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1.
秦岭南极旬河流域森林植被生态种组的初步研究   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
本文通过对秦岭南坡旬河流域及其邻近地区森林植被调查资料的统计分析和研究,以地形海拔高度,土壤PH值以及土训有机质含量作为森林环境梯度区分指标,运用主分量分析以及判别分析等数学手段,在该流域内划分出9种不同生境(立地)类型,以此9种生境类型为基准,对比林下植物种在各类型样地中的出现与否及其盖度特征,经反复调整,筛选出31种具生境指示意义的种子植物,并由此建立起相对应的9个生态种组,最后简要介绍了各种组的生境特征指示范围,以期为生产经营工作中野外识别不同生境类型提供帮助,推动植被生态学研究的深入。  相似文献   

2.
基于地形和土壤的泾河流域植被生态系统保水效益分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
植被保水效益是黄土高原地区研究的热点,以往的研究往往将环境因子的异质性忽略,在环境均质的假设下进行小尺度的试验研究。本文基于GIS技术,综合考虑土壤、地形等因子,分析了黄土高原泾河流域的植被保水效益及空间分布特征。结果表明:泾河流域植被平均每年可以保持的水量是3.92×108 m3,占泾河流域把口站的流量的1/3;总的保水量大小为草地>农田>森林>灌丛,不同植被类型平均保水效益为农田>森林>灌丛>草地,与前人研究结果不同的是,本文的研究是基于栅格单位的(30 m),而前人则是基于点数据的;土壤类型在决定植被保水效益中起重要的作用,本文更客观地反映了流域内植被保水能力及空间分布。  相似文献   

3.
林下植被的生物量分布特征及其作用   总被引:21,自引:1,他引:20  
杨昆  管东生 《生态学杂志》2006,25(10):1252-1256
林下植被是森林生态系统的重要组成部分。研究林下植被的生物量特征及其生态作用对深入研究森林生态系统结构和功能有重要意义。本文归纳了森林林下植被的生物量分布特征与森林的类型、龄级和林分特征等因子之间的变化关系,分析了林下植被在维持森林生态系统营养元素循环、保持水土、指示森林环境状态变化、影响森林林分的生理生态特征和森林演替、保护动物的栖息地以及维持生态平衡等方面的主要生态作用。  相似文献   

4.
安太堡矿区复垦地植被种间关系及土壤因子分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为研究安太堡矿区植被复垦过程中不同植物群落类型的种间关系及影响群落稳定性的外部环境因子,作者对矿区的植物群落和自然生境进行了野外调查。对森林、灌丛和草地3种群落分别在10m×10m、4m×4m和1m×1m的尺度上,采用校正的χ2检验、Spearman秩相关分析研究了不同群落类型中出现频率较高的物种之间的联结性,同时应用灰色关联识别对影响群落稳定性的土壤因子进行了识别。结果表明:草地群落中物种组成贫乏,以旱生种为优势类群,物种间既具有一定的联结性,又具有相当独立的分布格局。灌丛群落主要种整体呈现正联结,其组成成分仍以旱生或中旱生物种为主,部分中生性物种的出现及其与优势种的正相关关系都在一定程度上指示了灌丛群落向正向演替方向进行。森林群落主要种也整体呈现正联结,表明群落处于植被演替进程中一个相对稳定的过渡阶段。土壤因子与植物群落稳定性的关联顺序为:有机质>N>P>K>Cu>Mn>pH>Zn>电导率。总的来看,矿区现有森林群落配置方式是较灌丛群落和草地群落配置方式更适合于矿区特殊生境的群落类型,而土壤因子中有机质在决定群落稳定性方面发挥重要作用。此研究结果对制定该矿区植被恢复计划具有参考价值。  相似文献   

5.
以庞泉沟自然保护区4种不同群落类型林地和灌丛下的优势禾草为研究对象,调查不同禾草内生真菌感染率,研究内生真菌感染的禾草种群与原生生境的土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性及土壤微生物群落结构的相互关系。结果发现,影响紫羊茅、中亚薹草和野燕麦染菌率的主要因子是土壤水分含量和碳氮比,且土壤C、N、S以及土壤水分含量与紫羊茅的内生真菌染菌率成正相关,土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶与紫羊茅的感染率显著正相关,但中亚薹草与紫羊茅的结果相反。丝盖伞科是华北落叶松林和油松林土壤微生物群落的优势真菌,但不同染菌植被群落类型下的优势细菌微生物群落组成不同。总体看来,4种森林群落类型下禾草内生真菌染菌率与土壤理化性质相关性不同,且受到的生态因子影响大小也有差异,内生真菌感染导致各植被群落类型的土壤微生物群落结构具有差异,其优势土壤真菌和土壤细菌组成不同,这有助于进一步认识原生生境下不同感染率的禾草种群对土壤微生物群落结构的影响及其在生态系统中的各异生态学功能。  相似文献   

6.
黄土地区森林植被水土保持作用研究   总被引:31,自引:2,他引:29       下载免费PDF全文
 选取黄土地区不同森林植被1)类型的两组4个试验流域为研究对象,通过6年(1988~1993)近70场暴雨洪水的实地观测,对次暴雨(是指一场降雨从开始到终止这一时段)产沙量同森林植被的关系进行了定量分析,提出了含森林覆被率的5因子次暴雨产沙模型,进而对森林植被的水土保持效益进行了分析。木家岭小流域和庙沟小流域相比,无林流域的产沙量比森林流域高33.4倍,森林的拦沙效益达到96.80%;木家岭流域和庙沟流域相比,少林流域比多林流域产沙量高4.3倍,森林的相对拦沙效益可达75.53%。同时通过黄土地区森林植被减沙作用的分析,提出了森林植被的拦沙量计算公式,据此可以求得不同降雨条件下,对比流域森林植被的拦沙量。  相似文献   

7.
新疆阜康绿洲不同生境土壤动物群落多样性及其季节动态   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为了查明阜康绿洲不同生境土壤动物群落多样性特征及其变化动态,2010年4、7、9及11月中旬分别以该绿洲的用材林、防护林、苗圃、耕地、盐碱地、灌木林及荒草地生境为研究对象,采用手捡法、改良干漏斗法和湿漏斗法分离0~20 cm土层中的土壤动物,并分析了不同生境土壤动物的群落结构、分布特征及季节动态.共获得土壤动物1 1098只,共35类,其中线虫类、轮虫类和弹尾类为优势类群.在7种不同生境土壤动物类群、个体数和多样性以及不同季节之间均存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中Shannon多样性指数依次为用材林>防护林>灌木林>耕地>盐碱地>苗圃>荒草地;时空分布调查发现,不同生境土壤动物群落分布具有明显的表聚性特征,并在不同土层及季节间均有显著性差异(P<0.05),季节动态变化依次为秋季最多、其次春季和冬季,夏季最少;不同生境土壤动物群落间的Jaccard相似性指数属于中等不相似(处于0.25~0.50).不同生境组间聚类和排序结果表明,将7种不同生境分为人工林生境型、人为干扰生境型、灌木生境型及荒漠生境型4大类型.结果表明,阜康绿洲不同生境土壤动物群落组成和多样性具有明显的生境和季节差异特征.  相似文献   

8.
土壤微生物在维持干旱区森林生态系统功能稳定方面具有重要作用,但有关干旱区微生物群落结构及多样性沿海拔分布规律研究较少,采用磷酸脂肪酸(PLFA)法定量分析贺兰山自然保护区东坡不同海拔典型植被带(荒漠草原HM、蒙古扁桃MG、油松林YS、混交林HJ、青海云杉林QH)土壤微生物群落结构特征及多样性。结果表明,不同海拔植被带土壤中共检测出59种PLFA生物标记,YS土壤中生物标记的含量明显高于其他植被类型,5个植被带共有且含量较高的PLFA生物标记为16:0、18:1ω9c、18:1ω7c、10Me 16:0和18:2ω6c,特征微生物的含量在不同植被带土壤中分布不同,细菌分布数量最大,其次是真菌、放线菌,原生动物分布数量最小。聚类分析发现,不同植被带土壤PLFA生物标记可分成不同的类群,16:0、18:1ω9c和18:1ω7c基本在每个植被带都会单独聚为一类。对不同植被带所共有的PLFA生物标记绘制热图,发现不同的PLFA生物标记在不同植被带分布不同,YS植被带PLFA生物标记分布最高。不同植被带土壤微生物群落多样性显示,HJ土壤中微生物多样性指数大于其他植被类型,HM土壤中微生物多样性指数...  相似文献   

9.
 本文用聚类分析的方法对内蒙古锡林河流域的59种直翅目昆虫的分布规律及其16种生境进行了数值分析,并结合环境条件和实地调查分析了聚类结果。根据直翅目昆虫在不同生境中的分布特点,聚类图将16种生境划分为5个生境型和2个生境亚型;将59种直翅目昆虫划分为10个生境选择相似的生态种组。文中指出:植被类型和水分条件是影响该区直翅目昆虫分布的主要因素。植被组成和垂直结构的复杂程度是决定直翅目昆虫种类丰富度的重要因子。文中还指出了一些昆虫种的生态指示意义,并就草原开垦对昆虫区系的影响进行了讨论。  相似文献   

10.
杨娟  葛剑平  洪军 《生态学报》2006,26(6):1975-1980
土地覆盖变化作为土地利用驱动的显著结果,是人类活动对环境影响的最显著的表现。为了将土地覆盖变化结果用于探讨大熊猫潜在生境与人为活动导致的环境变化之间的关系,利用1:25万数字高程模型和1:10万土地覆盖分类数据(1990年,2000年两期),采用流域时空对比和景观格局分析的手段,对卧龙地区两流域土地覆盖变化及大熊猫潜在生境的景观格局变化进行了对比研究,结果表明:①10a间,寿溪流域土地覆盖年变化率(0.33%)低于渔子溪流域(1.02%),且两流域土地覆盖类型的变化趋势有所不同。主要表现为:在寿溪流域,主要土地覆盖类型的斑块均表现出破碎化的趋势,且森林和灌丛的斑块破碎化趋势更显著;而在渔子溪流域,仅是与人类活动相关的草地、农田斑块破碎化加剧,而森林和灌丛的平均斑块大小反而增加了。②两流域大熊猫潜在生境的景观格局变化趋势有所不同。在渔子溪流域,大熊猫潜在生境的景观多样性指数、均匀度指数、破碎度和森林景观形状指数均高于寿溪流域。而与渔子溪全流域相比,该地区大熊猫潜在生境的森林平均斑块大小较小,并且近十年,在渔子溪流域,大熊猫潜在生境景观的森林面积比重及斑块大小的减少,森林景观形状指数的增加等变化趋势与全流域的相反,间接反映出渔子溪流域的大熊猫潜在生境所受的人类活动的压力更大。③两流域分级集水区的大熊猫潜在生境比重分布与居民点密度分布存在空间上的分异。利用缓冲区分析表明,在渔子溪流域,大熊猫潜在生境与居民点范围的重叠更为严重,约57.7%的人类活动范围处于与大熊猫潜在生境重叠的区域。据此推断,大熊猫潜在生境在流域中的分布与人类活动空间上的交错关系是导致近十年渔子溪流域大熊猫生境受到严重干扰的重要原因。  相似文献   

11.
Dung beetles (Scarabaeinae) are conspicuous components in most terrestrial ecosystems, performing important ecological functions and services. Being sensitive to several types of disturbance, they have been successfully used as indicators of habitat change. Dung beetle communities in tropical rainforests have been well studied, but considerably less information is available for tropical dry forests. In this study I sampled dung beetles in two undisturbed habitats, deciduous forest and semideciduous forest, and two disturbed habitats, secondary forest and open area habitat, in the Chamela-Cuixmala region of western Mexico. Dung beetle species with high indicator value for each habitat were identified. Beetle abundance, observed species richness and estimated species richness were similar in the three forest habitats, but significantly lower in the open area habitat. A more detailed analysis of species-specific abundances in the three forest habitats revealed some differences. Transects of one of the undisturbed habitats, the deciduous forest, were more similar to the non-adjacent transects of disturbed secondary forest, than to the adjacent undisturbed semideciduous forest transects. Unlike studies in other tropical sites that have found a decrease in equitability in Scarabaeinae assemblages between undisturbed forest and disturbed habitat (particularly open habitats), in the Chamela-Cuixmala region all four habitats showed similar low equitability in community structure, with two or three very dominant species.  相似文献   

12.
Carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) have widely been used to assess biodiversity values of different habitats in cultivated landscapes, but rarely in the humid tropics. This study aimed to investigate effects of land use change on the carabid assemblages in a tributary valley of the Mekong River in tropical southern Yunnan, China. The study area includes habitats of traditional land use systems (rice production and shifting cultivation successions) and was dominated by natural forests until about 30?years ago. Since then, large areas of forest have been, and still are, successively transformed into commercial rubber monoculture plantations. In total, 102 species of Carabidae (including Cicindelinae) were recorded from 13 sites over different seasons, using pitfall traps, Malaise traps and aerial collectors in trees. Cluster analysis and indicator species analysis showed that three types of habitat (rice field fallows, early natural successions and natural forest) possess a degree of uniqueness in species composition. Non-metric multidimensional scaling revealed that the environmental factors explaining 80% of the total variation in carabid assemblage composition are the degree of vegetational openness of a habitat and its plant species diversity. Rice field fallows had significantly higher numbers of species and individuals than any other type of habitat and are probably dominated by species originating from other regions. Carabid assemblages of young rubber plantations (5 and 8?years) were quantitatively similar to those of forests, but without species of significant indicator value. With increasing plantation age (20 and 40?years), the number of carabid species decreased. Increasing age and a further spatial expansion of rubber plantations at the expense of forest areas will have negative impacts on the native forest carabid assemblages with strongest effects on forest specialists and rare species.  相似文献   

13.
Geobatrachus walkeri belongs to a monotypic frog genus endemic to the San Lorenzo area, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. This species has been categorized as endangered because of its small distribution area and the decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. It inhabits two forest types with different composition and structure, the native secondary forest and a pine plantation (dominated by Pinus patula). To compare the relative abundance and microhabitat use of this species in these habitat types, 30 quadrants/environment were distributed randomly. The individual number, microhabitat use and other aspects of its natural history were registered using visual encounter surveys in both sites, including non-sampled areas in the quadrants. The relative abundance of frogs was significantly different between habitats and among seasons. The highest abundance of G. walkeri relative to the total area was found in the pine plantation, being 2.3 times higher than in the natural forest. More frogs were significantly found during the rainy season; nevertheless, active individuals were also found during the dry season. Significant differences were found in the microhabitat use with respect to the forest type and season. The most frequently microhabitat used in the two forest types was the pine leaf-litter; besides, in the native forest, the microhabitat occupied more frequently presented medium and large size stones. Geobatrachus walkeri is a successful species in pine plantations, associated permanently to its leaf-litter environment where it seems to develop its entire life cycle. The clear modifications in the soils and water, derived from the introduction of the pine plantation in this area, seem not to have negatively affected the conservation and successful maintenance of this species.  相似文献   

14.
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Fongoli, Senegal, consume termites year-round. Understanding the ecological context behind this behavior is especially important in light of the environmental conditions at Fongoli. This mosaic savanna habitat is one of the hottest and driest sites where chimpanzees have been studied. Two genera and four species of termites were found in association with tools used by chimpanzees in a sample of 124 termite mounds that were monitored. The chimpanzees of Fongoli termite fish predominantly in woodland and forest habitat types, and, although woodland accounts for the majority of the chimpanzees' home range, forest habitat types comprise only about 4% of their range. Thus, habitat type has an influence on the Fongoli chimpanzees' termite fishing. Termite consumption to the degree seen at Fongoli may have particular significance for hominid evolution, given the expansion of Pliocene hominids into increasingly open, hot, and dry habitats.  相似文献   

15.
Acridid communities are sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance and the community structure of acridids plays vital role in functioning the forest ecosystem. They are potentially useful bioindicators for conservation planning and habitat disturbances. Acridid assemblages of three different habitat types based on degree of disturbance as follows five natural sites, five moderately disturbed sites and five highly disturbed sites in Chaupahari forest, West Bengal, India were studied. Diversity, abundance, equitability and species richness of acridid were observed in respect to undisturbed and disturbed habitats. The species richness and diversity of the sites tracked the intensity of disturbance, the greatest value being associated with the natural site followed by the moderately disturbed site and highly disturbed site. The highest species richness and diversity index indicate the suitable habitat for acridid population. Statistical analysis infers that different species show different behavior and the sites are also different in relation to different habitat types.  相似文献   

16.
Leaf beetle species composition, diversity and community structure were investigated and compared among three different habitat types (herbaceous open area, forest area without shrubs, forest area with shrubs) included in Kovada Lake (KL) and K?z?lda? (KD) national parks in Isparta province, at the Mediterranean region of Turkey. In total, 132 leaf beetle species (88 from KL and 96 from KD) belonging to ten subfamilies were collected. Spatial distribution of the leaf beetles and estimated species number were compared between study sites and some environmental factors affecting the determined species were analyzed. The highest leaf beetle diversity among the habitat types was in the forest areas with abundant shrubby understory at the KL with diversity values of 2.67 (Shannon–Wiener index) and 0.87 (Simpson index). The most similar habitats in terms of the leaf beetle communities were herbaceous open areas at both national parks with similarity values 50% (Sørensen index) and 34% (Jaccard index). Nonparametric estimators ICE, Chao2, Jackknife1 and Jackknife2 show that the percentages of the detected leaf beetle species during field surveys in the KL were between 85% and 93%, and in the KD were between 67% and 78%. Canonical correspondence analysis indicates that the most effective environmental variables on the leaf beetle species diversity were covers of the herbaceous and tree layers. Also, these results show that the most important environmental variable affecting the leaf beetle species diversity was floristic structure of the sites.  相似文献   

17.
We tested the prediction that forest habitat types with relatively high productivity are not only relatively low in species richness but are also regionally uncommon. This relationship was supported by an analysis of data from 146 forest communities in southern Ontario, Canada. Potential forest habitat productivity was determined based on a classification scheme developed for the Canadian Land Inventory (CLI) project. Vascular plant species richness approximated a unimodal distribution across forest productivity classes with the lowest mean species richness recorded for the two most productive classes. The contemporary regional commonness of forest habitat productivity classes were also displayed as a unimodal frequency distribution. Hence, mean species richness per CLI class was positively correlated with the regional area of land encompassing each of these productivity classes and this relationship was increasingly significant at increasingly larger spatial scales of regional CLI class land areas. These results are consistent with the species pool hypothesis, which postulates that species richness is relatively low in highly productive habitats because such habitats have been relatively uncommon in both space and time and hence, have had relatively little historical opportunity for the origination of adapted species.  相似文献   

18.
The conservation of biodiversity is increasingly dependent on human-altered habitats. In a fragmented forest landscape in northern Costa Rica within the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor, an area of great conservation importance, we compared the diversity and composition of ground-dwelling beetle communities in five habitat types along a gradient of increasing disturbance: primary forest, logged forest, secondary forest, plantation (Gmelina arborea) and pasture. Using pitfall trapping we captured a total of 1,877 beetles (Coleoptera), comprising 422 morphospecies in 26 families. The plantation sites had the lowest number of species followed by secondary forest and pasture. Multivariate analysis separated the beetle fauna according to land use, and suggested that only the logged forest maintains a similar species assemblage to primary forest. However, each habitat harboured a number of unique species indicating the conservation value of the mosaic of habitats found in fragmented landscapes. Our results suggest that to maintain forest beetle species diversity it is essential that areas of natural forest are conserved. However, other land uses also provide beetle habitats and in fragmented areas active management to maintain a mosaic of land uses will contribute to the conservation of beetle diversity.  相似文献   

19.
We assessed the relationship between habitat heterogeneity and bird species richness and composition within wetlands of the floodplain of the Middle Paraná River, Argentina. Given the high habitat heterogeneity in these wetland systems, we sought to determine whether (i) there was a positive relationship between bird species richness and habitat heterogeneity; (ii) whether bird species richness was associated with certain types of individual habitat types; (iii) whether there was a pattern of species nestedness and turnover between sites as a function of habitat heterogeneity and composition, respectively; and (iv) whether individual species exhibited associations with habitat heterogeneity. Point counts were used to survey birds at 60 sites. We estimated the area of eight habitat types found within a 200‐m radius from the centre of each site and calculated number and Pielou's evenness of habitat types. These indices, together with area proportion of each habitat type, were used as explanatory factors of bird species richness in linear regression models. Habitat heterogeneity per se rather than area of individual habitat types was a more important predictor of species richness in these fluvial wetlands. Sites with more habitat types supported more bird species. Results showed that individual bird species were associated with different habitat types and, therefore, sites that contained more habitat types contained more species. Number of habitat types accounted for species nestedness between sites whereas composition of habitat types accounted for species turnover between sites. Results suggest that selection of heterogeneous sites by individual species could help explain the positive heterogeneity–species richness relationship. Our findings highlight the importance of habitat heterogeneity per se resulting from flood disturbances in maintaining bird richness in fluvial systems.  相似文献   

20.
Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) is a potential source of ecological information. Typically TEK has been documented at the species level, but habitat data would be equally valuable for conservation applications. We compared the TEK forest type classification of ribereños, the non-indigenous rural peasantry of Peruvian Amazonia, to a floristic classification produced using systematically collected botanical data. Indicator species analysis of pteridophytes in 300 plots detected two forest types on non-flooded tierra firme, each associated with distinct soil texture and fertility, and one forest type in areas subject to flooding. Nine TEK forest types were represented in the same set of plots. Each TEK forest type was consistently (>82%) associated with one of the three floristic classes and there were also clear parallels in the ecological characterizations of the forest types. Ribereños demonstrated clear preferences for certain forest types when selecting sites for slash-and-burn agriculture and hunting. Our results indicate that the non-tribal inhabitants of Amazonia possess valuable TEK that could be used in biodiversity inventories and wildlife management and conservation for characterizing primary rain forest habitats in Amazonia.  相似文献   

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