天津八仙山国家级自然保护区野生狍集群模式和时空活动规律

2017年6月—2019年3月,以天津八仙山国家级自然保护区为研究地点,首次应用红外相机技术综合关注野生狍Capreolus pygargus的集群模式和时空活动规律.结果发现,狍表现出5种集群模式,以单雄和单雌模式为主;各种集群模式的出现频次呈显著的季节差异(χ2=10.867,df=3,P=0.012)、温度区段差...     

黑龙江东部马鹿集群行为的初步观察

本文根据野外观察到的112群马鹿,初步研究了马鹿的集群行为。野生鹿群大小范围为2—19头,平均群内头数为3.55,鹿群在各季节具有明显的变化。通过对3种类型鹿群的观察分析,发现母仔群是主要的鹿群类型,该类型在各季节中所占比例较大(26％—53％),且在产仔期和哺乳期群内分化较高。而在妊娠期群内分化较低。公鹿群在全年比较稳定,混合群在各季节变化较大,每群平均数4.58头,为3种鹿群类型中最大者。     

天山盘羊集群行为的研究

除了孤盘羊外,盘羊集群可分为４类,即雌性群,雄性群、混合群和家庭群。雌性群和雄性群是盘羊的基本群。其余为季节性群。根据３－１１月野外１８２群,２０４０只盘羊统计。盘羊全年群平均１１．２（２－５６）只,雌性群１２．８（２－５６）只,雄性群６．６（２－１６）只和混合群１８．１（６－４３）只。同时对盘羊群体的季节性变动进行了研究。盘羊集群与其自身的生物学特性、环境的水热分布和人类的竞争有关,因此不同地区     

雉鸡的冬季集群行为观察

有关雉鸡 (Ｐｈａｓｉａｕｎｓｃｏｌｃｈｉｃｕｓ)冬季集群行为研究 ,Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｋｏｕ (1 956)在新西兰发现大多数雉鸡不集群 ;而Ｒｉｄｌｅｙ (1 983 )则认为雉鸡不仅在冬季集群 ,且群体是由同一性别的个体所组成。王建平等[3]报道 ,在山西庞泉沟国家级自然保护区观察 ,雉鸡在冬季有明显的集群行为 ,且有性别隔离现象。于1 997～ 1 999年的 1 0～ 1 2月和 1 998～ 2 0 0 0年的 1～ 2月 ,我们在山西历山国家级自然保护区对雉鸡冬季的集群行为进行了研究 ,现将有关资料报告如下。1　工作区自然概况历山国家级自然保护区位于本省中条山东…     

从分子水平探讨中国东北狍的分类地位

国内外对中国狍的分类地位意见不一。本测定了来自中国东北完达山、小兴安岭、大兴安岭、三江和吉林向海等5个地区的15只野生狍的线粒体DNA Cyt 6基因(415 bp)和来自完达山、三江和吉林向海等3个地区的6只野生狍的线粒体控制区部分序列(764 bp),分析了中国东北狍与西伯利亚狍、欧洲狍的系统进化关系,得出中国东北狍与欧洲狍之间mtDNA Cyt 6和mtDNA控制区序列差异平均值分别为4．12%,和4．89％,达到了鹿类动物的种间差异水平;而与西伯利亚狍的mtDNA Cyt 6和mtDNA控制区序列差异平均值仅为1.61％和2．44％,只达到亚种水平。结合形态学的差异,本认为中国东北的狍与欧洲狍为两个独立的物种,与西伯利亚狍为同种。并提出中国东北狍与欧洲狍的分歧时间约在200万年前,与西伯利亚狍的分歧时间约在80万年前。     

越冬期勺鸡集群行为的观察

观察了2001～2004年冬季分布于历山保护区的勺鸡的集群行为行。野外共观察120次,见到勺鸡1034只,其中95．3％的个体营集群生活,环境的异质性和天敌的捕食压力可能是导致勺鸡等雉类冬季集群的重要因素。     

特殊天气对麻雀集群行为的影响

采用直接观察法对麻雀在特殊气候条件下傍晚的集群行为进行研究,结果表明强度较小的降水或降雪对麻雀集群时群体大小影响较小,而在大的降水、降雪或大风天气下,麻雀没有傍晚集群行为。在上述特殊天气下,麻雀集群时间均有所提前,集群时光照强度较正常天气下有所降低,表明光照强度可能是影响麻雀集群时间提前的主要生态因子。     

越冬期丹顶鹤集群行为研究

江苏盐城国家级自然保护区是当今世界野生丹顶鹤最大的集群越冬地,它每年１０月中下旬陆续迁来越冬,翌年２月下旬陆续迁出,３月上中旬迁徙结束,越冬期４￣５个月。经观察研究,越冬项丹顶鹤集群行为主要有迁徙集群、夜栖集群、低气温集群和其它集群。气候条件与其密切相关,其它自然条件与环境因素也能对其产生直接的影响。     

圈养条件下狍繁殖行为的研究

本试验研究了狍(东北亚种)在人工饲养条件下的繁殖行为。研究结果表明:(1)在交配季节,雄狍具有卷唇嗅闻、扒土等行为;雄狍与雌狍的卧息、冲突行为差异显著,尾阴探究差异极显著。(2)妊娠雌狍选择隐蔽处分娩产仔。(3)在临产前,雌狍有临产表现,采取侧卧分娩姿势,仔狍娩出后,舔食仔狍的胎水和胎膜。     

春季和夏初黄羊的集群行为

本文对春季和夏初在野外观察到的６３７群黄羊（Ｐｒｏｃａｐｒａｇｕｔｔｕｒｏｓａ）的集群行为进行了研究。给出了春季和夏初各种类型黄羊群平均大小及其方差,并对黄羊群的平均大小、所占比例及其稳定性也进行了比较分析。结果表明,春季和夏初羊群的平均大小存在着显著差异（Ｆ＝３．０９＞Ｆ０．０５）,春季羊群（２～４１２只）较夏初羊群（２～１０３只）变动范围要大。春季羊群主要是混合群（６３．１４％）,夏初羊群主要是雌性群（６０．７３％）。在春季和夏初两个季节,雄性群比例皆最低,分别为７．４５％和７．５９％。较大的集群往往是混合群,春季平均大小为３８．９５只,夏初为２９．１３只。而雄性群和雌性群集群规模皆较小。在春季,雌性群平均大小为１１．３５只,雄性群平均大小为８．８４只。在夏初,雌性群平均大小为４．８８只,雄性群平均大小为９．６３只。混合群的社群组织最为松散,处于不稳定状态,雄性群最为稳定,羊群波动最小。产仔期、食物丰富度及羊群类型是影响黄羊春季和夏初集群变化的重要因素。     

Temporal shifts of DNA‐microsatellite allele profiles in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) within three decades

DNA‐microsatellite polymorphism (four loci) was studied in 56 male roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) from a 900‐ha hunting territory in the Vosges du Nord Mountains (France), culled over 34 years (1956–1990). Changed allele frequencies at two loci within this period, and increased allelic diversity, were traced to a phase of reduced population density and subsequent immigration. Decadic population samples collected within 900‐ha were distinguished by higher genetic variability measures than were certain geographical samples across Central Europe (4–900 km). On average, the decadic cohorts were distinguished by a gene diversity index of G_ST = 0.0286, and a genetic distance of D = 0.0938, which reflect 54% (G_ST) and 69% (D) of the respective geographic (350 km) differentiation indices of roe deer in Central Europe. The importance of demography and population ecology effects for microevolution in a large mammal is demonstrated, as is the risk of artefact by composing population samples of deer over several years. Population genetic screening should cover various demes of roe deer from the same general region, and be based on many unlinked polymorphic loci, to minimize the distorting effects of genetic dynamics at the small spatial scale.     

应用骨髓脂肪指数评价狍冬季体状况

目前,有蹄类体状况的评价方法主要有整体脂肪指数(Wholebodyfat,WBF)[1,2]、肾脂肪指数(Kidneyfatindex,KFI)[3～10]、骨髓脂肪指数(Mar rowfatindex,MFI)[11～21]、尿液及雪尿分析技术(Urineanalysis)[22,23]和瘤胃粘膜表面扩张系数(Surfaceenlargementfactor,SEF)[24],可直接或间接地反映体脂肪的蓄积情况,并在一定程度上反映有蹄类所处环境的食物质量和营养压力。鹿科反刍动物对脂肪的蓄积和消耗具有一定的顺序,可视脂肪最先蓄积在心脏的基部及冠状沟附近,其次为心包膜、网膜、肾周围及皮下背部及腹部,而脂肪被消耗的顺序依次…     

Detection of Bartonella DNA in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and in ticks removed from deer

The potential role of roe deer as a sylvatic reservoir of Bartonella in north-west Poland has been assessed. In addition, ticks infesting roe deer were screened to assess their role as a vector and reservoir of Bartonella. Blood and tissue samples of 72 animals from north-western Poland were PCR-screened. Bartonella DNA was detected by using primers complementary to the intergenic spacer between the 16S and 23S rRNA genes, which is used for identification of over a dozen species of this genus. Products of three different sizes were detected: 230 and 290 bp, representative of two strains of Bartonella capreoli, and 190 bp, identified as Bartonella bovis. All the three amplicons were detected in the blood, spleen and liver from the roe deer. All samples from the heart, lungs and kidneys were PCR negative. In ticks (Ixodes ricinus), only the 290 bp fragment from B. capreoli was present. Generally, Bartonella infection rate in Capreolus capreolus amounted to 27.6% of the roe deer, but it was much higher during winter (62%) than in spring (6.9%). The results show that the roe deer may be a reservoir for B. capreoli and B. bovis. The infection detected in I. ricinus ticks (7.7%) suggests that ticks may act as a Bartonella reservoir and vector.