativum cv Sparkle) and its single gene mutant brz, an Fe hyperaccumulator. Fe influx into roots was dramatically inhibited by low temperature, indicating that the measured Fe accumulation in these roots was due to true influx across the plasma membrane rather than nonspecific binding to the root apoplasm. Both Fe2+ influx and Fe translocation to the shoots were stimulated by Fe deficiency in Sparkle. Additionally, brz, a mutant that constitutively exhibits high ferric reductase activity, exhibited higher Fe2+ influx rates than +Fe-grown Sparkle. These results suggest that either Fe deficiency triggers the induction of the Fe2+ transporter or that the enhanced ferric reductase activity somehow stimulates the activity of the existing Fe2+ transport protein.     

Excessive aluminium accumulation in the pea mutant E107 (brz)

E107 is a pleiotropic mutant of peaPisum sativum cv. ‘Sparkle’, characterized by forming few nodules and developing bronze necrotic spots on older leaves. The mutant accumulates Al and has symptoms typical of Al toxicity. The lateral roots of E107 are fewer (40%) and shorter (50%) than those of its parent. High concentrations of Al accumulate in E107 shoots (1000 mg kg^-1) and roots (3000 mg kg^-1), and three-week old E107 plants extrude 2.5 times more protons than ‘Sparkle’ plants of similar age. Al concentrations of the roots of the mutant and of its parent ‘Sparkle’ are similar for the first two weeks of growth. Thereafter they differ. In 2 week old plants Al continues to accumulate in excessive amounts in E107 primary and lateral roots whereas in ‘Sparkle’ roots, it reaches a plateau. In E107, Al is erratically distributed in the walls of root hairs and epidermal cells in both primary and lateral roots. Some of these cells have also Al in their nucleus.     

Phenotypic characterization of sym 21, a gene conditioning shoot-controlled inhibition of nodulation in Pisum sativum cv. Sparkle

E132 ( sym 21) is a stable pleiotropic mutant of Pisum sativum cv. Sparkle obtained by mutagenesis with ethyl methane sulfonic acid. The line forms few nodules and short, highly branched roots. Microscopy studies revealed that infection by rhizobia is normal, and low nodulation is mainly due to a low rate of emergence of the nodule meristems. E132 shoots depressed nodulation on Sparkle stocks, whereas in reciprocal grafts more nodules formed on E132 stocks than on control roots or self-grafted Sparkle plants. Nodule number on the mutant was slightly increased by exogenous ethylene inhibitors, which, however, did not alter the root phenotype.     

Ethylene Inhibitors Partly Restore Nodulation to Pea Mutant E 107 (brz)

E107 (brz) is a pleiotropic mutant of pea (Pisum sativum L. cv Sparkle) characterized by low nodulation, leaf necrosis, excessive ion accumulation, and decreased plant size. The defective nodulation of E107 was studied by light microscopy of lateral roots. The number of infections per centimeter of lateral root was only a third that of Sparkle. Moreover, most of the infections were aborted early; i.e. in only 14% of the infections did the infection thread penetrate beyond the epidermis. Nodulation of E107 was partly restored by treating the plant with the ethylene inhibitors aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) or Ag⁺. Treatment with Ag⁺ did not increase the number of infections, but half of the infections went to completion. Ag⁺ and AVG did not alter the size of the mutant, the accumulation of cations in its shoots, nor the leaf necrosis. Thus, in E107, nodule development can be uncoupled from other pleiotropic characteristics.     

Does Iron Deficiency in Pisum sativum Enhance the Activity of the Root Plasmalemma Iron Transport Protein?

Roots of Fe-sufficient and Fe-Deficient pea (Pisum sativum L.) were studied to determine the effect of Fe-deficiency on the activity of the root-cell plasmalemma Fe²⁺ transport protein. Rates of Fe(III) reduction and short-term Fe²⁺ influx were sequentially determined in excised primary lateral roots using Fe(III)-ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid (Fe[III]-EDTA). Since the extracellular Fe²⁺ for membrane transport was generated by root Fe(III) reduction, rates of Fe²⁺ influx for each root system were normalized on the basis of Fe(III) reducing activity. Ratios of Fe²⁺ influx to Fe(III) reduction (micromole Fe²⁺ absorbed/micromole Fe[III] reduced) revealed no enhanced Fe²⁺ transport capacity in roots of Fe-deficient peas (from the parental genotype, Sparkle) or the functional Fe-deficiency pea mutant, E107 (derived from Sparkle), relative to roots of Fe-sufficient Sparkle plants. Data from studies using 30 to 100 micromolar Fe(III)-EDTA indicated a linear relationship between Fe²⁺ influx and Fe(III) reduction (Fe²⁺ generation), while Fe²⁺ influx saturated at higher concentrations of Fe(III)-EDTA. Estimations based on current data suggest the Fe²⁺ transport protein may saturate in the range of 10^−4.8 to 10⁻⁴ molar Fe²⁺. These results imply that for peas, the physiological rate limitation to Fe acquisition in most well-aerated soils would be the root system's ability to reduce soluble Fe(III)-compounds.     

Pleiotropic Effects of sym-17 : A Mutation in Pisum sativum L. cv Sparkle Causes Decreased Nodulation, Altered Root and Shoot Growth, and Increased Ethylene Production

R82 (sym-17), a stable mutant of Pisum sativum L. cv Sparkle, is described. The shoot growth of the mutant was less than that of its parent under light or dark growth conditions. Gibberellic acid treatment did not normalize the shoot growth of R82. The mutant had thick and short roots. It formed few nodules, but the specific nitrogenase activity was not affected. R82 produced and contained more ethylene than Sparkle. It also contained more free 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid than did its parent in both the shoot and the root. The root tip of R82 had a lower activity of ethylene-forming enzyme than that of Sparkle, whereas the whole shoot of R82 had a similar activity. The sensitivity of R82 to exogenous ethylene was not more than that of Sparkle. Exogenous ethylene treatments did not make Sparkle mimic R82, and inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis or action did not normalize the phenotype of R82. The data suggest that the primary effect of sym-17 is not the enhanced ethylene production.     

Iron Transport to Developing Ovules of Pisum sativum (I. Seed Import Characteristics and Phloem Iron-Loading Capacity of Source Regions)

To understand the processes that control Fe transport to developing seeds, we have characterized seed growth and Fe accretion and have developed a radiotracer technique for quantifying phloem Fe loading in vegetative source regions of Pisum sativum. In hydroponically grown plants of cv Sparkle, developing ovules exhibited a seed-growth period of 22 d, with Fe import occurring throughout the 22-d period. Average Fe content of mature seeds was 19 [mu]g. Source tissues of intact plants were abraded and pulse labeled for 4 h with 100 [mu]M 59Fe(III)-citrate. Fe was successfully phloem loaded and transported to seeds from leaflets, stipules, and pod walls. Total export of 59Fe from labeled source regions was used to calculate tissue-loading rates of 36, 40, and 51 pmol of Fe cm-2 h-1 for the leaflet, stipule, and pod wall surfaces, respectively. By comparison, surface area measurements, along with seed-growth results, allowed us to calculate average theoretical influx values of 42 or 68 pmol of Fe cm-2 h-1 for vegetative tissues at nodes with one or two pods, respectively. Additional studies with the regulatory pea mutant, E107 (a single-gene mutant of cv Sparkle that can overaccumulate Fe), enabled us to increase Fe delivery endogenously to the vegetative tissues. A 36-fold increase in Fe content of E107 leaves, relative to Sparkle, resulted in no increase in Fe content of E107 seeds. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that Fe is phloem loaded in a chelated form, and the expression/synthesis of the endogenous chelator is an important factor in the control of Fe transport to the seeds.