珠江东塔产卵场鳙繁殖的生态水文需求

鳙(Aristichthys nobilis(Richardson)),我国著名的四大家鱼之一,是一种重要的大型淡水经济鱼类。然而近年来由于各种原因,我国鳙种群数量急剧下降。依据2006—2013年珠江中下游长时间序列仔鱼数据和日平均流量数据,分析了研究水域鳙的繁殖生态,包括仔鱼出现的时间分布特征和早期资源周年变化规律,同时采用交互小波光谱分析方法 (cross wavelet analysis),分析了径流量与鳙仔鱼多度的关系。发现珠江水系鳙早期资源发生主要在5至8月,2006—2011年早期补充资源量逐渐减少,2012—2013年间呈明显著增加;鳙早期资源年度出现的时间呈缩减趋势,其中最大繁殖量出现的时间逐年提前。交互小波光谱分析结果表明:径流量的改变与鳙仔鱼的多度显著正相关,当径流量大于5×103m3/s,且持续2d以上,是珠江水系鳙大量繁殖的基础,将对受梯级水坝控制的鳙产卵场的繁殖生态水文保障具有指导意义。     

草鱼中国土著群体与欧美日移居群体遗传差异的线粒体序列分析

草鱼是中国的土著鱼类,自20世纪60年代以来已被移居到100多个国家和地区,主要用来控制水草或水产养殖。本研究通过线粒体D-Loop区（764bp)和COII＋tRNA基因(719bp)序列分析,了解草鱼的中国土著群体（长江、珠江、黑龙江）和国外移居群体（匈牙利多瑙河、美国密西西比河、日本利根川河）之间以及各地方群体间的遗传差异。结果表明,中国土著草鱼群体的遗传变异高于国外移居群体;分子方差分析（AMOVA）表明,不同草鱼群体的遗传变异主要来自群体内,而不同地域间的差异极少;群体两两间Fst值比较表明,大多数群体之间遗传差异极显著;由TCS构建的单倍型网络结构图显示,长江草鱼群体是最原始的群体,其他水系草鱼均由长江群体演化而来;通过基因流分析发现,匈牙利多瑙河群体和日本利根川河群体来自长江和黑龙江群体,美国密西西比河群体除引自长江、黑龙江水系外,还有部分引自于珠江水系。     

鳙团移核鱼的形态性状与个体生长

本文报道了鳙国移核鱼的形态性状及其个体生长等特性,为研究核质关系和细胞质遗传提供了一些有价值的结果．鳙团移核鱼的形态性状有些与供核体鳙鱼相似,有的与受核体团头纺相似,还有的出现中间型性状。二龄移核鱼的生长都明显比团头纺快,但都慢于鳙鱼．     

中华鲟的保护生物学研究进展

中华鲟是一种洄游性的鲟科鱼类,平时生活于海洋,亲鲟成熟后溯游到江河里繁殖。在长江葛洲坝修筑以前,中华鲟产卵场位于长江上游和金沙江下游江段。６０－７０年代中期,一些科研单位对上游中华鲟繁殖群体及产卵场等进行了较为全面的调查,撰写出现敢《长江鲟鱼类生物学与人工繁殖研究》,中华鲟的人工繁殖也于１９７１年产首获成功。葛洲坝枢纽建成以后,中华鲟繁殖群体被阻隔于葛洲坝下游宜昌江段,围绕大坝对中华鲟生存带来的不     

中华鲟物种保护的历史与前景

中华鲟是在我国和朝鲜近海生长,在长江上游或珠江中游繁殖的大型溯河洄游鱼类,长江中华鲟种群的繁殖季节在10月中旬至11月上旬,珠江的在3初至4月初,二者属于不同的生态类群,但也有学者认为二者是不同的种,60年代末,国家决定在长江中下游交界处宜昌修建葛洲坝水利枢纽(以下简称葛洲坝),由于该枢纽将阻隔中华鲟的生殖洄游通道,有关其对中华鲟资源影响的程度,以及如何采取相应的保护措施等问题,曾引起广泛的争论。有些研究者认为,葛洲坝的修建将对长江中华鲟资源造成毁灭性的影     

长江水系中华绒螯蟹野生和人工繁殖大眼幼体的遗传多样性分析

长江水系中华绒螯蟹是我国最重要的河蟹养殖群体,通常认为长江野生大眼幼体在成蟹阶段具有一定的生长优势,但是长江流域河蟹增殖放流和养殖群体逃逸可能对其野生大眼幼体遗传多样性造成一定的影响,尚未见相关报道。因此,本研究利用29对微卫星标记对河蟹长江水系野生和人工繁殖大眼幼体的亲缘关系及遗传多样性进行了分析。两群体大眼幼体均表现出较高的杂合水平,两个种群Ho分别为0.729 9和0.750 0,无显著差异(p0.05)。两群体总近交系数(Fit)为0.171 2,群体内近交系数(Fis)为0.165 9,群体间分化系数(Fst)为0.006 4;分子方差分析(AMOVA)显示,99.7%的遗传变异来自种群内个体间,0.3%来源于种群间的变异,遗传分化程度较低;各位点的基因流Nm平均值为38.739 9,说明两种群基因交流频繁;群间平均遗传距离仅为0.106 7。瓶颈效应和遗传结构分析显示,两个群体近期经历过瓶颈效应,群体间间遗传混杂,不能分出有效理论种群数。综上所述,长江口河蟹野生大眼幼体的SSR遗传多样性稍高于人工繁殖群体,两者的遗传分化程度较低,这暗示两群体间存在基因交流。     

50年来长江鲢、鳙形态特征的变迁(英文)

采用多元分析方法,对采自长江中游的上世纪中期(下称早期)和本世纪初(下称当前)的121尾1龄鲢、鳙的30项形态度量性状进行了分析。依据对判别贡献最大的5个参数所建立的判别公式,对鲢、鳙早期和当前群体的平均判别准确率分别达94.2%和98.%,显示鲢或鳙的当前与早期群体间在总体上存在着显著差异。单因素方差分析显示,在早期和当前群体间,鲢有12个特征差异极显著、8个差异显著,鳙分别有8个特征差异极显著或显著。其中,鲢和鳙的6个显著或极显著变大的特征参数集中在头部,而14个鲢和10个鳙的显著或极显著变小的特征参数则主要集中在躯干部与尾部。研究表明,最近50年来长江鲢、鳙的头及头部特征有相对变大的趋势,而躯干部与尾部的许多特征参数则有相对变小的趋势,这些形态演变趋势符合人们喜食鱼头、追求高经济效益的期望。     

中国广东水螅属一新种(水螅纲,无鞘螅目,水螅科)

报道采自中国广东省肇庆市的淡水水螅新种,即珠江水螅Hydra zhujiangensis sp.nov.,研究标本均来自1只水螅的单系繁殖群体,测量数据经生物统计学处理。新种名以水螅生境所属珠江水系命名。所有研究标本保存于深圳大学生命科学学院。     

两种泥鳅不同群体遗传变异的RAPD分析

应用RAPD技术,分析了采自于我国黄河、长江和珠江三大水系中游的大鳞副泥鳅和泥鳅不同群体间的遗传变异。结果表明：种内不同群体间带纹相似度在0．730－0．938之间;遗传距离为0．089－0．245;种间不同群体间的带纹相似度为0．392－0．505,遗传距离为0．620－0．800。两种泥鳞采自武汉的群体,其不同个体间的相似度较之其它群体为低,表明其群体内遗传变异程度较高。     

团头鲂生长相关基因在不同发育时期生长轴组织的表达分析

为了探讨生长相关基因对团头鲂生长发育的调控, 研究采用Real-time PCR的方法定量分析了团头鲂6个生长相关基因在其不同生长发育阶段(3、6、12月龄)相关组织(脑、肝脏、肌肉)的表达情况, 并比较了这些基因在生长快和慢两个群体的表达差异. 结果显示: GHRs基因在肝脏与肌肉中的表达量高于脑, 在6月龄表达量高于3月龄与12月龄, 生长快群体中的表达量高于生长慢群体(P0.05); IGFs基因在三个组织中均有表达, 肝脏表达量最高, 生长快群体中的表达量高于生长慢群体(P0.05). MSTN a与MSTN b基因在组织中表达模式存在差异, MSTN a在肌肉中高表达, MSTN b主要在脑与肝脏中表达. HCL聚类结果表明: 除了MSTN a基因外, 其他5个基因在生长差异的两个群体中表达量均分别聚为一支. 不同时期组织表达聚类结果表明, 除了3月龄肝脏与12月龄肌肉组织, 6个生长相关基因在不同时期的同一组织中的表达模式存在相似性. Pearson相关分析显示: GHRs与IGFs呈正相关, MSTN a基因与GHR 2、IGFs基因呈负相关, 相同基因在两个群体中呈极显著相关(P0.01).       

长江,珠江,黑龙江鲢,鳙和草鱼原种种群形态差异

对长江、珠江、黑龙江的鲢、鳙、草鱼原种种群的十项形态特征,于高维空间上用统计方法进行判别分析,发现种群间具有显著差异,不同江河鲢、鳙的侧线鳞数也有明显不同。这些形态特征上的差异的大小与种群间的地理距离呈正相关。 根据上述显著性差异的特征,用模式分类法推导得鉴别程序,可在IBM-PC-AT计算机上对鱼逐尾自动判别鉴定其种群,除长江鲢外,准确率在75％～100％。     

A genetically distinct wild redband trout (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri</Emphasis>) population in Crane Prairie Reservoir,Oregon, persists despite extensive stocking of hatchery rainbow trout (<Emphasis Type="Italic">O. m. irideus</Emphasis>)

Crane Prairie Reservoir in the upper Deschutes River Basin has historically supported a wild population of migratory Deschutes River redband trout. Owing to its status as a premier destination for recreational angling in Oregon, the reservoir has been stocked with domesticated hatchery rainbow trout since 1955. In recent years the wild redband trout population has experienced a substantial decline. Effects on productivity related to genetic interaction with naturally spawning hatchery-origin fish (fitness risks) have not been determined. The species Oncorhynchus mykiss has been characterized with substantial genetic diversity throughout the Deschutes River Basin that further heightens the challenge of identifying specific conservation needs of wild populations. A conservation plan for Crane Prairie wild redband trout requires a better understanding of the natural reproductive success of out-of-basin hatchery trout in the reservoir tributaries, and the similarity between Crane Prairie redband trout with other extant redband trout populations in the basin. Using a suite of 17 microsatellite nuclear DNA markers, we evaluated the genetic structure among Crane Prairie Reservoir redband trout, hatchery rainbow trout, and two adjacent populations of redband trout from within the Upper Deschutes River Basin. We observed significant heterogeneity between the hatchery and wild Crane Prairie populations that may reflect differences in life histories, differential productivity and assortative mating. The genetic distinctions observed among the three redband trout populations suggest restricted gene flow and genetic drift within the upper basin. Temporally stratified sampling and larger numbers of samples will be necessary to confirm these conclusions.     

Native bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix populations in the Pearl River are threatened by Yangtze River introductions as revealed by mitochondrial DNA

Bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix have been two economically important aquaculture species in China for centuries. In the past decades, bighead and silver carp have been introduced from the Yangtze River to many river systems in China, including the Pearl River, in annual, large-scale, stocking activities to enhance wild fisheries. Nonetheless, few studies have assessed the ecological or genetic impacts of such introductions on native conspecific fish populations. An mtDNA D-loop segment of 978 bp from 213 bighead carp samples from 9 populations and a 975 bp segment from 204 silver carp samples from 10 populations were obtained to evaluate genetic diversity and population integrity. Results from a haplotype network analysis revealed that most haplotypes of the Pearl River clustered with those of Yangtze River origin and only a small proportion were distinct, suggesting that both the native Pearl River bighead and silver carp populations are currently dominated by genetic material from the Yangtze River. The genetic diversity of Pearl River populations is high in both species because of this inter-population gene flow, but the diversity of native Pearl River populations is low. To preserve the native genetic diversity, stocking of non-native fingerlings should cease immediately and native Pearl River bighead and silver carp fish farms should be established. This research demonstrates the danger to native biodiversity across China because of the substantial, ongoing stock-enhancement activities without prior genetic assessment.     

The genetic structure of endangered indigenous populations of the amago salmon, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">masou</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">ishikawae</Emphasis>, in Japan

The amago salmon, Oncorhynchus masou ishikawae, is an endemic subspecies of O. masou in Japan. Owing to the extensive stocking of hatchery fish throughout Japan, indigenous populations of O. m. ishikawae are now on the verge of extinction. We examined the genetic effects of stocking hatchery fish on wild populations in the River Koza, Japan, using microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers. For mtDNA, haplotype mt1, which is common in wild populations, was present exclusively in isolated wild populations assumed to be unaffected by previous stocking, while it was never observed in hatchery fish. Genetic diversity was much higher in wild populations in the stocked area, which shared many mtDNA haplotypes with hatchery fish, than in isolated wild populations with haplotype mt1. Pairwise F _ST estimates based on microsatellites showed significant differentiation among the isolated populations with many microsatellite loci monomorphic. Significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium was observed in wild populations in the area subject to stocking, where a Bayesian-based assignment test showed a high level of introgression with hatchery fish. These results suggest that wild populations with haplotype mt1, which became isolated through anthropogenic environmental change in the 1950–1960s, represent indigenous populations of O. m. ishikawae in the River Koza. They have low genetic diversity, most likely caused by genetic bottlenecks following damming and environmental deterioration, while stocking of hatchery fish over the past 30 years apparently had a large impact on the genetic structure of wild populations in the main channel of the River Koza.     

Both Contest and Scramble Competition Affect the Growth Performance of Brown Trout, Salmo Trutta, Parr of Wild and of Sea-ranched Origins

The effect of contest and scramble competition on the growth performance of wild and sea-ranched juvenile (0+) brown trout, Salmo trutta, originating from the River Dalälven, Sweden was scrutinised. In a mirror image stimulation (MIS) experiment, and in a 35000 1 stream-water aquarium the trout was studied for three weeks (20 individuals in each of four replicates). Activity in MIS was correlated with swimming activity in the stream-water aquarium. The MIS results could not be used for predicting any social behaviour patterns or the growth performance of a fish. No behavioural differences between the two strains were noted. However, the sea-ranched strain grew faster than the wild one, both in regard to the RNA/DNA ratio and the weight-specific growth rate. Because the strains had the same genetic background and prior to the experiments were raised under similar hatchery condition, the results of this study suggest that the sea-ranching process selects for faster juvenile growth in brown trout. The ultimate mechanisms underlying the faster growth by the domesticated strain probably involves both contest and scramble competition.     

Population genetic structure in wild and hatchery populations of white cloud mountain minnow (Tanichthys albonubes): Recommendations for conservation

We used mitochondrial (mt) cytochrome b gene (cyt b) to compare the genetic variability in three hatchery broodstocks of white cloud mountain minnow with the variability in six wild populations sampled in two river drainages. A total of 43 haplotypes in 102 specimens were observed, with no haplotype shared between wild and hatchery populations. The nucleotide diversity of the wild samples (0.048) was significantly higher than that of the hatchery ones (0.007), but the haplotype diversity was almost similar between them. Two major phylogenetic haplotype groups were revealed and estimated to diverge about 6.531 myr (million years) ago. Significant genetic differentiation was revealed between wild and hatchery populations as well as among nine sampled populations, suggesting at chance effect during the founding process for the hatchery population and a subsequent genetic drift. According to the network, the connection between wild and hatchery populations indicates that present hatchery populations originated from single wild population. We suggested that two regions (Pearl River system and Lu River) identified by reciprocal mtDNA monophyly and SAMOVA should be regarded as three different ESUs and two different MUs in South China, respectively.     

Genetic monitoring of the Amazonian fish matrinchã (Brycon cephalus) using RAPD markers: insights into supportive breeding and conservation programmes

The importance of genetic evaluations in aquaculture programmes has been increased significantly not only to improve effectiveness of hatchery production but also to maintain genetic diversity. In the present study, wild and captive populations of a commercially important neotropical freshwater fish, Brycon cephalus (Amazonian matrinchã), were analyzed in order to evaluate the levels of genetic diversity in a breeding programme at a Brazilian research institute of tropical fish. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA fingerprinting was used to access the genetic variability of a wild stock from the Amazon River and of three captive stocks that correspond to consecutive generations from the fishery culture. Although farmed stocks showed considerably lower genetic variation than the wild population, a significantly higher level of polymorphism was detected in the third hatchery generation. The results seem to reflect a common breeding practice on several hatchery fish programmes that use a small number of parents as broodstocks, obtaining reproductive success with few non‐identified mating couples. The obtained data were useful for discussing suitable strategies for the genetic management and biodiversity conservation of this species.     

安徽省淮河水系短颌鲚群体遗传多样性

短颌鲚（Coilia brachygnathus）是一种小型经济鱼类,同时也是大型肉食性鱼类和江豚（Neophocaena phocaenoides）的饵料,在食物链中占据重要地位,受过度捕捞、环境污染以及栖息地破坏等多种因素的影响,短颌鲚野生资源面临严重威胁。目前有关淮河短颌鲚遗传资源的数据仍然缺乏。本研究采用微卫星分子标记对安徽省淮河水系短颌鲚5个群体进行遗传多样性分析。结果显示,10个微卫星位点在所有短颌鲚样本中均具有高度多态性,多态信息含量（PIC）0.852 ~ 0.942;5个短颌鲚群体均显示出较高的遗传多样性水平,期望杂合度He为0.879 ~ 0.903,多态信息含量（PIC）0.851 ~ 0.881。分子方差分析（AMOVA）显示,大多数遗传变异存在于群体内（97.88%）,群体间的遗传变异仅为2.12%。5个群体遗传分化水平较低（Fst < 0.05）,其中,遗传分化系数最小的是浍河和颍河群体（Fst = 0.004 ）且二者间遗传距离最近（Da = 0.161）;遗传分化系数最大的是凤台和王家坝群体（Fst = 0.041）且其间遗传距离最远（Da = 0.560）。群体遗传结构分析表明,5个短颌鲚群体可划分为3个组群。5个群体都可能经历过瓶颈效应,尤其是怀远和凤台群体。但安徽省淮河水系短颌鲚仍具有较高的遗传多样性,具有潜在的开发与利用价值,建议将其作为一个保护单元进行保护和管理。     

Effective size of a wild salmonid population is greatly reduced by hatchery supplementation

Many declining and commercially important populations are supplemented with captive-born individuals that are intentionally released into the wild. These supplementation programs often create large numbers of offspring from relatively few breeding adults, which can have substantial population-level effects. We examined the genetic effects of supplementation on a wild population of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from the Hood River, Oregon, by matching 12 run-years of hatchery steelhead back to their broodstock parents. We show that the effective number of breeders producing the hatchery fish (broodstock parents; N(b)) was quite small (harmonic mean N(b)=25 fish per brood-year vs 373 for wild fish), and was exacerbated by a high variance in broodstock reproductive success among individuals within years. The low N(b) caused hatchery fish to have decreased allelic richness, increased average relatedness, more loci in linkage disequilibrium and substantial levels of genetic drift in comparison with their wild-born counterparts. We also documented a substantial Ryman-Laikre effect whereby the additional hatchery fish doubled the total number of adult fish on the spawning grounds each year, but cut the effective population size of the total population (wild and hatchery fish combined) by nearly two-thirds. We further demonstrate that the Ryman-Laikre effect is most severe in this population when (1) >10% of fish allowed onto spawning grounds are from hatcheries and (2) the hatchery fish have high reproductive success in the wild. These results emphasize the trade-offs that arise when supplementation programs attempt to balance disparate goals (increasing production while maintaining genetic diversity and fitness).     

刺鲃基于线粒体细胞色素b基因的生物地理学过程

以中华倒刺鲃Spinibarbus sinensis为外类群,研究了不同地理种群刺鲃Spinibarbus calduelli细胞色素b基因序列(1140bp)变异,以探讨其生物地理学过程。结果表明：长江下游水系与珠江水系种群的变异值为1．2％—2．3％,与闽江水系的为2．7％—3．7％,与九龙江水系的为3．1％—4．2％,这些值都远远低于它们与中华倒刺鲃的变异值(13．2％—14．6％)。遗传变异值表明了刺鲃的生物地理学过程,首先是东南沿海的水系同内地的水系发生隔离,然后珠江水系同长江水系隔离,这些变化均发生在第四纪。