干旱及复水条件下接种AMF和根瘤菌对疏叶骆驼刺根系生长的影响北大核心CSCD

疏叶骆驼刺为塔里木河下游优势草本植物,对下游地区防风固沙,涵养水源具有重要的生态价值。该试验以疏叶骆驼刺为研究对象,设定正常水分(土壤相对含水量70%±5%)、干旱胁迫(土壤相对含水量20%±5%)和复水处理(干旱胁迫60 d后恢复至正常水分)3个水分梯度,以及单接种丛枝菌根真菌、单接种根瘤菌、双接种丛枝菌根真菌+根瘤菌和不接种4组接种处理,分析不同水分条件下各接种处理对疏叶骆驼刺根系生长的影响。结果表明:(1)双接种丛枝菌根真菌+根瘤菌处理的疏叶骆驼刺根系AMF侵染率在干旱胁迫、复水条件下均显著降低,且低于单接种AMF处理。(2)随着正常水分→干旱胁迫→复水的水分变化,双接种处理疏叶骆驼刺根系根瘤数量先降低后增加,复水后显著高于单接种根瘤菌处理。(3)双接种处理扩大了疏叶骆驼刺的根系吸收范围,提高了根系的吸收能力,并随着正常水分→干旱胁迫→复水的水分变化,呈现先降低后增加的变化趋势。(4)双接种处理显著提高了疏叶骆驼刺根系SOD和POD活性,并随着正常水分→干旱胁迫→复水的水分变化而逐渐升高。研究发现,双接种AMF+根瘤菌处理可以显著促进疏叶骆驼刺根系的生长,增强其抗逆性,而干旱胁迫会降低AMF和根瘤菌的协同促进作用,复水后双接种AMF+根瘤菌处理的疏叶骆驼刺能及早地做出响应,对其根系生长表现出一定的补偿效应。     

干旱胁迫下丛枝菌根真菌对疏叶骆驼刺和多枝柽柳生长及生理的影响

多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)与疏叶骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia)是塔里木河下游优势种,也是重要的丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF)共生植物,二者常相伴而生且均受水分严重限制。研究采用盆栽试验法,以疏叶骆驼刺和多枝柽柳幼苗为试验材料,设定正常水分[土壤相对含水量(70±5)%,D0]、中度水分胁迫[土壤相对含水量(40±5)%,D1]和重度水分胁迫[土壤相对含水量(20±5)%,D2]3个水分梯度,设置接种(AMF+)和不接种(AMF-)2种处理,以及供体植物疏叶骆驼刺和受体植物多枝柽柳之间2种菌丝传递距离(长菌丝传递距离30 cm, L;短菌丝传递距离15 cm, S),探究了干旱胁迫下丛枝菌根真菌菌丝传递距离对2种不同生活型的植物生长和生理的影响。结果表明,(1)供体植物接种AMF后在供、受体间形成丛枝菌根菌丝网络(arbuscular mycorrhizal networks, AMNs),其中与正常水分(D0)处理下的侵染率相比,重度水分(D2)处理下长距离处理受体侵染率的降幅为73.22%。(...     

混合盐碱胁迫下丛枝菌根真菌对紫花苜蓿生长及2种酚酸含量的影响

将4种盐（NaCl、Na₂SO₄、Na₂CO₃、NaHCO₃）按一定比例混合模拟出16种盐碱 （盐浓度 25~150 mmol·L^-1,pH 8.39~10.90）胁迫环境,通过室内盆栽实验,考察了接种丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）摩西球囊霉（Glomus mosseae）对盐碱混合胁迫下紫花苜蓿（ Medicago sativa）幼苗的存活率、株高、总生物量、可溶性蛋白质含量、脯氨酸含量以及阿魏酸、水杨酸两种酚酸含量的影响。结果显示：（1）非盐碱胁迫条件下,与未接菌处理组相比,接种AMF紫花苜蓿幼苗的株高、总生物量、可溶性蛋白质含量和脯氨酸含量分别提高了20%、130%、9.6%和3%,而其阿魏酸和水杨酸含量分别降低59.1%和623.9%;（2）在盐碱胁迫条件下,随着盐碱梯度的增加,接种AMF和未接菌处理组的紫花苜蓿幼苗的存活率、株高、总生物量、可溶性蛋白质含量均降低,而它们的脯氨酸、阿魏酸与水杨酸含量均增加;接种AMF处理组的存活率、株高、总生物量、可溶性蛋白质含量以及脯氨酸含量显著高于未接菌处理组,其阿魏酸含量比未接菌处理组高但差异不显著,而其水杨酸含量比未接菌处理组显著降低。研究表明,在盐碱混合胁迫条件下,接种丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）能够改变紫花苜蓿体内酚酸的含量,积累渗透调节物质,促进自身生长,从而提高其耐盐碱性,该研究对于提高盐碱地区经济作物产量,推动 AMF 在生产中利用具有理论指导意义。     

丛枝菌根真菌和根瘤菌对白三叶氮同化的影响

为揭示丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)和根瘤菌在白三叶氮(N)同化中的作用,该研究对白三叶进行单一或联合接种隐类球囊霉(Paraglomus occultum)和三叶草根瘤菌(Rhizobium trifolii),分析其对白三叶的生长、光合作用、叶片N和氨基酸含量以及N同化相关酶活性的影响。结果表明:(1)单一接种AMF或根瘤菌以及联合接种AMF和根瘤菌均显著增加了白三叶的株高、匍匐茎长度、叶片数、地上部生物量、总生物量、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量、稳态光量子效率和叶片N含量,这种增强效应是联合接种>单一AMF>单一根瘤菌>未接种处理。(2)联合接种AMF和根瘤菌显著增加了白三叶叶片中丙氨酸、精氨酸、天冬酰胺、天冬氨酸、谷氨酰胺、谷氨酸和组氨酸的含量,显著提升了叶片N同化相关酶如硝酸还原酶、亚硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶、谷氨酸合成酶、谷氨酸脱氢酶、天冬酰胺合成酶和天冬氨酸转氨酶的活性,显著促进AMF对白三叶根系的侵染。综上认为,联合接种AMF和根瘤菌通过激活N同化相关酶活性有效促进N同化,产生更多氨基酸,进一步促进白三叶植株生长; 联合接种AMF和根瘤菌具有协同作用,有效促进了白三叶的N同化。     

丛枝菌根真菌-豆科植物-根瘤菌共生体系的研究进展

丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi,AMF）-豆科植物-根瘤菌（Rhizobia）三者形成的共生体。是植物与微生物共生中的一种特殊类型。本文对这种共生体中微生物与植物之间的营养关系;AMF和根瘤菌双接种豆科植物的效应以及影响双接种效应的因素;AMF和根瘤菌在与豆科植物形成共生过程中的分子互作机制等进行了综述。同时对这种共生体还需进一步研究的问题及其在基础研究和实践应用方面的前景进行了讨论。     

干旱胁迫条件下AMF促进小马鞍羊蹄甲幼苗生长的机理研究

采用温室水分控制试验,在干旱胁迫条件下,定量化研究优势丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)影响优势乡土植物小马鞍羊蹄甲(Bauhinia faberi var.microphylla)幼苗生长的机理,主要通过研究干旱胁迫条件下摩西球囊霉菌(Funneliformis mosseae)与小马鞍羊蹄甲的共生关系,阐明AMF在植物生长初期的作用。结果表明,干旱胁迫条件下,摩西球囊霉菌能够很好地侵染幼苗,侵染率高达89%—97%,并且不受水分条件影响。接种的幼苗最大光合速率、水分利用效率随着干旱胁迫程度从重度到轻度(水分从低到高)逐渐增大,相反地,叶片脯氨酸含量逐渐减小。接种显著地促进幼苗株高、叶片数、叶面积、根长、根面积等生长指标,提高幼苗各部分生物量、地上地下磷(P)含量。当含水量为60%田间持水量时,AMF促进小马鞍羊蹄甲幼苗吸收P的效果最好。接种还显著影响幼苗的生物量分配,在重度干旱胁迫时影响P分配,水分条件也显著影响幼苗的生物量分配。此外,接种和水分的交互作用对叶生物量、总生物量、生长指标以及地上部氮(N)总量影响显著。结果表明干旱胁迫条件下菌根效应显著,并在干旱条件下显著促进了小马鞍羊蹄甲幼苗的生长,这为进一步干旱河谷植被恢复提供了理论依据。     

干旱及复水条件下外源褪黑素对玉米叶片光合作用的影响

为探究干旱胁迫及复水后外源褪黑素对玉米叶片光合作用的影响和调控机制。以玉米陕单609盆栽苗为试验材料,叶面喷施褪黑素100 μmol/L在重度干旱和复水后分别测定了生物量、净光合速率（P_n）以及光合电子传递速率等指标。结果显示：外源褪黑激素可减轻干旱胁迫引起的生长抑制;外源褪黑激素处理的植株表现出比未处理植株更高的P_n、气孔导度（G_s）以及更低的胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）;外源褪黑素增加了干旱胁迫下OJIP曲线的荧光参数φ_P0、φ_E0、ψ₀以及光合性能指数PI_abs;外源褪黑素也提高了干旱胁迫下叶片PSⅡ和PSI有效量子产量[Y（Ⅱ）,Y（I）];也增加了干旱胁迫下叶片的PSⅡ和PSI电子传递速率（ETRⅡ,ETRI）,但降低了干旱胁迫下叶片PSI受体侧限制[Y（NA）]和供体侧限制[Y（ND）]。表明外源褪黑素对干旱胁迫下光抑制具有一定的缓解作用。复水后,干旱胁迫下褪黑素处理玉米叶片各参数都恢复到对照水平;而干旱胁迫处理玉米叶片各参数复水后不能完全恢复。可见,喷施褪黑素不仅缓解干旱胁迫对玉米PSⅡ和PSI结构和功能的损伤,而且能加速复水后光合机构功能的恢复,促进玉米植株恢复性生长。因此喷施褪黑素加强玉米叶片光合作用适应干旱环境是一种重要的调控方式。     

丛枝菌根真菌和施加不同形态氮肥对杉木幼苗养分吸收的影响

为了解丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)和不同形态氮对杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)生长和养分吸收的影响,以1 a生杉木幼苗接种摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)和添加不同形态氮(NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^–-N),对其养分元素和生长状况的变化进行研究。结果表明,AMF显著提高了杉木的苗高和生物量,促进了杉木对N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe和Na的吸收,AMF对微量元素Fe、Na的促进作用总体上要强于大量元素K、Ca。与NO₃^–-N相比,AMF显著提高了NH₄⁺-N处理杉木的生物量、总C和N、Ca、Mg、Mn含量,而且这种显著性在叶中普遍高于根和茎。接种AMF可以促进杉木幼苗的生长和对养分元素的吸收,且添加NH₄⁺-N处理的促进作用要强于NO₃^–-N。     

混合盐碱胁迫下接种丛枝菌根真菌和根瘤菌对紫花苜蓿生长的影响

随着气候变化,全球土壤盐碱化严重威胁着农牧业生产和生态环境的建设。土壤盐化与碱化常常伴随发生,目前多数研究侧重于盐胁迫,忽略了碱胁迫的存在。实际上,碱性盐除了盐度外还伴随着高p H。由此,试图探讨混合盐碱胁迫下接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)和根瘤菌对紫花苜蓿生长的影响及其作用机理。根据中国盐碱地的特点,将4种盐(Na Cl、Na_2SO_4、Na_2CO_3、Na HCO_3)按一定比例混合模拟出16种混合盐碱(盐浓度25—150 mmol/L,p H 7.67—10.52)胁迫浓度,按照L_(16)(16~1×2~2)混合正交设计,采用盆栽法研究了混合盐碱胁迫下接种AMF摩西管柄囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)和根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium meliloti)对紫花苜蓿生长及生理的影响。结果表明:对紫花苜蓿株高的影响程度依次是AMF+根瘤菌pHAMF盐碱类型根瘤菌;对地上生物量、地下生物量、茎高净增长量、丙二醛(MDA)及脯氨酸影响程度依次是p HAMF+根瘤菌盐碱类型AMF根瘤菌;对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的影响程度依次是p HAMF+根瘤菌盐碱类型AMF根瘤菌;对过氧化物酶(POD)影响程度依次是p HAMF+根瘤菌根瘤菌AMF盐碱类型;对蛋白质的影响程度依次是p H盐碱类型根瘤菌AMF+根瘤菌=AMF。株高、地下生物量、POD均在双接种的处理下出现最大值。本研究证明:盐碱混合胁迫会严重抑制植物的生长发育;而接种AMF和/或根瘤菌均可有效缓解盐碱胁迫对植物造成的伤害,提高植物对盐碱的耐受能力;且同时接种AMF及根瘤菌效果最好,其次是单独接种AMF,单独接种根瘤菌作用相对最小。     

保水剂和丛枝菌根真菌异形根孢囊霉对紫花苜蓿生长与抗旱性的影响

为探讨保水剂（super absorbent polymers,SAP）和丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）对植物生长和抗旱性的影响,以紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa为供试植物,开展了温室盆栽试验。植物播种时设置土壤添加和不添加聚丙烯酰胺型SAP（BJ2101）处理,以及接种和不接种异形根孢囊霉Rhizophagus irregularis处理,通过称重法维持12%的土壤含水量（正常供水）,植物生长30d,各处理一半植物接受干旱胁迫（6%的土壤含水量）,另一半仍正常供水,持续30d后收获。结果表明,在干旱胁迫下,接种AMF显著增加了紫花苜蓿的植株干重,促进了植物对矿质元素的吸收,提高了叶片中叶绿素和脯氨酸含量,增强了植物的抗旱性。SAP抑制了R. irregularis对植物根系的侵染;与单接种AMF相比,SAP和AMF的联合施用降低了紫花苜蓿的生物量,影响了植物对矿质元素的吸收。本研究中,SAP和AMF的联合施用并没有表现出协同增效作用,这一方面可能是因为研究设定的土壤水分管理模式,另一方面SAP与AMF共同施用的适宜条件还需进一步探索优化。     

模拟岩溶旱钙土壤基质中AM真菌对玉米幼苗光合生长的影响

利用盆栽试验,探讨了AM真菌在模拟岩溶区干旱、高钙及其双重胁迫的土壤基质中对玉米幼苗光合生长的影响。结果表明:玉米幼苗的菌根侵染率在不同处理下的大小顺序为对照干旱双重胁迫高钙。无论接种与否,干旱、高钙及其双重胁迫均导致玉米幼苗生物量、净光合速率下降。未接种AM真菌条件下,玉米幼苗生物量在干旱、高钙及其双重胁迫下较对照分别低3.2%、63.7%、76.0%,净光合速率较对照分别低33.4%、86.9%、98.8%;接种AM真菌条件下,玉米幼苗生物量在干旱、高钙及其双重胁迫下较对照分别低16.3%、78.4%、80.2%,净光合速率较对照分别低9.7%、92.8%、91.7%。与同种条件下的非菌根植株相比,干旱及双重胁迫下的菌根植株生物量、叶绿素含量、光合蒸腾速率、最大光化学效率,以及P吸收均呈上升趋势;高钙胁迫下的菌根植株叶绿素含量、最大光化学效率有所增加,但生物量、光合蒸腾速率以及N、P的吸收未体现菌根促进效应。AM真菌与干旱及双重胁迫的交互作用对玉米幼苗的净光合速率影响显著,与高钙交互作用对玉米幼苗净光合速率无显著影响。AM真菌能够通过促进玉米幼苗N、P吸收及叶绿素含量增加,光化学效率、气孔导度增大,从而提高玉米幼苗光合作用能力促进生长。实验结果对岩溶生态系统中合理利用菌根技术及制定合理的农业生产措施具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

Combined inoculation with Glomus intraradices and Rhizobium tropici CIAT899 increases phosphorus use efficiency for symbiotic nitrogen fixation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

This study compared the response of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and rhizobia strain inoculation. Two common bean genotypes i.e. CocoT and Flamingo varying in their effectiveness for nitrogen fixation were inoculated with Glomus intraradices and Rhizobium tropici CIAT899, and grown for 50 days in soil–sand substrate in glasshouse conditions. Inoculation of common bean plants with the AM fungi resulted in a significant increase in nodulation compared to plants without inoculation. The combined inoculation of AM fungi and rhizobia significantly increased various plant growth parameters compared to simple inoculated plants. In addition, the combined inoculation of AM fungi and rhizobia resulted in significantly higher nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation in the shoots of common bean plants and improved phosphorus use efficiency compared with their controls, which were not dually inoculated. It is concluded that inoculation with rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi could improve the efficiency in phosphorus use for symbiotic nitrogen fixation especially under phosphorus deficiency.     

干旱胁迫下AMF对云南蓝果树幼苗生长和光合特征的影响

采用盆栽试验与称重控水法,将土壤相对含水量分别控制在田间最大持水量的100%、91.68%、82.85%、60.00%、41.86%和21.28%,并在这6个不同的土壤相对含水量条件下,分别设添加苯菌灵(杀真菌剂)(低AMF)和不添加苯菌灵(高AMF)处理,研究干旱胁迫下AMF对极小种群野生植物云南蓝果树幼苗生长和光合特征的影响,揭示云南蓝果树濒危的微生物学机制,为云南蓝果树保护措施的制定与实施奠定基础。结果表明,添加苯菌灵处理显著降低了不同水分条件下的AMF侵染率,说明试验中AMF处理的实生苗在生长和光合特征上的差异是苯菌灵处理下侵染率下降导致的;随着干旱胁迫的加剧,云南蓝果树幼苗的根部AMF侵染率显著降低、叶面积等生长指标和净光合速率(Pn)等光合参数都发生显著变化;高AMF处理可以显著增加水分充足和轻度干旱胁迫条件下云南蓝果树幼苗的大部分生长指标和光合参数,而对重度胁迫下的云南蓝果树幼苗没有显著影响,说明重度干旱胁迫对其影响大于AMF的影响;另外,整合了可塑性指数分析和隶属函数分析两种方法对其抗旱性进行评价,云南蓝果树幼苗基本上无法通过调节形态和光合能力来适应水分环境的变化,但是高AMF处理可使云南蓝果树幼苗具有较强的可塑性和更强的抗旱性。实验结果为云南蓝果树的科学保育及种苗繁育提供了理论依据。     

遮阴对骆驼刺叶性状和水分生理的影响

以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘荒漠绿洲过渡带优势种骆驼刺为试验材料,研究正常光照(NL)、中度遮阴(MS)和重度遮阴(SS)3种不同遮阴环境对骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifoliashap.)叶厚、单叶面积、比叶面积、比叶质量等叶性状参数和相对含水量、水势、失水速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率以及水分利用效率等水分生理参数的影响。结果显示:随着光照强度的降低,骆驼刺的叶片厚度(LT)、比叶质量(LMA)、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用效率(WUE)明显降低,而单叶面积(LA)、比叶面积(SLA)、相对含水量(RWC)、失水速率(RWL)和水势(WP)明显升高;各叶性状参数与水分生理参数之间均有极显著的相关性。说明:骆驼刺在遮阴环境下,其叶性状特征主要通过单叶面积和单叶干物质积累的变化来响应遮阴环境;其水分生理特征主要是牺牲对水分胁迫具有较好抗逆性的水分生理特征并通过气孔调节和更多的水分消耗用于维持一定的光合能力来响应遮阴环境。叶性状与水分生理参数相关性分析表明,遮阴环境下骆驼刺叶性状变化主要通过影响RWL、WP、Tr和WUE进而影响其水分生理特征的变化。因此,建议可利用遮阴措施对极端干旱区荒漠植物骆驼刺进行植被恢复,但其遮光度应设置在70%—80%自然光之间。     

Synergistic effect of colonization with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improves growth and drought tolerance of Plukenetia volubilis seedlings

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) inoculation on plant growth and drought tolerance in seedlings of a promising oilseed crop, Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.), under well-watered or drought conditions. AMF inoculation was applied in four treatments: without AMF inoculation, Glomus versiforme, Paraglomus occultum, or combination of both microorganism inoculations. The results showed that AMF colonization significantly enhanced the growth of Sacha Inchi seedlings regardless of soil water conditions, and the greatest development was reached in plants dually inoculated under well-watered conditions. G. versiforme was more efficient than P. occultum. Plants inoculated with both symbionts had significantly greater specific leaf area, leaf area ratio and root volume when compared with the uninoculated control, G. versiforme, and P. occultum treatments alone, indicating a synergistic effect in the two AMF inoculation. Photosynthetic rate and water-use efficiency were stimulated by AMF, but not stomatal conductance. Inoculation with AM fungus increased antioxidant enzymes activities including guaiacol peroxidase and catalase, thus lowering hydrogen peroxide accumulation and oxidative damage, especially under drought stress conditions. However, proline content showed little change during drought stress and AMF colonization conditions, which suggested that proline accumulation might not serve as the main compound for osmotic adjustment of the studied species. These results indicate that AMF inoculation stimulated growth and enhanced drought tolerance of Sacha Inchi seedlings, through alterations in morphological, physiological and biochemical traits. This microbial symbiosis might be an effective cultivation practice in improving the performance and development for Sacha Inchi plants.     

Rhizosphere effect of nanoscale zero-valent iron on mycorrhiza-dependent maize assimilation

Rhizosphere effect of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) is crucial but little reported. Maize seeds were dressed with four nZVI concentrations (0, 1.0, 1.5, 2 g kg⁻¹) and inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) (Funneliformis mosseae). The SEM images illuminated that excessive nZVI particles (2 g kg⁻¹) were agglomerated on the surface of hyphae and spore, causing severe deformation and inactivation of AMF symbionts and thereafter inhibiting water uptake in maize seedlings. This restrained the scavenging effects of enzymatic (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase) and non-enzymatic compounds (proline & malondialdehyde) on ROS, and leaf photoreduction activity and gas exchange ability (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the inoculation with AMF effectively alleviated above negative effects. In contrast, appropriate dose of nZVI, that is, ≤1.5 g kg⁻¹, can be evenly distributed on the hyphae surface and form the ordered symbionts with AMF. This help massively to enhance hyphae growth and water and nutrient uptake. The enhanced mycorrhizal infection turned to promote rhizosphere symbiont activity and leaf Rubisco and Rubisco activase activity. Light compensation point was massively lowered, which increased photosynthetic carbon supply for AMF symbionts. Particularly, such priming effects were evidently enhanced by drought stress. Our findings provided a novel insight into functional role of nZVI in agriculture and AMF-led green production.     

Differential Effects of Pseudomonas mendocina and Glomus intraradices on Lettuce Plants Physiological Response and Aquaporin PIP2 Gene Expression Under Elevated Atmospheric CO2 and Drought

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis and plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) can alleviate the effects of water stress in plants, but it is unknown whether these benefits can be maintained at elevated CO₂. Therefore, we carried out a study where seedlings of Lactuca sativa were inoculated with the AM fungus (AMF) Glomus intraradices N.C. Schenk & G.S. Sm. or the PGPR Pseudomonas mendocina Palleroni and subjected to two levels of watering and two levels of atmospheric CO₂ to ascertain their effects on plant physiological parameters and gene expression of one PIP aquaporin in roots. The inoculation with PGPR produced the greatest growth in lettuce plants under all assayed treatments as well as the highest foliar potassium concentration and leaf relative water content under elevated [CO₂] and drought. However, under such conditions, the PIP2 gene expression remained almost unchanged. G. intraradices increased significantly the AMF colonization, foliar phosphorus concentration and leaf relative water content in plants grown under drought and elevated [CO₂]. Under drought and elevated [CO₂], the plants inoculated with G. intraradices showed enhanced expression of the PIP2 gene as compared to P. mendocina or control plants. Our results suggest that both microbial inoculation treatments could help to alleviate drought at elevated [CO₂]. However, the PIP2 gene expression was increased only by the AMF but not by the PGPR under these conditions.