新物种诱导多能干细胞的研究进展

胚胎干细胞（embryonic stem cells,ESC）在人类遗传病学研究、疾病模型建立、器官再生以及动物物种改良和定向变异等方面的地位是其他类型的细胞不可取代的。但是,由于实验技术和体外培养条件的限制,除了小鼠、恒河猴和人之外,大鼠、猪、牛、羊等其他哺乳动物的ES细胞系被证明很难获得。先后有多个研究小组报道了他们利用新兴的诱导多能干细胞（induced pluripotent stem cells,iPS细胞）技术成功建立大鼠和猪的iPS细胞系的研究成果。迄今为止,这两个物种是在未成功建立ES细胞系之前利用iPS技术建立多能干细胞系的成功范例。这些研究对于那些还未建立ES细胞的物种建立多能干细胞系提供了一种新的方案,也将给这些物种的胚胎干细胞的建立、基因修饰动物的产生以及人类医疗事业的促进和发展带来新的希望。     

诱导多能干细胞研究进展

用4个外源基因从完全分化的人成纤维细胞诱导获得了具有胚胎干细胞特性的诱导多能干细胞(iPS细胞),成功逆转了细胞单向发育的规则,取得了细胞重编程和干细胞研究中的重大突破.围绕c-Myc基因和基因载体、诱导效率和外源基因替代因子等方面的研究内容,综述了自2007年人iPS细胞构建至今,国内外在改进iPS细胞诱导方法上的主要研究进展.     

诱导型细胞的研究进展

胚胎干细胞(ES细胞)和诱导型多能干细胞(iPS细胞)的研究进展为生物学基础研究注入了新的活力,然而免疫排斥、致瘤性以及诱导效率低等缺陷制约其进一步快速发展和临床应用．最近,科学家借鉴iPS细胞诱导技术和传统的诱导体系,将终末分化细胞直接诱导为功能性细胞,如心肌细胞、神经细胞和肝脏细胞,称为诱导型细胞．这些研究进展极大地促进了细胞分化、重编程和表观遗传学的研究,也为人类再生医学的研究提供了新的途径．     

利用piggyBac转座子制备牛成体多能干细胞诱导技术研究

通过逆转录病毒等媒介表达核转录因子Oct4、Sox2、Klf4、c-Myc可将体细胞重编程为诱导多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells, iPSc)。时至今日,已经报道了小鼠、人、大鼠、猪、羊、马、牛的iPS细胞,但大动物iPS的多能性特别是嵌合体形成和生殖细胞传代还没有得到确认。与逆转录病毒等不同的是,piggyBac转座子转染效率高且无病毒源性、操作简单,可以在转座酶的存在下被安全切除。首次尝试了采用piggyBac转座子携带鼠源Oct4、Sox2、Klf4、c-Myc、Rarg和Lrh16个核转录因子诱导胎牛成纤维细胞,成功获得牛类iPS细胞,其形态与小鼠胚胎干细胞相似,克隆边界清晰、呈丘状、克隆内细胞致密、核大。RT-PCR与免疫组织化学染色分析均显示牛类iPS细胞表达多能性基因。该类细胞体外诱导分化可形成类胚体EB,且表达3个胚层的基因;体内诱导分化可形成畸胎瘤,苏木精、伊红染色显示瘤体有三胚层的分化。上述结果显示利用piggyBac转座子制备牛多潜能干细胞诱导技术可行,产生的牛类iPS细胞具有潜在多能性。     

无饲养层和动物源蛋白的β-地中海贫血诱导多能干细胞系的建立

β-地中海贫血患者因无合适的造血干细胞供体来源从而不得不靠输血维持生命。诱导多能干细胞(iPS)技术为获得患者自身遗传背景的干细胞进行临床治疗开拓了新途径。目前,建立iPS细胞系的过程需要使用小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞作为饲养层和动物源的蛋白成分,因此建立的iPS细胞系存在病原体和动物源蛋白污染的可能性,不能应用于临床。采用目前商品化的TeSRTM2和StemAdhereTMDefined Matrix限定培养体系,利用Oct4、Sox2、Klf4、c-Myc 4个转录因子组装在同一表达载体的可切除的慢病毒感染人β-地中海贫血成纤维细胞,建立了5株无饲养层和动物源蛋白的β-地中海贫血iPS细胞系,这些iPS细胞系具有人胚胎干细胞典型的特征,表达人胚胎干细胞的多能性分子标记,如Oct4、Nanog、Tra-1-60等。在体外分化能够形成拟胚体,在体内分化能够形成含有3个胚层类型细胞的畸胎瘤。     

体细胞重编程为诱导多能干细胞

诱导多功能性干细胞（induced pluripotent stem cells,iPS细胞）是通过导入特定的转录因子（如Oct3/4、Sox2、c-Myc和Klf4等）将体细胞诱导重编程为多能性干细胞,其功能与胚胎干细胞相似.iPS细胞的建立,在生命科学领域引起了新的轰动.目前,iPS细胞的研究领域在转录因子的优化、iPS细胞的筛选、载体的运用、体细胞种类的选择和iPS细胞的应用等方面取得突破进展,但仍然存在致癌性、效率低等一系列急需解决的问题.     

BMP7对小鼠诱导多能干细胞骨向分化作用的研究

目的:探讨骨形态蛋白(bone morphogenetic protein,BMP)超家族成员之一BMP7在小鼠诱导多能干细胞(Induced pluripotent stem cells,iPS)骨向分化过程中的作用。方法:本试验分成三组,分别是自发分化组,骨诱导组和添加BMP7的骨诱导组。每天观察各组细胞形态学特征及生长状况的差异,在诱导第14天通过茜素红染色检测基质矿化情况,判断BMP7在体外骨诱导条件下对小鼠iPS细胞骨向分化过程所发挥的作用。结果:完成了小鼠iPS细胞的培养鉴定,并诱导形成理想状态的拟胚体(Embryoid body,EB)用于分化接种。结果发现,添加BMP7的骨诱导组细胞的矿化结节阳性率明显增加。结论:BMP7在诱导小鼠iPS细胞骨向分化过程中起促进作用,而对非骨向分化的细胞无成骨促进作用。     

特定因子诱导多能干细胞

胚胎干细胞由于具有发育上的全能性,被认为是用于移植治疗的最佳来源。然而,由于人的胚胎干细胞直接运用引发免疫排斥以及触及伦理矛盾,人们一直在研发多能干细胞。2006年,多能干细胞的研究有了重大进展。首先,Yamanaka实验室构建用逆转录载体将候选因子导入成纤维细胞,而后检测多能性标志基因的表达。结果发现,四种因子Oct3/4、Sox2、c-Myc以及Klf4的组合产生了表达多能性标志基因才有的抗药性的克隆,意味着细胞获得了多能性。用这种方法筛选的细胞无论在形态和增殖分化能力方面均类似于干细胞,而且表达干细胞标志基因以及在体内外能向三个胚层的细胞类型分化,这种细胞被命名为诱导性多能干细胞(iPS细胞)。进一步,用更严格的筛选基因nanog得到的iPS能够嵌合到生殖系中。而后,运用改进的方法从人的成体成纤维细胞也可以得到iPS细胞。然而,这种方法得到的嵌合体小鼠存在肿瘤形成现象,可能是由于c-Myc逆转录病毒整合到了基因组。通过替代的方法,去掉c-Myc的iPS也能够获得。为了进一步降低肿瘤形成的几率,近来发展了一种不依赖于病毒的方法,用质粒载体作为介质。iPS进一步的研究热点在于安全性以及从更严格的医学角度提高诱导iPS的效率,其分子机理和相关的技术问题也有待解决和克服。     

诱导多能干细胞及其在神经退行性疾病研究中的应用

用干细胞转录因子OCT4、SOX2、c-MYC和KLF4进行体细胞重编程产生具有胚胎干细胞特性的诱导多能干细胞(iPS细胞)是干细胞研究领域的突破性进展。近年来,iPS细胞的研究从产生方法、重编程机理及实际应用方面不断取得进展。由于iPS细胞的产生可取自体细胞,因而克服了胚胎干细胞应用的伦理学和免疫排斥等缺陷,为iPS细胞的临床应用开辟了广阔的前景。该文将对iPS细胞的产生方法、重编程机理及其在神经性退行性疾病的研究与应用进行文献综述,反映近几年iPS细胞最新研究成果,并阐述了用病人iPS细胞模型探讨帕金森氏病、老年性痴呆症、脊髓侧索硬化症、脊髓肌肉萎缩症及舞蹈症等5种常见神经性退行性疾病发病机理的研究现状。     

iPS细胞研究的新进展及应用

通过导入特定的转录因子可将分化的体细胞重编程为诱导性多能干细胞(Induced pluripotent stem cells,iPS cells),这项技术避免了干细胞研究领域的免疫排斥和伦理道德问题,是生命科学领域的一次巨大革命。与胚胎干细胞(Embryonic stem cells,ES cells)一样,iPS细胞能够自我更新并维持未分化状态,在体内可分化为3个胚层来源的所有细胞,进而参与形成机体所有组织和器官。在体外,iPS细胞可定向诱导分化出多种成熟细胞。因此,iPS细胞在理论研究和临床应用等方面都极具应用价值。文章对iPS细胞诱导的最新研究进展、iPS细胞诱导的不同方法,如何提高iPS细胞的制备效率和安全性,iPS细胞在基础研究以及临床研究等方面的应用进行了全面综述,并探讨了iPS细胞研究领域面临的问题以及该技术在转基因动物研究中的发展前景。     

Isolation of embryonic stem-like cells from equine blastocysts and their differentiation in vitro

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells with the potential capacity to generate any type of cell. We describe here the isolation of pluripotent ES-like cells from equine blastocysts that have been frozen and thawed. Our two lines of ES-like cells (E-1 and E-2) appear to maintain a normal diploid karyotype indefinitely in culture in vitro and to express markers that are characteristic of ES cells from mice, namely, alkaline phosphatase, stage-specific embryonic antigen-1, STAT-3 and Oct 4. After culture of equine ES-like cells in vitro for more than 17 passages, some ES-like cells differentiated to neural precursor cells in the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor. We also developed a protocol that resulted in the differentiation of ES-like cells in vitro to hematopoietic and endothelial cell lineages in response to bFGF, stem cell factor and oncostatin M. Our observations set the stage for future developments that may allow the use of equine ES-like cells for the treatment of neurological and hematopoietic disorders.     

ES and iPS cell research for cardiovascular regeneration

Embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, which are ES-like stem cells induced from adult tissues, are twin stem cells with currently (with the exception of fertilized eggs) the broadest differentiation potentials. These two stem cells show various similarities in appearance, maintenance methods, growth and differentiation potentials, i.e. theoretically, those cells can give rise to all kinds of cells including germ-line cells. Generation of human ES and iPS cells is further facilitating the researches towards the realization of regenerative medicine. The following three issues are important purposes of ES and iPS cell researches for regenerative medicine: (1) dissection of differentiation mechanisms, (2) application to cell transplantation, and (3) drug discovery. In this review, the current status of cardiovascular regenerative trials using ES and iPS cells is briefly discussed.     

c-Myc对诱导性多能干细胞的诱导效率及全能性影响的研究

该研究探讨转录因子c—Myc对多能诱导干细胞（inducedpluripotentstemcells,iPS）诱导效率及形成的iPS克隆全能性的影响。将Yam,dnaka四因子（Oct4、Sox2、Klf4和C—Myc,OSKM）和不舍C。Myc的三因子（OSK）病毒分别感染OG2小鼠成纤维细胞（mouseembryofibroblast,MEF）,诱导成为iPSN胞,通过计数iPS克隆形成数目和流式细胞仪分析iPS克隆的绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）阳性比例。比较OSKM和OSK诱导iPS的效率。分别挑取三株OSK和OSKM诱导的iPS克隆,采用荧光定量PCR法、碱性磷酸酶fAP）染色法和免疫荧光法检测iPS克隆的干性相关蛋白的表达;采用畸胎瘤实验、嵌合体形成实验和四倍体补偿实验检测iPS克隆的全能性。结果显示：在该实验室诱导体系里,OSK病毒感染MEF后形成的iPS克隆数目明显增多,GFP阳性克隆的比例增加。OSK和OSKM诱导iPS克隆的干细胞基本特征,包括形态、AP染色、干细胞特异性基因表达、三胚层形成均没有明显差异。然而,OSK诱导iPS克隆在形成嵌合体小鼠的全能性评估实验中的阳性比例高于OSKM克隆,且只有OSK克隆株能够获得生殖系传递小鼠和四倍体补偿小鼠。该研究表明,在实验诱导体系里去除C—Myc的三因子OSK诱导iPS的效率显著高于OSKM四因子,且三因子诱导iPS克隆具有更好的全能性。     

Low-molecular-weight inhibitors of cell differentiation enable efficient growth of mouse iPS cells under feeder-free conditions

Embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are usually maintained on feeder cells derived from mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). In recent years, the cell culture of iPS cells under serum- and feeder-free conditions is gaining attention in overcoming the biosafety issues for clinical applications. In this study, we report on the use of multiple small-molecular inhibitors (i.e., CHIR99021, PD0325901, and Thiazovivin) to efficiently cultivate mouse iPS cells without feeder cells in a chemically-defined and serum-free condition. In this condition, we showed that mouse iPS cells are expressing the Nanog, Oct3/4, and SSEA-1 pluripotent markers, indicating that the culture condition is optimized to maintain the pluripotent status of iPS cells. Without these small-molecular inhibitors, mouse iPS cells required the adaptation period to start the stable cell proliferation. The application of these inhibitors enabled us the shortcut culture method for the cellular adaptation. This study will be useful to efficiently establish mouse iPS cell lines without MEF-derived feeder cells.     

A novel strategy to derive iPS cells from porcine fibroblasts

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell technology demonstrates that somatic cells can be reprogrammed to a pluripotent state by over-expressing four reprogramming factors. This technology has created an interest in deriving iPS cells from domesticated animals such as pigs, sheep and cattle. Moloney murine leukemia retrovirus vectors have been widely used to generate and study mouse iPS cells. However, this retrovirus system infects only mouse and rat cells, which limits its use in establishing iPS cells from other mammals. In our study, we demonstrate a novel retrovirus strategy to efficiently generate porcine iPS cells from embryonic fibroblasts. We transfected four human reprogramming factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and Myc) into fibroblasts in one step by using a VSV-G envelope-coated pantropic retrovirus that was easily packaged by GP2-293 cells. We established six embryonic stem (ES)-like cell lines in human ES cell medium supplemented with bFGF. Colonies showed a similar morphology to human ES cells with a high nuclei-cytoplasm ratio and phase-bright flat colonies. Porcine iPS cells could form embryoid bodies in vitro and differentiate into the three germ layers in vivo by forming teratomas in immunodeficient mice.     

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines from Tibetan Miniature Pig

Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS) technology appears to be a general strategy to generate pluripotent stem cells from any given mammalian species. So far, iPS cells have been reported for mouse, human, rat, and monkey. These four species have also established embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines that serve as the gold standard for pluripotency comparisons. Attempts have been made to generate porcine ESC by various means without success. Here we report the successful generation of pluripotent stem cells from fibroblasts isolated from the Tibetan miniature pig using a modified iPS protocol. The resulting iPS cell lines more closely resemble human ESC than cells from other species, have normal karyotype, stain positive for alkaline phosphatase, express high levels of ESC-like markers (Nanog, Rex1, Lin28, and SSEA4), and can differentiate into teratomas composed of the three germ layers. Because porcine physiology closely resembles human, the iPS cells reported here provide an attractive model to study certain human diseases or assess therapeutic applications of iPS in a large animal model.     

Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors

Differentiated cells can be reprogrammed to an embryonic-like state by transfer of nuclear contents into oocytes or by fusion with embryonic stem (ES) cells. Little is known about factors that induce this reprogramming. Here, we demonstrate induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic or adult fibroblasts by introducing four factors, Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4, under ES cell culture conditions. Unexpectedly, Nanog was dispensable. These cells, which we designated iPS (induced pluripotent stem) cells, exhibit the morphology and growth properties of ES cells and express ES cell marker genes. Subcutaneous transplantation of iPS cells into nude mice resulted in tumors containing a variety of tissues from all three germ layers. Following injection into blastocysts, iPS cells contributed to mouse embryonic development. These data demonstrate that pluripotent stem cells can be directly generated from fibroblast cultures by the addition of only a few defined factors.