凤丹(Paeonia ostii T.)自毒物质的检测及其作用机制

药用牡丹的种植中存在明显的连作障碍现象,为探讨其机制,利用已萌发长根的凤丹(Paeonia ostii)种子对凤丹根际土壤和根的水浸提液进行了自毒化感检测;采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对种植4a的凤丹根际土壤及其根皮中的化感自毒物质进行了定性和定量分析;在此基础上,利用外源法研究了盆栽凤丹幼苗对5种检出物质(阿魏酸、肉桂酸、香草醛、香豆素和丹皮酚)及其混合物在3种不同浓度下对植株生长的影响和生理响应.结果表明:(1)连续种植4a的凤丹根际土壤和根浸提液对已萌发种子根的生长有显著的抑制作用(p＜0.05),显示凤丹根分泌物具有自毒化感的潜势;(2)HPLC分析表明在凤丹根际土壤中存在5种以上的酚酸类物质 (阿魏酸、肉桂酸、香草醛、香豆素和丹皮酚),其中阿魏酸、肉桂酸、香草醛、香豆素为前人已报道的化感物质;(3)在实验室条件下,所设浓度范围内,5种物质及其混合物对凤丹幼苗的高度、根长及地下和地上生物量均有明显影响,尤其对根长和地下生物量的影响最为明显(p＜0.05),此结果与连作移栽幼苗时,根部首先发黑死亡的现象相一致;(4)凤丹幼苗的根系活力和叶绿素含量在各处理中表现出相似性,即低浓度时根系活力和叶绿素含量高,高浓度时根系活力和叶绿素含量低,低浓度的阿魏酸和香草醛对幼苗根系活力和叶绿素合成有促进作用.此结果显示自毒物质可能是通过影响根系酶活性和叶绿素合成来影响群体中其它个体的生长.本实验的结果显示栽培4a的凤丹土壤水提液具有抑制自身种子根系生长的活性,此提示栽培凤丹连作障碍可能主要与自身分泌到土壤中的酚酸类物质的自毒作用有关.     

杉木自毒作用的研究

对杉木自毒作用研究表明,杉木纯林中的土壤、枯落叶、半分解枯落叶和杉木鲜叶、枝条、树皮、树根的水浸液及其添加乙烯吡咯啉酮ｋ３０（ＰＶＰ） 的溶液对杉木种子、空心菜种子和萝卜种子的萌发均有影响．所有水浸液均表现出高浓度下抑制种子萌发,随着浓度降低,抑制作用减弱、消失,甚至转变为促进作用的规律;其中根和鲜叶水浸液抑制作用最强,但水浸液添加ＰＶＰ 后抑制作用明显减弱,且在低浓度时表现出促进作用．     

菊花不同部位及根际土壤水浸液对其扦插苗生长的自毒效应

以自毒性较强的菊花品种 '高压太子' 插穗为材料,调查了菊花枯落物、叶、茎、根系和根际土壤水浸液处理对其扦插苗生长和生理指标的影响,以探讨菊花自毒作用机制.结果表明,菊花不同部位水浸液处理对其扦插生根的根长、鲜重及根数均有抑制作用,并以叶和枯落物水浸液对根长的抑制作用最强,且均达到极显著水平;随水浸液浓度的升高,其对扦插苗根长、鲜重及根数的抑制作用越明显.水浸液处理导致扦插苗叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量显著下降,显著抑制根系脱氢酶与叶片硝酸还原酶活性.可见,菊花地上部和根际土水浸液可能通过抑制其扦插苗根系脱氢酶与叶片硝酸还原酶活性,降低叶片叶绿素、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的含量,在营养水平上抑制不定根的形成而产生明显的自毒效应,且该自毒作用表现出明显的浓度梯度效应和部位差异.     

三七自毒与化感作用初步研究

采用生物测定方法,对三七的自毒与化感作用进行初步研究。结果表明:(1)三七种子萌发过程中的自毒作用随其播种密度不同而有一定差异,但无明显规律性。三七种子萌发过程中的分泌物对油菜生长具有化感作用,主要表现为对油菜种子发芽率、发芽指数及苗高的抑制效应;(2)三七水浸液对不同受体植物的化感作用不尽相同,对小麦主要表现为对苗鲜重、苗干重、根鲜重、苗高及须根数有不同程度的促进或抑制作用;对油菜则表现为对其种子发芽率具有抑制作用,而对苗鲜重、苗干重、根鲜重、最长根长具有促进作用;(3)三七存在明显的化感自毒作用,其自毒物质可能为影响其连作的一个重要因素。     

加拿大一枝黄花根系和根际土壤水浸液对萝卜和白菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

用加拿大一枝黄花根系及根际土壤水浸液对白菜和萝卜的化感作用进行了研究。结果表明,加拿大一枝黄花根系水浸液和根际土壤水浸液对白菜和萝卜种子的萌发具有抑制作用。根际土壤水浸液对白策和萝卜幼苗生长具有促进作用,而对其胚根的伸长生长则具有显著的抑制作用。0．05g／mL根系水浸液处理显著抑制萝卜幼根的伸长,但其它浓度对白菜和萝卜幼苗生长和根系伸长的影响不明显。实验还表明高浓度的根系水浸液和根际土壤水浸液明显抑制白菜和萝卜的根系脱氢酶活性和硝酸还原酶活性。     

菊花不同部位水浸液自毒作用的研究

研究了连作障碍比较明显的菊花(Dendranthema morifoliumTzvel.)栽培种高压太子不同部位水浸液处理对盆栽同种菊花生长及生理特性的影响.结果表明,不同部位水浸液处理抑制了盆栽菊花生长,受体菊花花枝长度、直径与花枝粗度比对照显著减小,处理浓度越高,抑制作用越大.水浸液处理显著抑制根系脱氢酶、硝酸还原酶、抑制PAL的活性.同时促进离子渗漏和膜脂过氧化的发生、抑制蛋白质的含量水平,尤以地上部水浸液的抑制作用最为显著.研究表明,自毒作用是导致菊花连作障碍的原因之一.     

当归根际土对其种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

室内条件下测定了当归根际土水浸液对当归种子萌发、幼苗生长的影响,采用化感作用效应指数（RI）和综合化感效应指数（M）及差异性检验评价了当归根际土的化感效应。结果表明：与蒸馏水和对照土实验组相比,根际土、非根际土水浸液对种子萌发、幼苗生长及4种酶活性均有显著的抑制作用;随着质量浓度的升高,根际土水浸液对当归种子萌发和幼苗生长的综合化感效应在各浓度（0.125～1.000 g·ml^-1）之间差异显著（P<0.05）,而在相同质量浓度条件下,根际土水浸液的综合化感效应较非根际土和对照土明显;当质量浓度均为0.500 g·ml^-1时,根际土、非根际土水浸液对4种酶活性均有明显抑制作用,且二者之间的差异达到显著水平（P<0.05）;3种土壤水浸液供体对当归种子萌发、幼苗生长的抑制强度均表现为根际土>非根际土>对照土,因此推测自毒作用是当归连作障碍的原因之一。     

长期连栽杨树林根际土壤自毒作用的生物测定

选取10—40a不同代际的长期集约连栽杨树土壤为对象,从自毒作用的角度探讨人工林连栽障碍的原因与机理。实施了不同连栽代际的杨树人工林土壤对莴苣种子发芽和扦插杨树枝条生长的抑制活性的系统生物测定试验。结果表明,连栽杨树林的根际土壤比非根际土壤能够显著抑制莴苣种子萌发率。对Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ代林根际土壤的浓度梯度试验都表明浸提液的质量浓度越大,对种子萌发的抑制性越强,其中Ⅲ代林处理液的浓度效应最明显。将Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ代杨树林根际土壤配置成加营养液组与无营养液组两组对照水培溶液测定扦插杨树枝条的胚芽生长长度和根伸长长度。结果表明,III代林根际土壤处理液的胚芽生长长度和根伸长长度显著小于Ⅱ代林根际土壤处理液,Ⅱ代林处理又显著小于Ⅰ代林处理,Ⅰ代林处理液与对照组无显著差别,这种随林代增大、根际土壤对植株生长的抑制活性增大的趋势在加营养液组更为显著。本文确定了连栽土壤抑制活性的根际效应与浓度效应,为连栽杨树人工林的自毒作用研究提供了重要的实验依据,并推断连栽杨树人工林通过根系分泌物的方式在根际部分逐代积累自毒物质,由于自毒物质的浓度效应,Ⅰ代林阶段自毒效应不显著甚至促进林木生长;随着集约时间增长,到Ⅲ代林阶段自毒效应显著抑制杨树生长和更新。在集约抚育中,对土壤实施人工添加营养液的方式无法缓解其抑制性自毒作用,有可能加剧连栽障碍的产生。     

连作花生土壤中酚酸类物质的检测及其对花生的化感作用

研究了南方红壤区不同连作年限花生土壤中酚酸物质的种类、含量,及其对花生生长的影响。结果表明:连作花生土壤中对羟基苯甲酸、香草酸和香豆酸随着连作年限的增加而增加,连作10a后3种酚酸总量达11.09mg·kg-1干土,显著高于连作3a和6a的土壤;而土壤中香豆素和苯甲酸含量比较低,且变化没有规律。所有酚酸处理组对花生幼苗的株高和根长表现出抑制作用,对花生幼苗地下部的干鲜重均表现出"低促高抑"的特点。香草酸和香豆酸处理组对花生幼苗地上部的干鲜重表现出"低促高抑"的特点,其他处理组均表现出抑制作用。花生幼苗根系活力随着酚酸处理浓度的增加而降低,花生幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶活力(SOD)、过氧化物酶活力(POD)、丙二醛含量(MDA)则随着酚酸浓度的增加而增加。与只用茄腐镰刀菌孢子悬液浸泡花生种子的对照相比,加入酚酸后,花生种子的病原菌的感染率随着酚酸浓度的增加而增加,发芽率则随着酚酸浓度的增加而下降。以上结果说明,酚酸物质可以抑制花生幼苗的生长和提高花生的发病率,可能是因为酚酸物质破坏花生细胞膜的完整性而使病原菌入侵,影响花生生长,产生连作障碍。     

三七皂苷类自毒物质降解细菌分离及其降解特性

三七是我国的名贵药材,但由于连作障碍发生严重,因此土壤中自毒物质的积累成为导致三七连作障碍发生的主要原因之一。生物降解土壤中的自毒物质是缓解连作障碍的有效措施,为筛选并利用降解菌使土壤中皂苷类自毒物质快速消减,该研究以皂苷类自毒物质为筛选靶标,采用富集和驯化策略,从连作三七根际土壤中分离、筛选三七皂苷类自毒物质降解细菌,结合16S rRNA基因测序对高活性菌株进行分类鉴定,并对筛选得到的高活性菌株SC3的降解特性进行了研究。结果表明:(1)从三七根际土壤中成功分离出8株潜在自毒物质降解细菌,初筛评价结果显示SC3菌株对三七总皂苷的降解率最高,达87.42%。(2)通过16S rRNA基因序列分析,编号SC3的高活性菌株被鉴定为寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)细菌。(3)在相同培养条件下,菌株SC3对单体皂苷Rb₁的降解效果强于对Rg₁的降解。(4)在液体培养条件下,底物浓度、接种量和培养温度均会显著影响SC3菌株对单体皂苷Rb₁的降解效果。综上表明,采用富集和驯化策略可以有效筛选自毒物质降解细菌,SC3菌株具有消除连作土壤中皂苷类自毒物质的潜力。该研究结果为连作土壤修复提供了生物资源,并为今后深入研究皂苷降解机制提供了理论依据。     

植物、土壤及土壤管理对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

土壤微生物是土壤生态系统的重要组成部分,对土壤微生物群落结构多样性的研究是近年来土壤生态学研究的热点。本文综述了有关植物、土壤类型以及土壤管理措施对土壤微生物群落结构影响的最新研究结果,指出植物的作用因植物群落结构多样性、植物种类、同种植物不同的基因型,甚至同一植物不同根的区域而异;而土壤的作用与土壤质地和有机质含量等因素有关;植物和土壤类型在对土壤微生物群落结构影响上的作用存在互作关系。不同的土壤管理措施对土壤微生物群落结构影响较大,长期连作、大量的外援化学物质的应用降低了土壤微生物的多样性;而施用有机肥、免耕可以增加土壤微生物群落结构多样性,有利于维持土壤生态系统的功能。     

Estimating respiration of roots in soil: Interactions with soil CO2, soil temperature and soil water content

Little information is available on the variability of the dynamics of the actual and observed root respiration rate in relation to abiotic factors. In this study, we describe I) interactions between soil CO₂ concentration, temperature, soil water content and root respiration, and II) the effect of short-term fluctuations of these three environmental factors on the relation between actual and observed root respiration rates. We designed an automated, open, gas-exchange system that allows continuous measurements on 12 chambers with intact roots in soil. By using three distinct chamber designs with each a different path for the air flow, we were able to measure root respiration over a 50-fold range of soil CO₂ concentrations (400 to 25000 ppm) and to separate the effect of irrigation on observed vs. actual root respiration rate. All respiration measurements were made on one-year-old citrus seedlings in sterilized sandy soil with minimal organic material.Root respiration was strongly affected by diurnal fluctuations in temperature (Q₁₀ = 2), which agrees well with the literature. In contrast to earlier findings for Douglas-fir (Qi et al., 1994), root respiration rates of citrus were not affected by soil CO₂ concentrations (400 to 25000 ppm CO₂; pH around 6). Soil CO₂ was strongly affected by soil water content but not by respiration measurements, unless the air flow for root respiration measurements was directed through the soil. The latter method of measuring root respiration reduced soil CO₂ concentration to that of incoming air. Irrigation caused a temporary reduction in CO₂ diffusion, decreasing the observed respiration rates obtained by techniques that depended on diffusion. This apparent drop in respiration rate did not occur if the air flow was directed through the soil. Our dynamic data are used to indicate the optimal method of measuring root respiration in soil, in relation to the objectives and limitations of the experimental conditions.     

生物质炭对水稻土团聚体微生物多样性的影响

生物质炭施用对土壤微生物群落结构的影响已有报道,但土壤团聚体粒组中微生物群落对生物质炭施用的响应的研究还相对不足。以施用玉米秸秆生物质炭两年后的水稻土为对象,采用团聚体湿筛法,通过高通量测序对土壤团聚体的微生物群落结构与多样性进行分析,结果表明:(1)与对照相比,生物质炭施用显著促进了大团聚体(2000—250μm)的形成,并提高了团聚体的稳定性。(2)不同粒径团聚体间微生物相对丰度存在显著差异。在未施生物质炭的处理(C0)中,随着团聚体粒径增大,变形菌门、子囊菌门、β-变形杆菌目、格孢腔菌目的相对丰度逐渐降低,而酸杆菌门、担子菌门、粘球菌目、类球囊霉目的相对丰度逐渐升高。(3)生物质炭施用显著改变了团聚体间的微生物群落结构。与C0处理相比,生物质炭施用处理的大团聚体中变形菌门、鞭毛菌门和β-变形杆菌目的相对丰度分别显著提高了14.37%、33.28%和33.82%;微团聚体(250—53μm)中酸杆菌门、子囊菌门和粘球菌目的相对丰度分别显著降低了20.15%、19.93%和17.66%;粉、黏粒组分(53μm)中担子菌门的相对丰度升高90.25%,而子囊菌门和鞭毛菌门的相对丰度分别降低12.15%和12.58%。由此可见,生物质炭不仅改变土壤团聚体组成和分布,同时伴随着土壤微生物群落结构的改变。     

Available soil nitrogen in relation to fractions of soil nitrogen and other soil properties

The available N of 27 soils from England and Wales was assessed from the amounts of N taken up over a 6-month period by perennial ryegrass grown in pots under uniform environmental conditions. Relationships between availability and the distribution of soil N amongst various fractions were then examined using multiple regression. The relationship: available soil N (mg kg^–1 dry soil)=(N_min×0.672)+(N_inc×0.840)+(N_mom×0.227)–5.12 was found to account for 91% of the variance in available soil N, where N_min=mineral N, N_inc=N mineralized on incubation and N_mom=N in macro-organic matter. The N mineralized on incubation appeared to be derived largely from sources other than the macro-organic matter because these two fractions were poorly correlated. When availability was expressed in terms of available organic N as % of soil organic N (N_ao) the closest relationship with other soil characteristics was: N_ao=[N_inc×(1.395–0.0347×CN_mom]+[N_mom×0.1416], where CN_mom=CN ratio of the macro-organic matter. This relationship accounted for 81% of the variance in the availability of the soil organic N.The conclusion that the macro-organic matter may contribute substantially to the available N was confirmed by a subsidiary experiment in which the macro-organic fraction was separated from about 20 kg of a grassland soil. The uptake of N by ryegrass was then assessed on two subsamples of this soil, one without the macro-organic matter and the other with this fraction returned: uptake was appreciably increased by the macro-organic matter.     

Effect of soil moisture on bioremediation of chlorophenol-contaminated soil

A chlorophenol-contaminated soil was tested for the biodegradability in a semi-pilot scale microcosm using indigenous microorganisms. More than 90% of 4-chlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, initially at 30 mg kg^–1, were removed within 60 days and 30 mg pentachlorophenol kg^–1 was completely degraded within 140 days. The chlorophenols were degraded more effectively under aerobic condition than under anaerobic condition. Soil moisture had a significant effect with the slowest degradation rate of chlorophenols at 25% in the range of 10–40% moisture content. At 25–40%, the rate of chlorophenol degradation was directly related to the soil moisture content, whereas at 10–25%, it was inversely related. Limited oxygen availability through soil agglomeration at 25% moisture content might decrease the degradation rate of chlorophenols.     

耕作方式对潮土土壤团聚体微生物群落结构的影响

为探究不同耕作方式对潮土土壤团聚体微生物群落结构和多样性的影响,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法测定了土壤团聚体中微生物群落。试验设置4个耕作处理,分别为旋耕+秸秆还田(RT)、深耕+秸秆还田(DP)、深松+秸秆还田(SS)和免耕+秸秆还田(NT)。结果表明:与RT相比,DP处理显著提高了原状土壤和>5 mm粒级土壤团聚体中真菌PLFAs量和真菌/细菌,为真菌的繁殖提供了有利条件,有助于土壤有机质的贮存,提高了土壤生态系统的缓冲能力;提高了5～2 mm粒级土壤团聚体中细菌PLFAs量,降低了土壤革兰氏阳性菌/革兰氏阴性菌,改善了土壤营养状况;提高了<0.25 mm粒级土壤团聚体中微生物丰富度指数。总的来说,深耕+秸秆还田(DP)对土壤团聚体细菌和真菌生物量有一定的提高作用,并且在一定程度上改善了土壤团聚体微生物群落结构,有利于增加土壤固碳能力和保持土壤微生物多样性。冗余分析结果表明,土壤团聚体总PLFAs量、细菌、革兰氏阴性菌和放线菌PLFAs量与土壤有机碳相关性较强,革兰氏阳性菌PLFAs量与总氮相关性较强。各处理较大粒级土壤团聚体微生物群落主要受碳氮比、含水量、pH值和团聚体质量分数的影响,较小粒级土壤团聚体微生物群落则主要受土壤有机碳和总氮的影响。     

The porosity of soil aggregates from bulk soil and from soil adhering to roots

Summary Total porosity and pore-size distribution (p.s.d.) were determined in soil aggregates taken in plots planted with maize and treated with farmyard manure and three rates of compost. Soil aggregates were collected from the soil adherent to the maize roots (root soil aggregates) and from bulk soil (bulk soil aggregates). Mercury intrusion porosimetry was used to evaluate the total porosity and the p.s.d. Treatments did not affect the total porosity of the bulk soil aggregates. The same was observed for the root soil aggregates. However the total porosity of the root soil aggregates was always lower than that of the bulk soil aggregates. The loss of total porosity was found to be due to a decrease in the percentage of larger pores with respect to the total.     

酸性硫酸盐土水改旱后土壤化学性状的变异初报

探讨了酸性硫酸盐水稻土改为旱作后土壤化学性状的变异以及比较不同利用方式之间的经济效益．结果表明,酸性硫酸盐水稻土改种甜玉米和蔬菜后,土壤化学性状发生显著变化．耕层土壤酸度、水溶性硫酸根含量、土壤活性铝和活性铁含量均显著降低．经济效益得到显著提高．建议对水改旱后的环境效应进行深入研究以及进行定位观测,以便合理利用这一特殊的土壤资源