禾谷类作物胚乳的淀粉合成

禾谷类作物胚乳拥有独特的淀粉合成途径,需要多种特异性同工酶的参与,这些酶在禾谷类其他组织或非禾谷类作物中是不存在的。近来明确了单个淀粉同工酶的功能,这有助于我们更深入地了解禾谷类淀粉直链、支链的合成与分布。在对禾谷类淀粉合成进行遗传分析的基础上,提出了脱分支酶作用模型。以水稻全基因组序列草图为背景,本文首次全面分析了禾谷类作物的淀粉合成。     

应用于禾谷类作物转化中的报告基因

应用于禾谷类作物转化中的报告基因邵宏波,初立业（四平师范学院生物工程研究室,吉林四平１３６０００）关键词禾谷类作物,报告基因,基因转移由于基因转移技术的发展,目前已经产生了许多的转基因禾谷类作物。为了利用基因工程方法改良禾谷类作物的品质与重要的农业性...     

基因枪转化技术及其在禾谷类作物遗传转化中的应用

基因枪转化法广泛用于禾谷类作物的遗传转化研究,是目前禾谷类作物遗传转化的有效方法。简要介绍了基困枪转化法的产生与发展、转化的特点以及影响转化频率的主要因素;系统地概述了基因枪法在禾谷类作物遗传转化的应用。     

外源基因在转基因禾谷类作物中的表达

最近由于转化技术的长足进步,已在越来越多的禾谷类作物中培育出转基因植株。为了借助基因工程改良禾谷类作物的品质及其它农艺性状,目前的重点已开始放在那些能调控外源基因在转基因禾谷类作物中表达的分子元件的鉴定上。 禾谷类作物包括一大群具有经济价值的植物种,如果引入一些控制优良品质及其它农艺性状如抗病性和抗逆性的外源基因,并让其表达,那么这些作物对人类的价值会更高。然而,自从首次发明在双子叶植     

禾谷类作物体细胞变异的研究（Ⅰ）

禾谷类作物是人类粮食的最主要来源.其体细胞(无性系)变异研究,受到了人们极大的重视,并取得了长足进展.现在已经明确体细胞变异不仅具有物种和器官特异性,而且在禾谷类作物的再生植株中普遍存在.体细胞变异包括的类型很广,有形态学、生理学、遗传学和     

土壤缺水时不同时期施用氮素对于大多的影响

我们实验室的工作曾研究了,与阶段发育联系着的禾谷类作物对于土壤中水分不足的关系。在这些试验里,植物是栽培在正常的矿物营养条件下。已经确定,禾谷类作物有了钾,磷及硼就能减轻在其某一个发育时期中土壤水分不足所产生的影响。文献上关于研究当土壤缺水时,氮素对于禾谷类作     

外源基因引入玉米获得成功

随着研究人员把外源基因引入玉米植株,禾谷类作物的基因工程的实现已为期不远了。在力求把现代生物技术应用到为世界提供粮食最多的禾谷类作物(玉米、水稻、麦)方面,此项研究成果标志着一个新的里程碑。外源基因引入这些禾谷类作物的方法不能简单地与其它植物的基因转移等同起来,即采用其它植物的基因引入方法是难以实现的。     

根癌农杆菌转化禾谷类作物及影响其转化的因素

综述了根癌农杆菌转化禾谷类作物的研究现状,根癌农杆菌与禾谷类作物间的相互作用研究,根癌农杆菌成功转化禾谷类的例子;影响根癌农杆菌转化成功的因素,如菌株类型,感受态细胞的选择,Vir基因的活化,选择合适的转化途径等。这些将为利用根癌农杆菌介导的方法,将外源基因导入禾谷类作物提供有益的帮助。     

影响根癌农杆菌附着禾谷类作物培养细胞的因素

本研究利用水稻、小麦、玉米等主要禾谷类作物悬浮培养细胞,观察农杆菌对禾谷类作物培养细胞的附着,实验结果表明:植物细胞的生理状态和分化发育进程对农杆菌的附着有明显的影响;通过对农杆菌的Vir 区基因进行预活化诱导处理,能显著提高其在禾谷类作物培养细胞上的附着,胭脂碱型农杆菌C 58 C 1(pMP 90+pBI 121)预处理后增加附着的效果较章鱼碱型农杆菌LBA 4404(pAL 4404+pBI121)更显著些。此外,在改善共培养环境条件下(如添加对农杆菌表现强烈趋化性的精氨酸和施行抽气减压处理),农杆菌能大量附着在经过果胶酶预处理的禾谷类作物悬浮培奍细胞上。     

禾谷类作物细胞培养：体细胞胚性潜力的诱导与表达

体细胞胚胎发生已成为禾谷类作物细胞培养研究中的一个重要方面。本文参照近几年来发表的主要文献并结合本实验室的研究工作,对禾谷类作物的体细胞胚胎发生做了综合评述。就培养基,植物激素,氮源,渗透压,外植体来源及发育时期,起始材料的状态,培养时间等各种因素对禾谷类作物胚性愈伤组织的诱导和保持,胚性悬浮细胞系的建立以及体细胞胚胎发生与植株再生的影响进行了分析。并对长期继代培养物再生能力丧失（或胚性潜力难以充     

禾谷类作物抗倒性研究方法与谷子抗倒性评价

倒伏是植株与其生长的环境条件相互作用的结果,是禾谷类作物产量和品种的重要限制因素。诱发倒伏的自然条件不是年年发生,但发生的程度差异很大,难以在自然条件下重复评价作物的倒伏性,因而人工诱发倒伏对于作物抗倒性的评价十分重要。谷子是非常容易发生倒伏的禾谷类作物,抗倒性的强弱是决定谷子高产、稳产的关键因素之一。由于谷子抗倒性的研究相对较少,本文通过对禾谷类作物抗倒伏性研究方法和评价指标的述评,为谷子抗倒性的研究提供借鉴,并对谷子倒伏与植株和产量性状的关系、品种抗倒性评价的指标等相关研究的进展做一综述。     

Microsatellite Variations of Elite Setaria Varieties Released during Last Six Decades in China

Crop improvement is a multifaceted micro-evolutionary process, involving changes in breeding approaches, planting configurations and consumption preferences of human beings. Recent research has started to identify the specific genes or genomic regions correlate to improved agronomic traits, however, an apparent blank between the genetic structure of crop elite varieties and their improving histories in diverse modern breeding programs is still in existence. Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) was one of the earliest cereal crops to be domesticated and served as a staple crop for early civilizations in China, where it is still widely grown today. In the present trial, a panel of foxtail millet elite varieties, which were released in the last sixty years in different geographical regions of China, was characterized using microsatellite markers (SSRs). A clear separation of two subpopulations corresponding to the two eco-geographical regions of foxtail millet production in China was identified by the dataset, which also indicated that in more recently released elite varieties, large quantities of accessions have been transferred from spring-sowing to summer-sowing ecotypes, likely as a result of breeding response to planting configurations. An association mapping study was conducted to identify loci controlling traits of major agronomic interest. Furthermore, selective sweeps involved in improvement of foxtail millet were identified as multi-diverse minor effect loci controlling different agronomic traits during the long-term improvement of elite varieties. Our results highlight the effect of transition of planting configuration and breeding preference on genetic evolvement of crop species.     

谷子bZIP转录因子的全基因组鉴定及其在干旱和盐胁迫下的表达分析

bZIP蛋白是植物转录因子中最大和最保守的一类转录因子, 参与调控植物生长发育等多种生命活动。谷子(Setaria italica)是一种重要的C4杂粮作物, 其bZIP基因家族与功能报道较少。利用生物信息学工具, 从谷子全基因组中鉴定出73个SibZIP转录因子, 划分为A、B、C、D、E、G、H、I和X等亚家族。与已测序的禾谷类作物相比, 谷子SibZIP基因家族在进化中发生缩减。在谷子SibZIP蛋白中检测到25种不同的保守氨基酸基序。RNA-seq和定量PCR检测结果表明, 在干旱和盐胁迫条件下, 多数SibZIPs基因不同程度地被诱导表达, 预示着部分SibZIP成员在谷子干旱和盐胁迫响应中起重要作用。共表达关联性分析进一步揭示19个谷子SibZIP转录因子可通过与蛋白激酶或NPR1相关调节蛋白等互作介导谷子胁迫响应。研究结果为全面解析谷子SibZIPs基因结构与生物学功能、抗旱分子机制以及分子育种提供了新信息。     

Isolation and functional characterization of three abiotic stress-inducible (Apx,Dhn and Hsc70) promoters from pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.)

Molecular Biology Reports - Pearl millet is a C4 cereal crop that grows in arid and semi-arid climatic conditions with the remarkable abiotic stress tolerance. It contributed to the understanding...     

Phytolith analysis for differentiating between foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and green foxtail (Setaria viridis)

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) is one of the oldest domesticated cereal crops in Eurasia, but identifying foxtail millets, especially in charred grains, and differentiating it from its wild ancestor, green foxtail (Setaria viridis), in the archaeobotanical remains, is still problematic. Phytolithic analysis provides a meaningful method for identifying this important crop. In this paper, the silicon structure patterns in the glumes, lemmas, and paleas from inflorescence bracts in 16 modern plants of foxtail millet and green foxtail from China and Europe are examined using light microscopy with phase-contrast and a microscopic interferometer. Our research shows that the silicon structure of ΩIII from upper lemmas and paleas in foxtail millet and green foxtail can be correspondingly divided into two groups. The size of ΩIII type phytolith of foxtail millet is bigger than that from green foxtail. Discriminant function analysis reveals that 78.4% of data on foxtail millet and 76.9% of data on green foxtail are correctly classified. This means certain morphotypes of phytoliths are relatively reliable tools for distinguishing foxtail millet from green foxtail. Our results also revealed that the husk phytolith morphologies of foxtail millets from China and Eastern Europe are markedly different from those from Western Europe. Our research gives a meaningful method of separating foxtail millet and green foxtail. The implications of these findings for understanding the history of foxtail millet domestication and cultivation in ancient civilizations are significant.     

Genetic diversity and phylogeography of broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) across Eurasia

Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is one of the world's oldest cultivated cereals, with several lines of recent evidence indicating that it was grown in northern China from at least 10,000 cal bp. Additionally, a cluster of archaeobotanical records of P. miliaceum dated to at least 7000 cal bp exists in eastern Europe. These two centres of early records could either represent independent domestications or cross-continental movement of this cereal that would predate that of any other crop by some 2 millennia. Here, we analysed genetic diversity among 98 landrace accessions from across Eurasia using 16 microsatellite loci, to explore phylogeographic structure in the Old World range of this historically important crop. The major genetic split in the data divided the accessions into an eastern and a western grouping with an approximate boundary in northwestern China. A substantial number of accessions belonging to the 'western' genetic group were also found in northeastern China. Further resolution subdivided the western and eastern genepools into 2 and 4 clusters respectively, each showing clear geographic patterning. The genetic data are consistent with both the single and multiple domestication centre hypotheses and add specific detail to what these hypotheses would entail regarding the spread of broomcorn millet. Discrepancies exist between the predictions from the genetic data and the current archaeobotanical record, highlighting priorities for investigation into early farming in Central Asia.     

Domestication ofEleusine coracana

Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. subsp.coracana (Finger millet or eleusine) is a cereal that is widely cultivated in Africa and India. Archaeological records of finger millet are few and unsatisfactory. But, distribution, linguistic and historical evidence seem to suggest an African rather than Indian origin of the crop. Data from morphology, supplemented with cytogenetical observations and distribution revealed thatE. coracana subsp.africana is wild finger millet. This subspecies is widely distributed along the highlands of East Africa. Consequently, it is concluded that finger millet originated in the East African Highlands and was subsequently introduced into India.     

中国作物种质资源多样性

本文综述了中国作物种质资源的物种多样性和遗传多样性。按农艺学和用途可将中国作物分为8大类即粮食作物、经济作物、蔬菜作物、果树作物、饲用和绿肥作物、花卉作物、药用作物和林木作物。汇集了中国作物总计有840种（类）,涉及栽培物种1251个和野生近缘植物物种3308个,它们隶属176个科和619个属,这充分说明中国作物种质资源物种多样性相当丰富。依据中国作物的类型或变种多和性状变异幅度大,阐明了中国作物种质资源遗传多样性十分丰富。为中国作物种质资源的收集、保护、高效利用、创新、分类和遗传研究奠定了坚实基础,为生物多样性保护提供了科学依据。     

Effects of Crop Canopies on Rain Splash Detachment

Crops are one of the main factors affecting soil erosion in sloping fields. To determine the characteristics of splash erosion under crop canopies, corn, soybean, millet, and winter wheat were collected, and the relationship among splash erosion, rainfall intensity, and throughfall intensity under different crop canopies was analyzed through artificial rainfall experiments. The results showed that, the mean splash detachment rate on the ground surface was 390.12 g/m²·h, which was lower by 67.81% than that on bare land. The inhibiting effects of crops on splash erosion increased as the crops grew, and the ability of the four crops to inhibit splash erosion was in the order of winter wheat>corn>soybeans>millet. An increase in rainfall intensity could significantly enhance the occurrence of splash erosion, but the ability of crops to inhibit splash erosion was 13% greater in cases of higher rainfall intensity. The throughfall intensity under crop canopies was positively related to the splash detachment rate, and this relationship was more significant when the rainfall intensity was 40 mm/h. Splash erosion tended to occur intensively in the central row of croplands as the crop grew, and the non-uniformity of splash erosion was substantial, with splash erosion occurring mainly between the rows and in the region directly under the leaf margin. This study has provided a theoretical basis for describing the erosion mechanisms of cropland and for assisting soil erosion prediction as well as irrigation and fertilizer management in cultivated fields.     

中国北方气候暖干化对粮食作物的影响及应对措施

东北、华北和西北50a来的平均气温增幅高于全国平均水平,气候变暖明显,尤其冬季增温最显著。区域增暖的极端最低气温远比极端最高气温的贡献大。东北、华北大部、西北东部降水量明显减少,平均每10a减少20—40mm,尤其春夏季减少最明显。这种趋势一直延续到20世纪90年代以后,干旱化趋势非常突出。在综述我国北方现代气候变化基本特征是暖干化的基础上,重点阐述了喜凉作物冬小麦、春小麦、马铃薯和喜温作物水稻、玉米、谷子、糜子等7种主要粮食作物的生长发育、品种熟性、种植区域与面积、产量与品质等对气候暖干化的响应特征。揭示了气候暖干化使春播作物播期提早,苗期生长发育速度加快,营养生长期提前,生殖生长期和全生育期延长;秋作物发育期推迟,生殖生长期和全生长期延长;越冬作物播期推迟,越冬死亡率降低,种植风险减少,春初提前返青,生殖生长期提早,全生育期缩短。使作物适宜种植区域向高纬度高海拔扩展;品种熟性向偏中晚熟高产品种发展;喜温作物和越冬作物以及冷凉气候区的作物种植面积迅速扩大;在旱作区种植不较耐旱的玉米、春小麦等作物种植面积受到制约。对雨养农业区的作物气候产量影响严重,尤其对不够耐旱的小麦和玉米的气候产量受影响最大;对较耐旱的谷子、糜子、马铃薯等影响较轻。从作物属性而言,对喜温作物水稻、玉米和越冬作物冬小麦有利于气候产量提高;对喜凉作物春小麦和马铃薯的气候产量将产生不利影响。同时,提出了从5个方面应对气候暖干化的技术措施,调整作物种植结构,确保粮食生产安全;根据不同气候年型调整各种作物种植比例;针对不同气候区域发展优势作物和配置作物种植格局;采取不同栽培技术和管理模式应对气候变化;采取综合配套技术提髙抵御灾害能力。为粮食作物安全生产和种植结构调整与布局提供科学依据。