沈阳城区绿地生态系统景观结构与异质性分析

对沈阳城区绿地生态系统景观结构和异质性进行了分析。结果表明,沈阳城区绿地景观斑块以街头绿地斑块最多,占城区绿地块数的50％以上,但绿地面积只占4．45％,斑块大小以防护绿地和公园绿地斑块平均值最大,分别为66．97hm^2和59．21hm^2。而街头绿地和游园绿地斑块平均值最小,为0．71hm^2和0．38hm^2。景观多样性指数以街头绿地最高,而公园绿地最低,在沈阳城区的7个区中不同绿地类型中的优势度和均匀度都比较小,但斑块绿地优势度高于廊道绿地的10倍多,绿地分布不均衡,应增加绿地斑块数量,均匀配置公共绿地(公园绿地、道路绿地),增加绿色廊道,建立城区与城郊自然生态系统绿色通道和充分发挥沈阳城区3条人工运河带状绿地美化环境、泄洪排涝和调节气候功能作用。     

武钢厂区景观结构与绿地空间布局研究

应用景观生态学原理对武钢厂区景观结构及结地景观的空间布局进行了调查分析,结果表明,构成武钢厂区景观结构的主体是以建筑铺装玻璃块,工业预留地斑块,公路和铁路廊道组成的人工景观要求,其面积占景观总面积的74．37％,班块优势率达57．70％,其中,建筑铺装斑块面积比率最高（56．43％）,优势度最大（35．59％）,专用绿地斑块破碎化指数高（5．0591ind.hm^-2),分布范围广,道路廊道密度大（13．7772km.km^-2),且公路比铁路对景观的影响更大,既体现了工业区景观结构的基本特征,也反映了武钢厂区趋于合理的景观格局,在绿地景观中,道路绿带斑块数目多,面积比率高（66．07％）,优势度最大（75．31％）,以乔木树种为主体的防护林斑块平均面积大（8454．45m2),环境效益高,观赏绿地斑块植物种类丰富,景观效果好,以道路绿带为骨架,成片防护林和观赏绿地为中心,将各分厂绿地接成四大绿化区域的武钢厂区绿地系统已初步形成,但厂区荒草地斑块优势度偏高,防护林面积较小,道路绿带仍不完整,应进一步重视厂区废弃地开发和绿地系统建设。     

凉山山系小熊猫(Ailurus fulgens)分布区景观格局

根据2000～2001年对凉山山系主山脊7个县小熊猫野外分布调查数据,利用“3S”技术对凉山山系小熊猫分布区进行了确定,估算出分布区面积为219055hm^2,占山系研究区域面积17．8％。利用景观空间格局定量化分析软件FRAGSTATS,分析了小熊猫分布区景观格局的组成、各类型斑块特征、不同类型斑块间空间分布关系。结果表明,栖息地景观边缘褶皱程度低,趋于平整,景观丰富度大;森林斑块间的结构连通性较好,各类型斑块聚集度较高。小熊猫生境内部破碎化程度较低,森林结构连接程度高,有适宜生境面积为160249．5hm^2,占分布区面积的73．15％,生境中存在3个脆弱区域,特别是美姑-峨边公路通过的椅子垭口区域需要引起极大的关注。     

宜昌城区绿地景观格局与大气污染的关系

在湖北省宜昌市中心城区4种景观绿地分布格局分析的基础上,对比观测了各景观中的环境噪声和大气SO2、NOx、TSP含量。结果表明,以无绿化道路廊道和建筑铺装斑块为主要景观构成的对照景观绿地破碎化指数最高(18．1253ind·hm^-2),绿化覆盖率仅为1．00％,其景观中环境噪声较大、大气TSP含量高(0．4918mg·m^-3);大面积绿地斑块占优势的景观绿化覆盖率高(达43．59％),绿地破碎度指数最小(0．4539 ind·hm^-2),与对照景观相比,大气噪声减弱28．12％,TSP含量降低86．42％;中小面积绿地斑块和绿化廊道呈均匀分布的景观绿化覆盖率(11．34％)和绿地破碎度指数(2．7511 ind·hm^-2)均较低,与对照景观相比平均滞尘率为46．62％;以绿化廊道占绝对优势的景观绿化覆盖率仅为6．13％,绿地破碎度指数均较高(6．8700 ind·hm^-2),绿化廊道密度指数最大(0．8443hm·hm^-2),其景观中环境噪声、TSP和NOx含量分别比对照景观增加21．47％、5．08％和9．06％.可见,在城市景观中绿地斑块平均面积越大、破碎度指数越低,则其对大气污染净化的作用越大。     

黑龙江省完达山地区马鹿生境破碎化及其影响因子

应用景观生态学原理和地理信息系统技术,分析黑龙江省完达山地区马鹿生境相关因子重要性、对景观连接度进行模糊相对赋值,建立了景观连接度评价模型及景观斑块指数,研究了黑龙江省完达山地区关于马鹿生境的景观连接度水平、生境的适宜性以及景观的空间结构。结果表明:(1)在155.6km2的面积中,适宜地区的总面积仅为14.81km2,占研究地区的9.52%;次适宜地区的总面积为9.57km2,占研究地区的6.15%;一般适宜地区的总面积为130.05km2,占研究地区的83.58%;不适宜地区的总面积为1.17km2,占研究地区的0.75%;(2)研究地区马鹿各类适宜地区呈多个斑块且相互隔离,在空间分布上处于破碎状态,而且不适宜地区斑块(人为活动景观)的面积比例虽小,在生态系统中形态上的破碎化程度较小,但对马鹿的生境的生态功能的丧失起到重要作用。     

区域城市扩张对森林景观破碎化的影响——以粤港澳大湾区为例

森林生境丧失与景观破碎化是引起生物多样性下降,生态系统功能降低的重要原因。量化森林景观破碎化的时空特征及其与城市扩张格局的关系是开展区域生态修复与功能提升的重要基础。本文以快速城市化的典型区域——粤港澳大湾区为研究对象,基于遥感解译的1980年、1990年、2000年、2010年和2018年土地覆盖/利用专题图,通过多尺度的景观格局分析和统计分析,定量解析森林景观破碎化的时空演变特征及其与城市扩张格局间的关系。研究结果显示：1）1980-2018年,大湾区林地覆盖面积缩减1,274 km²,林地转变为建设用地的面积占林地丧失总面积的比例从1980-1990年的11%增长至2010-2018年的42%,表明城市扩张已成为林地丧失的主导因素;2）森林景观破碎化程度加剧,表现为林地斑块密度提高,平均斑块面积减小,但破碎类型与程度具有地域差异;3）城市扩张幅度与空间格局显著影响林地破碎化,其中,城市扩张幅度对林地破碎化的影响更为重要。基于森林景观破碎化与城市扩张的现状,落实城市增长边界划定、关键斑块-廊道识别与生态网络构建等措施,有助于保护与连通重要生态空间,保障和提升生态功能。     

基于QuickBird卫星影像的沈阳市城市绿地景观格局

根据2006年8月QuickBird卫星影像数据,利用GIS技术和景观格局分析软件FRAGSTATS,分别从斑块组成、类型水平与景观水平分析了沈阳城市绿地景观格局.结果表明:沈阳三环内绿地斑块18261个,绿地面积173.71 km2;斑块数目主要以中型斑块为主,占总数的62.25%,面积上以大型斑块为主,占总面积的85.59%;绿地总体呈现绿地斑块分布不均衡,绿地结构不合理.农业用地占面积最大,斑块聚集程度最高;居住绿地与附属绿地破碎化程度高,分布分散;整体景观多样性指数适中,为1.6,斑块类型丰富,均匀度较高,达0.73,蔓延度指数较高为0.83,存在着少数类型控制整个景观的现象.建议调整城市绿地空间布局与结构,提高中小型绿地斑块如居住绿地在城市绿地景观中的比重.     

城市绿地空间格局及其环境效应——以宜昌市中心城区为例

城市绿地在改善城市环境及维护城市生态系统平衡中起着极为重要的作用 ,而当绿地覆盖率小于 4 0 %时 ,绿地整体生态效益的发挥主要取决于绿地的内部结构和空间布局 ,但迄今为止缺乏绿地景观分布格局与环境效应关系的研究报道。本研究应用景观生态学原理 ,分析了湖北省宜昌市中心城区斑优格局、斑匀格局、廊道格局和对照格局等四种景观结构及其绿地分布格局 ,选取了气温、相对湿度、环境噪声和大气 SO2 、NOx、TSP含量等环境监测指标 ,观测了不同绿地景观格局下的环境效应 ,并对比分析了绿地分布格局指标与综合环境效应间的关系 ,以便提出城市绿地系统布局合理性指标 ,为城市绿地系统的景观结构优化提供依据。研究结果表明 ,斑优格局、斑匀格局、廊道格局和对照格局等四种不同景观在斑块总面积、建筑斑块面积和无绿化道路面积等景观总体格局上较均衡 ,但由于其绿化覆盖率及绿地景观分布格局差异较大 ,致使其环境效益也表现出明显的差异。其中 ,对照格局景观的绿地斑块总面积最小 ,绿地破碎化指数最高 ,绿化覆盖率仅为 1.0 0 % ,以建筑铺装斑块和无绿化道路廊道为主要景观构成。因此 ,对照格局景观的环境气温较高、空气相对湿度低、环境噪声较大、大气 TSP含量高 ,景观环境恶劣。斑优格局景观主要表现为绿     

基于GIS的城市绿地景观空间结构研究——以宁波市为例

城市绿地景观的空间结构分析是城市景观生态系统研究的重要内容和基本特色之一。分析了;城市绿地景观生态系统的空间结构元素及其特征。运用景观生态学的原理,在GIS支持下对宁波市城市绿地景观缀块的等级与分布、空间结构的度量进行了研究和分析,并对该市的城市绿地景观按行政单元进行了综合评价。研究结果表明,宁波市城市绿地线块个数以面积小于500m^2的小型缀块为主(95．32％),而缀块面积大于3000m^2的大中型和大型缀块虽然个数较少(仅0．75％),却是构成该市城市绿地景观的主体(面积占35．99％)。宁波市城市绿地景观多样性指数为0．717,均匀度为0．629,景观优势度为0．669,聚集度为0．870．破碎度为0．292,总分离度为1．456,绿地廊道密度为2．237,分维数为1．373。城市绿地景观总体表现为类型分布不均。各种类型相差较大,破碎度较小,多样性程度不高。综合评价结果为江东区最佳,景观结构最为合理,海曙区次之,江北区较差,全市总体上较好。研究结果为宁波市城市绿地景观生态系统的规划、设计提供了生态学依据,为“生态园林城市”建设提供了理论依据。     

太行山中低山区河谷内农田斑块特征及其分布格局—以河北省阜平县胭脂河主流河谷为例

以景观生态学原理为指导,调查了位于太行山中低山区的河北省阜平县胭脂河主流河谷,对河谷内农田斑块的特征及其分布格局进行了分析,结果表明,农田斑块了作河流源头外贯穿整个河谷,从上游向下游,人为活动的增加使农田的比重不断增加,导致自然景观减少,环境异质性降低,农田斑块破碎化和蔼减小,胭脂河河谷总面积为2297.09hm^2,构成河谷景观主体的农田有117个斑块,面积为1027.78hm^2,占河谷面积的44．74％,农田基本紧靠河岸分布,处在水分条件优越但易受洪水威胁的土地带上,农田在河流两侧是非对称分布,其中左岸农田面积587.58hm^2,占57．17％,斑块的宽度呈增加的态势,但变化比较大,基本上以狭长的特征出现。     

内蒙古毕拉河林区近十年森林景观变化及驱动力浅析

基于遥感信息和地理信息系统,在景观总体和斑块个体两个层次上,从景观总体特征、斑块个体特征及斑块相间相关特征等3个方面对大兴安岭毕拉河林区近10年来森林景观的变化进行了系统的研究．结果表明,由于近10年来人类对森林生态系统干扰的不断增强,研究区森林景观在类型、景观总体特征、斑块个体与相关特征等方面发生了较大的变化．近10年林区森林景观的发展趋势是：受人为干扰正逐步加强,作为人工景观标志的耕地、居民点面积正逐步增加．面积转移矩阵分析结果表明,1997年耕地面积增加主要是由柞树林转化而来的,占耕地构成的30．87％．景观异质性分析结果表明,研究区森林景观耕地斑块数量增加68．80％,平均面积减少4．82％,景观的优势度减少,多样性增加,斑块之间的聚集程度减弱,1988年由柞树林和针叶林等少数几种斑块在景观中占绝对优势的情况有所改变．对研究区和相关地区的自然地理、社会经济等研究表明,火干扰、森林采伐与毁林开荒等是森林景观变化的关键性趋动力．     

Forest landscape pattern in the KwaZulu–Natal midlands,South Africa: 50 years of change or stasis?

Abstract Understanding patterns and processes of habitat change is essential for managing and conserving forest fragments in anthropogenically altered landscapes. Digitized aerial photographs from 1944 and 1996 were examined for changes to the indigenous forest landscape in the Karkloof‐Balgowan archipelago in KwaZulu–Natal, South Africa. Attributes relating to proximate land‐use, patch shape, isolation and position in the landscape were used to determine putative causes of forest change. The total change in forest area was ?5.7% (forest covered 6739 ha in 1996). This is contrasted with previous reports for the period 1880–1940 that estimated change in total forest area of up to ?80%. Attrition was the predominant process of forest transformation between 1944 and 1996. Despite little overall change in forest area, 786 mostly small (<0.5 ha) forest patches were lost from the landscape, leaving 1277 forest patches in 1996. An increase in patch isolation, but no change in patch cohesion accompanied the changes in forest area. Ignoring patches that were eliminated, 514 patches decreased in area. This was partly a function of patch size, but the conversion of natural grassland to commercial plantation forestry in the matrix also influenced forest decline. Their small size and irregular shape caused forest patches in the region to be vulnerable to edge effects. Core area declined in a negative exponential way with increasing edge width and the total area of edge habitat exceeded that of core habitat at an edge width of only 50 m. Nevertheless, total core area decreased by only 2% (65 ha) between 1944 and 1996 because most of the eliminated patches were small and contained no core area. The large Karkloof forest (1649 ha) is a conservation priority for forest interior species, but the ecological role and biodiversity value of small forest patches should not be overlooked.     

Effect of Landscape Pattern on Insect Species Density within Urban Green Spaces in Beijing,China

Urban green space is an important refuge of biodiversity in urban areas. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the relationship between the landscape pattern of green spaces and biodiversity to mitigate the negative effects of urbanization. In this study, we collected insects from 45 green patches in Beijing during July 2012 using suction sampling. The green patches were dominated by managed lawns, mixed with scattered trees and shrubs. We examined the effects of landscape pattern on insect species density using hierarchical partitioning analysis and partial least squares regression. The results of the hierarchical partitioning analysis indicated that five explanatory variables, i.e., patch area (with 19.9% independent effects), connectivity (13.9%), distance to nearest patch (13.8%), diversity for patch types (11.0%), and patch shape (8.3%), significantly contributed to insect species density. With the partial least squares regression model, we found species density was negatively related to patch area, shape, connectivity, diversity for patch types and proportion of impervious surface at the significance level of p < 0.05 and positively related to proportion of vegetated land. Regression tree analysis further showed that the highest species density was found in green patches with an area <500 m². Our results indicated that improvement in habitat quality, such as patch area and connectivity that are typically thought to be important for conservation, did not actually increase species density. However, increasing compactness (low-edge) of patch shape and landscape composition did have the expected effect. Therefore, it is recommended that the composition of the surrounding landscape should be considered simultaneously with planned improvements in local habitat quality.     

南京市城乡交错带景观格局研究

依据景观生态学理论,选取典型样区,在遥感和地理信息系统的支持下。分析了南京市城乡交错带的景观生态特征．结果表明。东部样区以景观多样性、优势度和破碎度较低为基本特征。林地等自然嵌块体的面积和平均周长较大,而平均分维数、平均伸长指数和分离度较低,菜地和水田嵌块体的平均面积也高于南部样区;南部样区景观多样性及优势度高,嵌块体数目多,景观破碎化较严重。居民点及工矿用地和水域的密度高、总面积及周长大。居民点及工矿用地和道路的平均面积也较高．探讨了两个样区嵌块体面积与分维数、嵌块体数目之间的关系,指出城乡交错带不同类型嵌块体景观特征及生态意义．     

内蒙古托克托地区景观格局特征分析

内蒙古托克拖地区位于我国农牧交错带黄河中游,农业历史悠久、应用遥感影像,结合地面调查,绘制了研究区植被类型现状图,在GIS支持下,选取多种景观指数,分别从斑块数、斑块面积、班块周长和多样性指数等方面对研究区景观结构特征和多样性进行分析,结果表明,整个研究区景观是一个显著的农林牧景观嵌体,农田面积281.72km^2,占研究区总面积的34.64%,林地景观占22.0%,草地景观占6.65%。研究区东北部景观基底为农田景观,在该基底上,基本上以居民点为中心较密集与规律地分布着杨树＋榆树林班块,共89块,斑块密度达2.568个·km^-2,斑块平均面积仅为0.39km^2,基底与斑块2种景观单元在该区域十分典型。杨树＋榆树林和丘陵沟壑景观类型边界密度值较大,说明杨树＋榆树林景观类型的破碎化程度较大,而丘陵沟壑边界切割破碎,可以认为,该地区在人类活动的影响下,景观结构呈现较明显的人类干扰特征。     

Forest and the city: A multivariate analysis of peri-urban forest land cover patterns in 283 European metropolitan areas

Heterogeneous definitions of urban areas and poorly homogenized forest data at the country scale have hampered the comparative assessment of peri-urban forest structure in developed countries. The present study investigates selected landscape characteristics of peri-urban forests in 283 metropolitan areas in Europe controlling for the role of the local context and regional suburbanization trends. Using landscape metrics derived from Urban Atlas maps (a Copernicus/GMES initiative providing a comprehensive land-use assessment of European cities >100,000 inhabitants), significant differences in peri-urban forest structure were detected under five European regions. Specific class metrics (percent forest area, mean patch size, perimeter-to-area ratio) were correlated with urban morphology, landscape and territorial indicators. On average, forest cover is larger in northern and southern European metropolitan areas. Forest patch size increases from western to eastern Europe, with more regular patch shapes in central and eastern regions and less regular shapes in the rest of Europe. Forest class area increases with the area of discontinuous, medium-density settlements. Forest patch size increases with the average patch size of discontinuous dense urban fabric. Our evidence outlines a ‘sprawl model' shaping fringe landscapes characterized by discontinuous urban settlements mixed with fragmented – but possibly well protected – forest patches.     

Landscape matrix modifies richness of plants and insects in grassland fragments

There is an increasing awareness that not only area and isolation, but also the characteristics of the landscape surrounding habitat patches influence population persistence and species diversity in fragmented landscapes. In this study, we examine the effects of grassland fragmentation and land use in the landscape matrix (on a 2 km scale) on species richness of plants, butterflies, bees and hoverflies. These organisms were studied in replicated remnant patches of different sizes and isolation, embedded in landscapes dominated either by forest, arable land or a mix of these. We found positive effects of patch area on species richness of the three insect taxa, but not of plants. Isolation had a negative effect only on hoverflies. Matrix type had contrasting effects on the studied taxa. Species richness of plants and butterflies was lowest in patches in landscapes dominated by arable land and highest in forest‐dominated landscapes. For hoverflies, the negative effect of small patch area was strongest in forest‐dominated landscapes, and there was a similar non‐significant trend for bees. Our study shows the importance of considering matrix characteristics when studying responses to habitat fragmentation. Differences in matrix response among organism groups probably impinge on differing mechanisms. A forest matrix is likely to provide additional resources for butterflies but either constitute a barrier to dispersal or deprive resources as compared to an arable matrix for hoverflies. Enhanced plant diversity in grassland patches embedded in forested landscapes can be explained by habitat generalists more easily invading these patches, or by an unpaid extinction debt in these landscapes.     

上海市城市绿地景观空间格局研究

以上海市为研究区域,以遥感与地理信息系统为技术手段,基于2003年航空影像,分别按照景观类型和斑块大小两方面对城市绿地景观进行了类型划分,建立了城市绿地景观空间数据库;并将研究区域划分为8个空间单元,运用景观生态学以及空间分析方法,分别从斑块水平、类型水甲、景观镶嵌结构等方面研究了上海市城市绿地景观格局的总体布局特征;选择斑块数量、斑块血积标准差、面积均值、周长均值、分维数等若干景观生态学指数来研究城市绿地景观镶嵌结构的数量特征,探讨了城市绿地景观在城市扩展与城市景观格局演变过程中所呈现的时空规律,旨在为城市规划与发展提供决策依据.     

Remote sensing‐based landscape indicators for the evaluation of threatened‐bird habitats in a tropical forest

Avian species persistence in a forest patch is strongly related to the degree of isolation and size of a forest patch and the vegetation structure within a patch and its matrix are important predictors of bird habitat suitability. A combination of space‐borne optical (Landsat), ALOS‐PALSAR (radar), and airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data was used for assessing variation in forest structure across forest patches that had undergone different levels of forest degradation in a logged forest—agricultural landscape in Southern Laos. The efficacy of different remote sensing (RS) data sources in distinguishing forest patches that had different seizes, configurations, and vegetation structure was examined. These data were found to be sensitive to the varying levels of degradation of the different patch categories. Additionally, the role of local scale forest structure variables (characterized using the different RS data and patch area) and landscape variables (characterized by distance from different forest patches) in influencing habitat preferences of International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red listed birds found in the study area was examined. A machine learning algorithm, MaxEnt, was used in conjunction with these data and field collected geographical locations of the avian species to identify the factors influencing habitat preference of the different bird species and their suitable habitats. Results show that distance from different forest patches played a more important role in influencing habitat suitability for the different avian species than local scale factors related to vegetation structure and health. In addition to distance from forest patches, LiDAR‐derived forest structure and Landsat‐derived spectral variables were important determinants of avian habitat preference. The models derived using MaxEnt were used to create an overall habitat suitability map (HSM) which mapped the most suitable habitat patches for sustaining all the avian species. This work also provides insight that retention of forest patches, including degraded and isolated forest patches in addition to large contiguous forest patches, can facilitate bird species retention within tropical agricultural landscapes. It also demonstrates the effective use of RS data in distinguishing between forests that have undergone varying levels of degradation and identifying the habitat preferences of different bird species. Practical conservation management planning endeavors can use such data for both landscape scale monitoring and habitat mapping.