红树DNA的十六烷基三甲基溴化铵法提取及其随机扩增多态DNA反应

采用ＣＴＡＢ法提取了耐盐植物红树ＤＮＡ,所得ＤＮＡ样品的紫外吸收Ａ２５８／Ａ２８０比值为１．８９,纯度能符合限制性内切酶酶切、ＰＣＲ反应以及ＤＮＡ重组克隆等分子生物学操作的要求．方法简便,容易掌握,较普通的酚－氯仿法有明显的优点．还探讨了以ＣＴＡＢ法制备的红树ＤＮＡ为模板进行ＲＡＰＤ反应参数的优化组合     

用RFLP和PCR—RFLP技术研究东北虎和华南虎线粒体DNA多态性

采用ｍｔＤＮＡＲＦＬＰ和ＰＣＲＲＦＬＰ技术研究了东北虎和华南虎的ｍｔＤＮＡ的多态性。在ｍｔＤＮＡＲＦＬＰ研究中,分离纯化了东北虎和华南虎肝、肾和心脏组织的ｍｔＤＮＡ,用２０种识别６碱基对的限制性内切酶消化,结果只有１种限制性内切酶（ＸｂａⅠ）检测到多态性片段,其余１９种限制性内切酶消化产生的限制性格局在东北虎和华南虎完全一致。在ＰＣＲＲＦＬＰ研究中,用ＰＣＲ技术分别扩增了东北虎和华南虎ｍｔＤＮＡ的控制区（ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｒｅｇｉｏｎ）,用８种识别４碱基对的限制性内切酶分别对扩增产物进行消化,结果只有１种限制性内切酶（ＲｓａⅠ）检测到多态性片段。ｍｔＤＮＡＲＦＬＰ及ＰＣＲＲＦＬＰ的结果均提示东北虎和华南虎之间的遗传距离极小。这可能与下列因素有关：两者分布区间无天然隔离屏障;具有强扩散能力;近几百年才被相互隔离。     

用分子生物学技术对草菇进行菌株鉴别

利用ＡＰ－ＰＣＲ和ＲＡＰＤ技术对三个草菇菌株进行鉴别,其结果与用草菇菌株Ｖ３４基因文库中的中等重复序列为探针进行限制性内切酶长度多态性分析（ＲＦＬＰ）,及对编码核糖体５．８ＳｒＲＮＡ的ＤＮＡ（ｒＤＮＡ）进行ＰＣＲ扩增后的产物进行限制性内切酶长主多态性分析（ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ）的结果相一致。这一结果显示出用这四种方法对草菇菌株进行鉴别具有相似的效果。同时用这四种方法构建的分子生物学标记显示出这三个菌株     

PCR产物的RFLP分析在黄芪亚族（豆科）系统学研究中的应用初探

用聚合酶链式反应（ＰＣＲ）将豆科黄芪亚族７属９种及甘草亚族１属１种植物叶绿体基因组中ｎｄｈＦ和ｐｓｂＡ基因中一段约３．１ｋｂ的ＤＮＡ扩增出来,并摸索出一最佳的ＰＣＲ条件,使得此条带得以特异性扩增,可直接用于限制性内切酶水解。通过对此扩增片段的限制性片段长度多态性（ＲＦＬＰ）的初步分析,认为利用ＰＣＲ扩增出的ＤＮＡ进行ＲＦＬＰ分析来探讨植物的系统进化问题在中国现行条件下大有潜力,其方法简单易行,结果     

常用实验用近交系小鼠粒体ＤＮＡ遗传变异的分析

应用ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ和ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ技术,研究了分析了国内常用的实验用近交系小鼠线粒体ＤＮＡ（mtＤＮＡ）的品种间遗传变异。ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ分析发现,小鼠mtＤＮＡ的Ｄ－loop、tRNA^Met Glu Ile及ＮＤ３基因核酸序列,在４６个限制性内切酶酶切位点上均无差异;用ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ分析方法对这些小鼠mtＤＮＡ的高变异区Ｄ－Loop的５′及3′端作进一步分析,亦未发现品种间遗传变异。结合mtＤＮＡ具有的母系遗传方式的特点,这一结果提示：常用的实验用近交系小鼠形成中可能只有１种雌性血统起了作用。     

AFLP标记及在植物中的应用

ＡＦＬＰ是 1 992年由荷兰Ｋｅｙｇｅｎｅ公司Ｚａｂｅａｕ、Ｖｏｓ在ＰＣＲ和ＲＦＬＰ的基础上发展起来的一种检测ＤＮＡ多态性的新方法[1] ,并于1 993年获得欧洲专利局专利。与ＲＦＬＰ类似 ,ＡＦＬＰ也是通过限制性内切酶片段的不同长度检测ＤＮＡ多态性的一种ＤＮＡ分子标记技术。由于ＲＦＬＰ是以传统的Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交为基础的 ,操作繁琐 ,对ＤＮＡ多态性的检出的灵敏度不高 ,在连锁图上有很多大的空间区。随着ＰＣＲ技术广泛应用 ,对分子标记技术的发展产生了巨大的推动作用。除了ＲＦＬＰ(限制性内切酶酶切片段长度多态性标记 …     

玉米CMS材料线粒体DNA遗传多型性的研究

选用１１×４＝４４个探针／酶组合,５０个（１０ｍｅｒ）随机序列引物对２５种不同胞质来源的ＣＭＳ玉米,５种正常胞质玉米线粒体ＤＮＡ进行ＲＦＬＰ和ＲＡＰＤ研究。研究结果表明：（１）４５％的探针／酶组合可检测到玉米线粒体ＤＮＡ的多型性,共表现１５种ＲＦＬＰ类型,其中Ｓ组ＣＭＳ材料内有７种,正常胞质材料内有２种;８０％的随机引物可检测到ＲＡＰＤ。（２）基于ＲＦＬＰ资料的聚类分析结果,可将３０种胞质明确地划分为Ｔ、Ｃ、Ｓ、Ｎ４组,其结果与恢复专效性测定结果一致。其中ｐＨＪ２－７－１／ＢａｍＨＩ的ＲＦＬＰ类型可成为利用ＲＦＬＰ技术进行胞质分组的鉴定体系。（３）“双”型胞质线粒体ＤＮＡ常表现Ｓ＋Ｃ胞质的ＲＦＬＰ图谱。     

采用PCR—RFLP和RAPD对球壳孢目真菌系统学的研究

对球壳孢目真菌首次采用ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ和ＲＡＰＤ进行了系统发育研究,以ＩＴＳ１和ＩＴＳ４为引物对４属１２种２４个菌株的核糖体ＤＮＡ转录间区进行了ＰＣＲ扩增,４种内切酶酶切,结果表明：主要属的ＩＴＳ区长度不同,同属不同种相同。Ｃｏｎｉｏｔｈｙｒｉｕｎ,Ｐｈｙｌｌｏｓｔｉｃｔａ,Ａｓｃｏｃｈｙｔａ,ＳｅｔｏｒｉａＩＴＳ区长度分别为６３０,５６０,５５０,５４０ｂｐ;酶切图各间差别明显,属内种间基本一致     

用PCR—RFLP方法研究藏族HLA0—DQA1和—DQB1基因多态性

应用目前ＨＬＡ研究领域中成熟的、有效的ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ基因分型技术,从ＤＮＡ水平对藏族健康群体进行了ＨＬＡ－ＤＱＡ１（４９人）和－ＤＱＢ１（４９人）基因分型,这在国内外属首次。所采用的ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ基因分型技术是在ＨＬＡ－ＤＱＡ１和－ＤＱＢ１各等位基因全部序列已知的情况下,对其第２个外显子碱基序列扩增进而进行ＲＦＬＰ分析的方法。这种方法得到的ＲＦＬＰ的所有片段都是已知序列,因而精确度很高,同时为     

利用PCR方法鉴定甲醇酵母转化子的表型

本文以含外源基因的甲醇酵母表达载体ｐＰＩＣ９／Ｅ２Ｆ－１－ＤＢ质粒ＤＮＡ电转化甲醇酵母ＧＳ１１５,小规模抽提所得转化子的总ＤＮＡ,并以其为模板,以乙醇氧化酶（ＡＯＸ１）５’端序列和３’端的ＴＴ序列为引物,进行ＰＣＲ反应。ＰＣＲ产物走０．８％Ａｇａｒｏｓｅ电泳,通过对ＰＣＲ产物的电泳带型分析,鉴定出甲醇酵母转化子的表型,即Ｍｕｔ＾＋或Ｍｕｔ＾ｓ。这一鉴定结果为转化子的诱导表达产物的ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ图     

A PCR method for detection of plant meals from the guts of insects

The feeding behaviour of insects is a difficult ecological interaction to study. To date, entomologists have used biochemical and molecular techniques to identify the meals of predatory insects. We present here a molecular approach to identifying the DNA of plant species in the insect gut using the ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase gene large subunit (rbcL). A reference collection of 23 plant species from the southern Jordan Valley, Israel, was genetically characterized and employed. Insects belonging to eight different families were collected in the field along with the plants upon which they were found. After collection and prior to analysis, these insects were isolated on the plants they were found upon in the laboratory. This was to ensure that the insects had only one plant meal in their gut, as multiple plant meals would require additional techniques like cloning. A blind study was performed, genetically confirming plant DNA to species level from the processed gut contents of the insects. All reference plant species could be differentiated using a 157 bp long fragment of the rbcL gene. Plant DNA was identifiable, and the meal of the respective insect was accurately determined in each case. Analyses using experimentally fed crickets, Gryllodes hebraeus, determined that plant DNA was still detectable by PCR up to 12 h post-ingestion. This research proposes the application of molecular techniques for the identification of herbivorous insect feeding behaviour to increase understanding of plant–insect interactions.     

Delineating Kocuria turfanensis 2M4 as a credible PGPR: a novel IAA-producing bacteria isolated from saline desert

Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-producing bacteria Kocuria turfanensis strain 2M4 was isolated from the rhizospheric soil of halotolerant plant Suaeda fruticosa from a unique saline desert of Little Rann of Kutch, Gujarat, India. Rhizobacteria was bright orange pigmented, gram-positive, coccoid, non-endospore forming, and aerobic in nature. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that 2M4 isolate matched best with type strain of K. turfanensis HO-9042^T. Isolate optimally produced 38 µg ml^?1 IAA when growth medium was supplemented with 600 µg ml^?1 of L-tryptophan. Thin layer chromatography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis were performed to corroborate IAA production. To characterize rhizobacterial isolate as a plant growth-promoting bacteria, it was tested for phosphate solubilization where it solubilized maximum 12 µg ml^?1 phosphate in presence of fructose, produced 53% siderophore units under iron-free minimal MM9 medium and produced 1.8 µmol ml^?1 ammonia in peptone water broth. Plant growth promotion by test isolate was studied on groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under non-saline and saline soil. There was increase by 18% in total plant length and 30% in fresh biomass observed under non-saline control soil. Under saline soil, test isolate showed 17% increase in total length of the plant and 13% increase in fresh biomass.     

红豆杉属植物三种不同总DNA提取方法的分析比较

红豆杉属植物均为濒危物种,也是国家一级保护植物.以红豆杉属植物叶片为材料,利用三种不同的DNA提取方法提取总DNA,用分光光度计和琼脂糖凝胶电泳方法检测所得总DNA的得率和纯度,用PCR扩增的方法检测所得总DNA的质量,并对三种不同提取方法的结果进行了比较分析.结果表明:CTAB法提取的DNA纯度和得率均较高,可直接用...     

凉山州龙肘山锈红杜鹃与薄叶马银花根部真菌分子检测

【目的】为检验直接分子检测法用于揭示杜鹃花属(Rhododendron)植物根部真菌(Root-associated fungi,RAF)组成的有效性。【方法】采用不依赖于培养的分子检测技术直接从锈红杜鹃(R.bureavii)与薄叶马银花(R.leptothrium)的发根(Hair root)提取DNA,用真菌特异性引物扩增r DNA-ITS区、经克隆后测序,对获得的ITS序列进行分析;通过收集NCBI中与本研究的RAF相似性97%以上的所有序列对应的真菌来源(土壤或根系的身份)数据,分析真菌的生态学特性,并用FUNGuild软件提供的方法划分真菌的生态类型。【结果】从两种杜鹃花根部共检测到15种真菌,其中担子菌门(Basdiomycota)真菌3种,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)真菌12种。柔膜菌目(Helotiales)真菌在两种杜鹃花RAF群落中占据优势,并且在两种杜鹃花根系中均检测到该类真菌。此外,两种杜鹃花根部有多种生态类型的RAF共存,包括曾被频繁报道的杜鹃花类菌根菌Oidiodendron sp.和Rhizoscyphus sp.、内生真菌Phialocephala fortinii、共生一致病过渡型真菌Pezoloma ericae、外生菌根共生菌Meliniomyces sp.,以及腐生型真菌Myceana sp.、Lachnum virgineum、Herpotrichia sp.。【结论】直接分子检测法从两种杜鹃花属植物根部检测到的真菌谱系多样性较高、生态类型复杂,这一方法能较为全面地反映杜鹃花属植物RAF多样性。     

植物根对土壤中PAHs的吸收及预测

研究了多种植物根对土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的吸收作用,阐述了根系吸收与土壤污染强度、污染物性质、植物组成等的关系,并用实验数据检验了限制分配模型对植物吸收土壤中PAHs的预测性能。供试土壤中菲和芘的起始浓度分别为0~457和0~489mg/kg;45d后,随土壤中菲和芘浓度提高,根中菲和芘含量明显增大,根系富集系数则减小。不同植物根中菲和芘含量和根系富集系数与根的脂肪含量呈显著正相关。由于芘的Kow较大,同种植物根中芘含量、芘的根系富集系数则远大于菲。经45d处理,尽管土壤中菲浓度变化很大(从不足1mg/kg到约45mg/kg),限制分配模型能较好地预测供试植物根中菲的含量,黑麦草和菜心根中菲含量的预测误差低于81%。作为限制分配模型预测植物吸收的关键参数,不同植物根吸收菲的αpt值与根脂肪含量显著正相关。     

植物PHD结构域蛋白的结构与功能特性

植物同源结构域(plant homeodomain,PHD)是锌指结构域家族的一类转录调控因子,其最主要的功能是可以识别各种组蛋白修饰密码,包括组蛋白甲基化和乙酰化等;此外PHD结构域还可以与DNA结合。含有PHD结构域的蛋白,或者本身具有组蛋白修饰酶活性,或者可以与各类组蛋白修饰酶相互作用,还有部分与DNA甲基化相关,具有E3泛素连接酶活性,或者还可以作为染色质重塑因子,以各种不同的作用方式,在植物的生长发育过程中发挥了重要的作用。本文主要综述了结合各种类型组蛋白(包括H3K4me3/0、H3K9me3、H3R2和H3K14ac)以及DNA的PHD结构域的结构特点及其结合特异性、PHD结构域在植物中的进化保守性以及植物中已经发现的含有PHD结构域蛋白的功能及作用机制,为进一步了解该类蛋白在植物生长发育过程中如何发挥作用提供了参考。     

三化螟危害损失与防治指标的研究

２代三化螟平均每块卵为害 １１．２５个枯心丛,３４．７５个枯心株; ３代每块卵平均为害 ７．９５个白穗丛,１４．５５个白穗株。模拟为害与水稻产量损失的关系：２代Ｙ＝ｓ８０６０．５－２１８１．５Ｘ,Ｙ－水稻产量（ｋｇ／ｈｍ２）,Ｘ－枯心株率,水稻耐害补偿作用明显,枯心株率与产量损失率之比１：０．２７;３代Ｙ＝７６５４．２－３９０２．２Ｘ,Ｙ－水稻产量（ｋｇ／ｈｍ２）,Ｘ－白穗株率,水稻表现一定的耐害补偿能力,白穗株率与产量损失率之比１：０．５１。三化螟危害允许水平１．２８％。防治指标：２代卵块４８７５万块／ｈｍ２,３代卵块６５１９块／ｈｍ２。     

Effect of dehydration duration of apices on characteristics of in vitro plants of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fragaria vesca</Emphasis> after cryopreservation

Effect of different duration of dehydration of the apices isolated from in vitro plants on genetic stability was investigated in regenerated plants of wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca L., var. alpine) recovered after cryopreservation according to a precultivation-dehydration protocol. Plant material belongs to a clone (cv. Reine des Vallees) that has been maintained in vitro for more than 25 years in Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology. It was shown that duration of desiccation the apices before freezing appreciably affected the rate of postcryogenic recovery of plant growth and coefficient of their subsequent propagation. After 5-h-long desiccation, apices were notable for the highest growth rate. The plants restored from such apices also had the highest coefficient of propagation. For DNA analysis, the samples of leaves were taken separately from each plant after hardening and after cryopreservation. According to the results of RAPD, ISSR, and REMAP analyses, the plants from the chosen clone of strawberry showed some genetic variation prior to cryopreservation (percentage of polymorphic fragments was 9.0%). Plant adaptation to cold did not change the level of genetic variation. Among postcryogenic regenerants, morphologically modified plant forms were not observed, with the level of DNA marker variation decreasing almost two times irrespective of the duration of dehydration. However, in one plant restored after 5-h-long dehydration and cryogenic freezing, a 1200 bp fragment of DNA was lacking, which was detected in all other examined samples (frequency of deviation was 0.9%). Earlier, we did not reveal plant polymorphism of investigated strawberry clone associated with this fragment. Probably, this modification of DNA resulted from the exposure of plant material to dehydration and freezing in liquid nitrogen.     

The unique role of sentinel trees,botanic gardens and arboreta in safeguarding global plant health

The ever increasing threat from new and emerging plant pests and pathogens poses a significant threat to plant health on a global scale. Once an organism is introduced and establishes itself in a new region, it is incredibly costly, both in terms of environmental impact and economic loss, to manage it. In most cases, eradication and containment programmes are most effective when the organism is identified early on. Further to this, the most cost effective management of all is preventing introduction in the first place. Therefore, the role for early warning systems in plant health is becoming more evident. Botanic gardens and arboreta are unique resources that can help provide such early warning and are, currently, often overlooked within plant health. The staff and volunteers that work within these botanical institutes are knowledgeable and passionate people, who if made aware of current threats, can become additional ‘eyes and ears’ for first detection of new introductions. Gardens can also help to increase available information on organisms and, potentially, identify the ‘unknown’ organisms through sentinel research. Plant collections provide a large range of exotic hosts (so-called ‘sentinels’) growing in diverse regions around the world which can be studied to determine susceptibility to potential pests that have not been introduced to their native ranges. The International Plant Sentinel Network (IPSN) has been developed in order to support such work and bring together botanical institutes with organisations working within plant health.     

Identification and characterization of three putative genes for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase from etiolated mung bean hypocotyl segments

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to produce 3 putative clones for ACC synthase from etiolated mung bean (Vigna radiata Rwilcz cv. Berken) hypocotyls. This was accomplished by utilizing genomic DNA from mung bean and degenerate primers made from information derived from highly conserved regions of ACC synthase from different plant tissues. The total length of pMAC-1, pMAC-2 and pMAC-3 are 308, 321, and 326 bp, respectively, all of which code for 68 amino acids. The introns for pMAC-1, pMAC-2 and pMAC-3 are 92, 105, and 110 bp, respectively. The degrees of homology at the DNA level for each of these clones is ca. 80% in their coding region and ca. 50% in their respective introns. This is the first report providing evidence that there are at least 3 genes for ACC synthase in etiolated mung bean.