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1.
为了保证检疫的安全性而又不失国际贸易的透明度,需要对检疫害虫进行定量的风险评估。本文介绍一套基于最高虫口限量概念的害虫传入定量风险评估计算机平台,把两性生殖害虫的入侵风险建立在至少一对潜在交配成虫的传入概率上。计算机分析平台由SAS V9.0分析软件,PHP网络编程语言和MySQL数据库构建,通过Apache服务器进行网络发布。用户通过web登陆该平台并输入相关参数,可自动调用服务器端的SAS分析程序进行分析并在网页上得到结果。这是害虫传入风险定量评估的新尝试,它将为检疫部门提供一套实用性较强的害虫传入风险量化评估的新工具。  相似文献   

2.
桔小实蝇传入风险的模糊综合评估   总被引:16,自引:3,他引:13  
张润杰  侯柏华 《昆虫学报》2005,48(2):221-226
根据国际有害生物风险评估方案,本文提出了桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)随进口水果传入风险评估的参数指标体系,包括一级评估指标5个: 进口水果种类,进口水果数量,进口水果的虫害率,运输途中害虫存活率,检疫管理的有效性; 二级评估指标9个: 原产地桔小实蝇的防治情况,水果装运前的处理情况,桔小实蝇对水果的嗜好性,水果运输期,运输条件,运输途中极端限制因子的出现情况,检疫抽样百分比,检出率,检疫措施的处理效果等。采用权重分析法确定各个指标的权重,在此基础上,应用模糊决策的基本理论和方法,建立桔小实蝇传入风险的模糊综合评估模型。模拟评估结果认为,进口水果装运前的杀虫处理和水果到岸时的检疫处理对风险值的影响很大,进口水果的数量以及运输途中是否出现极端限制因子也对风险值有明显影响。  相似文献   

3.
The probit 9 standard for quarantine treatment efficacy (99.9968% mortality) was originally recommended for tropical fruits heavily infested with fruit flies and it centers on high mortality to achieve quarantine security. This standard may be too stringent for quarantine pests in commodities that are rarely infested or are poor hosts, The alternative treatment efficacy approach measures risk as the probability of a mating pair, gravid female, or parthenogenic individual surviving in a shipment. This will be a function of many factors including infestation rate and shipment volume. Applying the risk-based alternative treatment efficacy approach to pests on rarely infested or poor hosts will lower the number of required test insects needed for developing quarantine treatments; hence data for a quarantine treatment could be generated by testing 10,000 or fewer insects with no survivors, compared with 90,000-100,000 insects to demonstrate the traditional probit 9 efficacy. Several commodity/quarantine pest systems where this approach could be applied are discussed. This approach would save time and resources, and help farmers export their crop on a more-timely basis.  相似文献   

4.
The establishment of appropriate import quarantine systems is the best known method for preventing the unintentional introduction of invasive alien pests. However, quarantine systems are sometimes judged as non-tariff barriers against trade by the World Trade Organization. The construction of a common scientific theory for quarantine systems is thus extremely important to prevent invasion without causing international conflict. We explain several statistical theories that have been adopted in import plant quarantine systems in Japan. Quarantine systems include three major components: (1) import sampling inspection, (2) early detection procedures, and (3) emergency control. We first explain the principle of risk management that was commonly adopted in these components. Then, we explain the method for calculating the required sample size in the import sampling inspection. We then explain hierarchical sampling inspection for detecting alien pests inside Japan. We further explain the theory for declaring the eradication of invasive alien pests as an emergency control. Actual examples of quarantine actions against the invasion of plum pox virus disease and citrus huanglongbing are discussed.  相似文献   

5.
《Journal of Asia》2006,9(2):149-157
This study investigated the diversity and risk status of the pests associated with pineapple fruit trade from Nigeria to the U.S.A. in a commodity-initiated Qualitative Pest Risk Assessment as required under the Sanitary and Phytosanitary agreement of member nations of the World Trade Organization. The study validated in the field as necessary, all fruit pests of pineapple, Ananas comosus in the southwest Nigeria that have potential to follow the risk pathway from the farm to the port of exit. Twenty four pests, comprising 18 species of insects, 5 fungi and 1 bacterium were identified. Among these, one insect — Zonocerus variegatus was identified as a quarantine pest of pineapple with potential to follow the pathway to the pest risk areas in the U.S.A. The likelihood of introduction based on climatic conditions matching the pest etiology and host biotics is medium. The climatic requirement of the pest is compared with those of the pest risk areas in the USA such as Georgia, Texas, Florida, California, and Alabama. The pest lays its eggs usually in soil but could be hidden in the leaf bract or scale on the pineapple fruit surface. The egg undergoes 6-9 months of diapause, depending on the environment. The infestive nymphs and adults are relatively large sized. The overall consequence of introduction is high but the risk of this pest following the pathway is rated medium. The mitigation in place in Nigeria such as pre-shipment inspection, cleaning and fumigation at the port of exit appears adequate but could still be improved to completely remove the likelihood of introduction. Gamma-irradiation which is likely to become available in Nigeria has the potential to remove totally the risk of introduction of this pest to the USA.  相似文献   

6.
Expanding radiation quarantine treatments beyond fruit flies   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
1 The potential of ionizing radiation as a disinfestation treatment for insects other than tephritid fruit flies is discussed. Radiation quarantine treatments are unique in that insects are not killed immediately but rendered sterile or incapable of completing development. 2 The most tolerant insect stage to radiation is that which is most developed. Female insects, but not always mites, are sterilized with equal or lower doses than males. 3 Insects irradiated with sterilizing doses usually have shorter longevities than non‐irradiated ones. Low oxygen conditions often increase tolerance to radiation. 4 Insects in diapause are not more tolerant of radiation than non‐diapausing ones. 5 Some pests of several groups, such as aphids, whiteflies, weevils, scarab beetles, and fruit flies, may be controlled with doses ≤ 100 Gy. Some lepidopterous pests and most mites require about 300 Gy. Stored product moths may require as much as 1 kGy to sterilize, and nematodes could need > 4 kGy. 6 Even though application of irradiation to pallet‐loads of produce could mean that up to three times the minimum required dose is applied to the perimeter of the pallet, many fresh commodities tolerate doses required for quarantine security against many quarantined pests. Irradiation is arguably the most widely applicable quarantine treatment from the standpoint of commodity quality.  相似文献   

7.
《Journal of Asia》2019,22(3):838-840
The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, is a serious invasive pest of quarantine significance. Potential establishment of this ant is of great concern in S. invicta free countries such as South Korea, where there have been multiple recent interceptions. The majority of those detections have been concentrated around main port areas of imported common trade containers, suggesting that disinfestation of the containers, in addition to inspection and disinfestation of containers with agricultural commodities, is necessary for the prevention of S. invicta introduction. So far, however, no regulations and protocols are in place for inspection, detection, and disinfestation of S. invicta in such containers. As a first step toward supporting such regulation, we investigated whether S. invicta could be effectively controlled using ethyl formate, a methyl bromide alternative. Ethyl formate fumigation treatment was effective in controlling 99.9% of S. invicta workers and female alates at 46.1 and 37.7 g h m−3 at 13 °C and 23 °C respectively. Our results provide evidence to support its use to disinfest S. invicta in containers. We discuss additional factors that need to be considered to develop disinfestation protocols for S. invicta in commerce shipping containers.  相似文献   

8.
Genetically modified (GM) crops are used extensively worldwide to control diploid agricultural insect pests that reproduce sexually. However, future GM crops will likely soon target haplodiploid and parthenogenetic insects. As rapid pest adaptation could compromise these novel crops, strategies to manage resistance in haplodiploid and parthenogenetic pests are urgently needed. Here, we developed models to characterize factors that could delay or prevent the evolution of resistance to GM crops in diploid, haplodiploid, and parthenogenetic insect pests. The standard strategy for managing resistance in diploid pests relies on refuges of non-GM host plants and GM crops that produce high toxin concentrations. Although the tenets of the standard refuge strategy apply to all pests, this strategy does not greatly delay the evolution of resistance in haplodiploid or parthenogenetic pests. Two additional factors are needed to effectively delay or prevent the evolution of resistance in such pests, large recessive or smaller non-recessive fitness costs must reduce the fitness of resistance individuals in refuges (and ideally also on GM crops), and resistant individuals must have lower fitness on GM compared to non-GM crops (incomplete resistance). Recent research indicates that the magnitude and dominance of fitness costs could be increased by using specific host–plants, natural enemies, or pathogens. Furthermore, incomplete resistance could be enhanced by engineering desirable traits into novel GM crops. Thus, the sustainability of GM crops that target haplodiploid or parthenogenetic pests will require careful consideration of the effects of reproductive mode, fitness costs, and incomplete resistance.  相似文献   

9.
意大利蝗Calliptamus italicus(L.)是新疆草原的主要危害害虫之一,为了从形态上精确区分群居型和散居型意大利蝗,本文用数值分类学的方法对两型成虫的10个形态指标和5个形态指标比值进行了数量分析.方差分析结果表明:两型成虫在所测量的10个形态指标上都存在着显著性差异(P<0.05);形态指标比值中前翅长...  相似文献   

10.
Nonchemical, environmentally friendly quarantine treatments are preferred for use in postharvest control of insect pests. Combined high temperature and controlled atmosphere quarantine treatments for phytosanitary fruit pests Macchiademus diplopterus (Distant) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) and Phlyctinus callosus (Schoenherr) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) were investigated to determine the potential of such treatments for quarantine security. Field-collected, aestivating M. diplopterus adults and P. callosus adults were treated using a controlled atmosphere waterbath system. This system simulates the controlled atmosphere temperature treatment system (CATTS) used to control a number of phytosanitary pests in the United States and allows for a rapid assessment of pest response to treatment. Insects were treated under regular air conditions and a controlled atmosphere of 1% oxygen, 15% carbon dioxide in nitrogen, at two ramping heat rates, 12 and 24 degrees C/h. Treatment of both species was more effective under both heating rates when the controlled atmosphere condition was applied. Under these conditions of controlled atmospheres, mortality of P. callosus was greater when the faster heating rate was used, but the opposite was true for M. diplopterus. This could be due to the physiological condition of aestivation contributing to metabolic arrest in response to the stresses being applied during treatment. Results indicate that the potential for the development of CATTS treatments for these phytosanitary pests, particularly P. callosus, is promising.  相似文献   

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