遮荫对苦丁茶树叶片特征及光合特性的影响

通过人工遮荫方式研究了4种遮荫强度(全光照、20%、40%和60%遮荫)对苦丁茶树叶片生长和光合特性的影响,从而为苦丁茶合理栽培和抚育管理提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)40%遮荫条件下苦丁茶树叶片宽度、厚度、叶面积和栅栏组织厚度均显著高于其它3个处理(P0.05),栅栏组织层数为2层,其它3个处理均为1层。遮荫显著提高了苦丁茶树叶片总叶绿素、叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量,且随遮荫程度的增强叶绿素含量呈上升趋势,而叶绿素a/b呈相反趋势。(2)40%遮荫处理显著提高了苦丁茶树叶片净光合速率(P0.05),而遮荫达到60%时则抑制了其光合速率。20%和40%遮荫处理促进苦丁茶树叶片气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和蒸腾速率的提高,降低了蒸汽压亏缺,有利于光合作用的进行;全光照和60%遮荫处理下蒸汽压亏缺显著高于其它处理,而气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度等因子极显著降低,从而抑制了苦丁茶树叶片蒸腾作用和光合作用。(3)遮荫处理降低了苦丁茶树叶片光补偿点和暗呼吸速率,40%遮荫处理下表观量子效率和最大净光合速率显著提高。随着遮荫程度的增强,Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo降低,与全光照相比,3种遮荫处理Fv/Fm依次下降了2.71%、4.59%和8.03%,Fv/Fo值依次降低了6.89%、11.99%和19.81%(P0.01);60%遮荫下各荧光参数值显著低于其它3个处理,过度遮荫使苦丁茶树叶片叶绿素分子捕获激发能的效率及光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)潜在活性降低。综上,苦丁茶树在适宜的遮荫强度下,即40%遮荫(日光合有效辐射在273—1222μmol·m-2·s-1范围内)条件下其叶片生长和光合能力会有效提高。     

遮荫对黑茶藨子叶片形态结构和光合特性的影响

以黑茶藨子为试验材料,通过人工遮荫的方式,研究了不同遮荫强度(全光照、20%和60%遮荫)和遮荫时间(初期、中期和后期)对黑茶藨子叶片形态解剖结构和光合特性的影响。结果表明:(1)20%、60%遮荫处理的叶片厚度均显著低于全光照处理,上下表皮厚度则高于全光照处理;随着遮荫强度的加大,栅栏组织与海绵组织厚度比值大小均呈减少趋势,随着遮荫时间的延长,呈增加趋势。(2)遮荫初期和中期,20%遮荫处理的叶片净光合速率(Pn)比全光照和60%遮荫处理的值略高,但差异并不显著(P0.05),其蒸腾速率(T_r)、水分利用效率(WUE)也略有增加;但是,60%遮荫处理的叶片净光合速率(P_n)显著低于全光照处理(P0.05)。遮荫后期,60%遮荫处理的叶片净光合速率(P_n)显著高于全光照处理,且水分利用效率(WUE)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)均显著高于全光照和20%遮荫处理。综上所述,遮荫处理导致叶片厚度减少,海绵组织比例增加,有利于减少透射光中的光量子丧失,提高光能利用效率;生长早期和中期作20%轻度遮荫处理,后期作60%中度遮荫处理能提高植株对光和水分的利用效率、维持较高的光合速率、延缓衰老。     

遮荫处理对绞股蓝叶形态结构及光合特性的影响

研究了田间栽培和盆栽绞股蓝(Gynostemmapentaphyllum)在不同程度遮荫处理下的叶形态结构及光合特性的变化。结果表明,两种栽培方式下的绞股蓝叶形态结构及光合特性具有相似的变化规律。具体表现为叶形态结构受光照强度影响较大,与全日照相比,遮荫条件下叶面积增大,叶色深绿,叶片厚度以及栅栏组织和海绵组织厚度小,维管束不发达,表现出阴生叶的特点。同时,遮荫条件下叶片的叶绿素含量和净光合速率高于全日照处理。这些特点表明,绞股蓝属于喜阴植物,遮荫处理有利于其生长发育。     

遮荫对濒危植物甜菜树光合生理和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以西南特有濒危植物甜菜树为材料,研究了不同遮荫处理(全光照、50％遮荫、65％遮荫和80％遮荫)对甜菜树叶片光合特性、叶绿素荧光和气孔特征的影响,为甜菜树种质资源保育和开发利用提供科学依据。结果表明：50％遮荫处理显著提高了甜菜树叶片净光合速率,80％遮荫处理则起抑制作用;50％遮荫和65％遮荫处理提高甜菜树叶蒸腾速率,有利于光合作用的进行;80％遮荫处理下胞间 CO 2浓度提高,抑制了甜菜树叶蒸腾作用和光合作用;50％遮荫和65％遮荫处理下净光合速率提高,说明甜菜树对遮荫有一定的适应性;叶绿素荧光方面,80％遮荫处理导致叶片 PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F v/F m )和实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)下降。甜菜树叶片光合特性与气孔结构关系密切,遮荫降低甜菜树叶片气孔密度。     

不同温度处理对虎耳草叶片气体交换及叶肉结构的影响

在人工气候箱中对盆栽虎耳草进行处理,测定不同温度条件下虎耳草叶片光合特征、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性、叶肉结构等生理形态指标。结果表明：低温处理后,虎耳草叶片净光合速率、气孔导度下降迅速,叶绿素含量最少,SOD、CAT活性最低,MDA含量最高,栅栏组织排列更紧密,移置正常温度下,光合速率能在短时间内恢复;高温处理的净光合速率下降速度不及低温处理,但叶片海绵组织显著增加,光合速率恢复较慢。     

两种绣线菊耐弱光能力的光合适应性

研究彩色叶花灌木金山绣线菊(Spiraea bunmalba‘Goldmound’)、金焰绣线菊(Spiraea bunmalba‘Goldflame’)对弱光胁迫的光合适应能力,分析其弱光处理及恢复过程中光合特性的变化,探讨其对弱光环境的光合生理适应性变化,为绣线菊在城市园林不同光照环境中得到科学应用提供参考.2种绣线菊具明显光合日变化规律,光强为自然光照60％-65％、40％-45％时光合速率日变化为双峰型曲线,第1峰值高于第2峰值,有明显光合“午休”现象,光强为自然光照20％-25％时光合速率日变化为单峰型曲线,无明显光合“午休”现象;2种绣线菊最大净光合速率、光补偿点、光饱和点、最大表观量子效率和暗呼吸速率随处理光强减弱而减小;叶绿素(a+b)、类胡萝卜素含量随处理光强减弱而增加,叶绿素a/b值随处理光强减弱而降低;随处理光强减弱2种绣线菊叶片变薄,上、下表皮细胞变小,栅栏组织、海绵组织厚度变薄,海绵组织细胞间隙变大,2者比值减小;2种绣线菊弱光胁迫均产生低分子量(45.0-66.2 kDa)特异表达蛋白,推测为弱光胁迫诱导蛋白.2种绣线菊经60％-65％、40％-45％弱光处理后具一定恢复能力,光强仅为自然光照20％-25％处理时其恢复能力较弱.栅栏组织与海绵组织厚度比值、叶绿素a/b值和最大净光合速率是评价2种绣线菊耐弱光能力的重要指标,叶绿素a/b值与耐弱光能力显著负相关,栅栏组织与海绵组织厚度比值、最大净光合速率与耐弱光能力显著正相关,2种绣线菊耐弱光能力按隶属函数值排序为金焰绣线菊＞金山绣线菊.     

遮荫对甜瓜叶片光合特性的影响

以适宜不同栽培条件的3个甜瓜品种为材料,研究了遮荫对其光合色素含量、净光合速率及比叶重等叶片特性的影响。结果表明:与正常光照相比,遮光处理能诱使甜瓜叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量显著提高,叶绿素a/b显著降低。全光照条件下,3个甜瓜品种的净光合速率日变化曲线均呈双峰型,有明显的"光合午休"现象,而在遮荫条件下则呈单峰曲线变化,且光合峰值出现的时间比全光照下推迟;遮光条件下甜瓜叶片气孔导度日变化曲线与其净光合速率日变化类似。3个品种间比叶重在全光照条件下差异不显著,但遮荫显著降低了壮龄叶片的比叶重,且遮荫强度越重,比叶重越小;品种‘黄河蜜3号’壮龄叶的比叶重降幅(31.83%)显著大于‘银帝’(27.22%)和‘玉金香’(26.01%)。可见,遮荫降低了甜瓜叶片的净光合速率和功能叶片的比叶重,植株通过增加自身叶片光合色素含量以增强对环境的适应性,缓解遮荫对其的影响,品种‘银帝’表现出较强的耐弱光性。     

不同倍性大青杨的光合特性及叶片解剖结构比较

通过对二年生二倍体、三倍体和四倍体大青杨叶片结构和光合特性的研究,探讨不同倍性大青杨生长性状差异的原因。结果表明：不同倍性大青杨的净光合速率（Pn）、光饱和点（LSP）、光补偿点（LCP）等光合指标差异显著。三倍体的最大净光合速率（Pmax）高出二倍体21%。叶片厚度、表皮细胞厚度、栅栏组织厚度、栅栏组织与海绵组织厚度的比值,都是三倍体和四倍体大青杨比二倍体高,且均呈现增加的趋势。其中,四倍体大青杨表皮细胞最厚,上下表皮分别高出二倍体64%和17%。三倍体大青杨的栅栏组织厚度及栅栏组织与海绵组织厚度的比值最大,比值高出二倍体50%。通过叶片光合特性和解剖结构比较证明,三倍体和四倍体大青杨对光的适应性和光合作用能力强于二倍体。     

遮荫对闽楠幼苗光合及其叶片解剖特性的影响

以2年生闽楠幼苗为材料,探讨不同遮荫处理［0(CK,全光照) 和30%、50%、70%遮荫］对闽楠［Phoebe bournei (Hemsl.) Yang］幼苗光合作用及其叶片解剖结构的影响,为闽楠的合理栽培及人工林混交树种的配置提供理论依据。结果表明：(1)与全光照处理(CK)相比,闽楠幼苗叶片净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、最大净光合速率(P_nmax) 、光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)及暗呼吸速率(Rd)均随遮荫强度的增加而显著下降;在30%和50%遮荫下,幼苗能通过提高水分利用效率(WUE)和表观量子效率(AQY),增加叶绿素含量来充分利用弱光环境;70%遮荫处理则影响闽楠幼苗的正常生长。(2)遮荫降低了闽楠幼苗叶片的气孔密度,但单个气孔器的面积显著增加;遮荫处理下,闽楠叶片和主脉明显变薄;栅栏组织和海绵组织厚度降低,排列稀疏,栅海比减小,有利于提高对光能的利用效率。(3)闽楠幼苗根、茎、叶及总生物量均在全光照下最大,遮荫抑制了植株生物量的积累。研究发现,闽楠幼苗在遮荫处理下生物量积累和光合效率降低,但同时在叶片解剖结构和功能上表现出对遮荫的适应性,从而表现出一定的耐荫性。     

8种绿化树种光合特性及叶片解剖结构比较

城市绿化不仅包含了园林绿化的美化作用,还具有重要的生态功能,其生态功能是通过植物的生理活动实现的。光合能力在种间和基因型间的变化很大,这些差异通常与代谢和(或)叶片的解剖结构的性质有关。本研究选择8种哈尔滨常见树种,采用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统对叶净光合速率(P_n)、呼吸速率(R_d)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)等进行测定,并利用显微镜观察测定叶片厚度、表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度,从而探讨叶片结构对光合生理的影响。结果表明:8个树种间叶片最大光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度、蒸腾速率、光饱和点差异显著(P <0.05);表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、上表皮气孔密度和下表皮气孔密度差异显著(P <0.05)。虽然8个树种间光合能力和叶片解剖结构的差异较大,但分析发现其间也存在一定的相关性。其中,光饱和点与叶表皮厚度显著正相关(P <0.01),相关系数为0.78。胞间CO_2浓度与上表皮气孔密度显著负相关(P <0.05),相关系数为-0.65。而最大光合速率、呼吸速率、蒸腾速率和光补偿点与表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、上表皮气孔密度和下表皮气孔密度相关均不显著(P> 0.05)。胞间CO_2浓度与表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度和下表皮气孔密度相关均不显著(P> 0.05)。光饱和点与栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、上表皮气孔密度和下表皮气孔密度相关均不显著(P> 0.05)。虽然对叶片结构对生理过程的影响的机理还需要进一步研究,但是我们认为叶片解剖结构的研究可以更好地理解生理指标的变化。     

Physiological,morphological, and anatomical changes in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhododendron agastum</Emphasis> in response to shading

To investigate how shading intensity influences azalea (Rhododendron agastum) seedlings, we examined changes in plant growth (both anatomical and physiological). For this, Rh. agastum plants were grown under different shading intensities: 0, 31.28, 52.07, and 86.35 %. The results showed that the height, leaf areas and chlorophyll content increased under shade, whereas ground diameter and root length decreased under shade, which caused an increase in the height/diameter ratio. We found that 31.28 % shading significantly enhanced the biomass accumulation, net photosynthetic rate and the light-saturation point. Shading also altered the anatomic structure of Rh. agastum leaves, including reductions in leaf thickness, stomatal density, stomatal indices, and the thickness of the palisade tissue and the number of cellular layers therein, increased in the lengths of the vertical and lateral axes, and the ratio of palisade tissue to spongy tissue was reduced, which were beneficial to transpiration and photosynthesis. Therefore, the anatomic structure and the photosynthesis characteristics of Rh. agastum were closely connected. On the basis of these results, it could be deduced that moderate shading induces a physiological adaptation mechanism, which markedly affects the form and photosynthesis thereof.     

Leaf responses to iron nutrition and low cadmium in peanut: anatomical properties in relation to gas exchange

Aims

This study evaluated how iron nutrition affect leaf anatomical and photosynthetic responses to low cadmium and its accumulation in peanut plants.

Methods

Seedlings were treated with Cd (0 and 0.2 μM CdCl₂) and Fe (0, 10, 25, 50 or 100 μM EDTA-Na₂Fe) in hydroponic culture.

Results

Cadmium accumulation is highest in Fe-deficient plants, and dramatically decreased with increasing Fe supply. The biomass, gas exchange, and reflectance indices were highest at 25 μM Fe²⁺ treatments, indicating the concentration is favorable for the growth of peanut plants. Both Fe deficiency and Cd exposure impair photosynthesis and reduce reflectance indices. However, they show different effects on leaf anatomical traits. Fe deficiency induces more and smaller stomata in the leaf surface, but does not affect the inner structure. Low Cd results in a thicker lamina with smaller stomata, thicker palisade and spongy tissues, and lower palisade to spongy thickness ratio. The stomatal length and length/width ratio in the upper epidermis, spongy tissue thickness, and palisade to spongy thickness ratio were closely correlated with net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate.

Conclusions

Cd accumulation rather than Fe deficiency alters leaf anatomy that may increase water use efficiency but inhibit photosynthesis.     

Photosynthetic and anatomic responses of peanut leaves to cadmium stress

Cadmium (Cd) treatments caused an inhibition in the net photosynthetic rate (P _N) of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) plants, due to the reduction of stomatal conductance (g _s) and photosynthetic pigment contents, as well as the alteration in leaf structure. The decrease of the transpiration rate and g _s might result from the Cd-induced xerophyte anatomic features of leaves (i.e. thick lamina, upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll, high palisade to spongy thickness ratio, as well as abundant and small stomata). The decline of P _N was independent of the impairment in photosystem 2.     

不同遮光处理对猫须草生长及光合特性的影响

本文探讨全光照、遮光50％、遮光75％、遮光90％等4种处理对猫须草植株生长及光合特性的影响。结果表明,与全光照相比,3种遮光处理植株叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率减少,叶片厚度及栅栏组织变薄,比叶鲜质量下降,植株分枝数减少,节间距、株高显著增加,植株根、茎、叶的生长量明显下降。从而表明,猫须草植株生长最适宜的光照条件为全光照。     

Responses of four succession tree species in low subtropics to enhanced UV-B radiation in the field

The tested tree species included pioneer species Acacia mangium, early succession stage species Schima superba, mesophyte intermediate-succession species Machilus chinensis, and shade-tolerant plant or late-succession species Cryptocarya concinna which occur in the lower subtropical forest community. A comparison with the current ambient level of UV-B radiation (UV-B) showed the leaf net photosynthetic rate (P _N), transpiration rate (E), and stomatal conductance (g _s) of the four species ranged from significantly decreased to no significant change. Additionally, the thickness of palisade and mesophyll in leaves of four tree species were decreased sharply by enhanced UV-B. The thickness of spongy parenchyma in leaves was also decreased except for M. chinensis. UV-B increased the leaf width of A. mangium but its leaf length, leaf thickness, and dry mass per unit area were not affected. Significantly increased stomata width was observed in A. mangium leaf epidermis in response to UV-B. Significantly decreased stomata width and significantly increased stomata density of leaf abaxial epidermis in M. chinensis were also observed. The stomata density of abaxial epidermis of C. concinna was remarkably increased by enhanced UV-B. The height and branch biomass of A. mangium and the height of S. superba were reduced visibly by enhanced UV-B. The four plant species could be classified into three groups of UV-B sensitiveness by hierarchical cluster analysis. A. mangium was sensitive to enhanced UV-B, while C. concinna showed more tolerance.     

Effect of sowing dates and vernalization on Betavulgaris L. cv. Univers C-leaf structure

This research was conducted to study the effect of three different sowing dates (15th October, 15th November and 15th December) and two vernalization treatments (5 °C and −20 °C) on leaf structure of Betavulgaris L. cv. Univers. The obtained data are summarized as follows:The maximum values of the most studied parameters; lower epidermis + spongy tissue thickness, midrib, mesophyll tissue, vascular bundle, collenchymatous tissue and number of xylem vessels per arm were found as a result of 15th October sowing date treatment compared with the two other sowing dates. Furthermore, effect of the cooling treatments varied according to the recorded character, sowing date and cooling degree. Most of the vernalization treatments at early sowing dates increased the mesophyll tissue, midrib, number of vascular bundles per transverse section, vascular bundle thickness and number of xylem arms per transverse section.The two studied cooling treatments at 15th October sowing date increased both stomatal index and average number of stomata: average number of epidermis cells compared with the control. Furthermore, 15th October under −20 °C treatment led to small epidermal cells and stomata formation, straight epidermal cell walls and closed stomata in comparison to the control.     

遮荫对异株荨麻光合特性和荧光参数的影响

系统研究了全光照和不同程度的遮荫(43%,58%,73%,87%,97%)对异株荨麻光合特性和荧光参数的影响。结果表明,异株荨麻的光补偿点和光饱和点均较低,且随着遮荫程度的提高,其值以及暗呼吸速率均依次降低。净光合速率日变化曲线呈单峰型,光合速率高峰值和日平均光合速率均随着遮荫程度的提高而明显下降。蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化与光合速率的日变化趋势一致,遮荫对蒸腾作用和气孔导度均有显著的影响,随着遮荫程度的提高,蒸腾速率和气孔导度均显著下降。在各光照条件下,蒸腾速率与气孔导度呈显著正相关。蒸腾速率和气孔导度与光合速率的相关性随遮荫条件的不同而异,全光照条件下蒸腾速率与光合速率呈显著正相关,而所有遮荫条件下相关性不显著。气孔导度与光合速率在所有光照下相关性均不显著。各遮荫条件下叶片总叶绿素、叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量均显著高于全光照的,且随遮荫程度的提高叶绿素含量呈上升趋势,而叶绿素a/b的值则随着遮荫程度的提高而下降。叶绿素荧光参数PSⅡ内禀光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)和潜在活性(Fv/Fo)日变化呈单谷曲线。各遮荫条件下Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo值均高于全光照的,且随着遮荫程度的提高其值均依次增加。这说明,异株荨麻是一种耐荫性很强的植物,遮荫可使其降低光补偿点、光饱和点、净光合速率、暗呼吸速率以及叶绿素a/b,但增加总叶绿素、叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量、光能利用率以及PSⅡ原初光能转化效率和潜在活性,以增强在弱光条件下的生长发育能力。     

越冬期遮阴条件下3个不同秋眠型紫花苜蓿品种叶片解剖结构与其光生态适应性

在我国南北气候过渡地区, 采用遮阴试验和石蜡切片法, 研究越冬期不同光强对3个不同秋眠型紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)品种(‘维多利亚’、 ‘巨人201’和‘游客’)叶片解剖结构的影响。结果表明: 随着光强减弱, 各紫花苜蓿品种表皮结构中上、下表皮角质层厚度, 气孔密度和气孔开度明显下降; 上、下表皮厚度呈上升趋势。随着遮阴强度增加, 叶肉组织中海绵组织细胞宽度显著上升, 栅栏组织厚度、栅栏组织细胞层数、栅栏组织厚度/海绵组织厚度显著下降; 品种间海绵组织厚度和栅栏组织细胞宽度变化趋势不一致。叶片结构整体特征中叶片厚度、叶肉厚度、中脉厚度、组织结构紧密度随光强减弱而显著下降, 组织结构疏松度明显上升, 叶脉突起度变化不明显。品种间各叶片解剖性状变幅及可塑性指数具有明显的差异, 表明其对弱光适应方式不同。Pearson相关分析表明, 各紫花苜蓿品种叶片气孔密度、栅栏组织厚度、叶肉厚度、叶片厚度及栅栏组织厚度/海绵组织厚度与光强呈显著正相关, 可能是紫花苜蓿叶片解剖结构光强敏感特征参数, 其中, ‘维多利亚’叶片敏感特征参数与光强相关程度较低, 与光强相关的性状较少。综合各项分析结果, 初步确定越冬期紫花苜蓿耐阴性与其秋眠性相关, 半秋眠型品种‘维多利亚’ >秋眠型品种‘巨人201’≥非秋眠型品种‘游客’。     

土壤水分与短期遮光对棉花光合及其气孔响应的影响

以陆地棉（Ｇｏｓｓｙｐｉｕｍ ｈｉｒｓｕｔｕｍ Ｌ．Ｚｈｏｎｇｍａｉｎ,Ｎｏ２３）为供试材料,探讨了在充分供水－水分胁迫－复水的处理过程中,短期不同遮光水平对棉花光合特性及其气孔响应的影响。结果表明,在水分处理过程中,所有不同遮光水平的棉花叶片对短期遮光具有相似的基本响应规律;短期遮光使净光合速率迅速降低,气孔导度减少,但减少速率缓慢;遮阳网去掉后,叶片气 重新开放速率和光合恢复被延迟,水分胁迫期