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1.
圈养条件下黑麂行为初步观察   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3  
对12头成年黑麂(5♂♂、7♀♀)的主要个体行为和个体间的交往作了初步的观察和研究,发现圈养条件下黑麂全天摄食,仅在16:30之后有一个较小的摄食峰值,其余时间比例变化不大。受游人干扰等外界因素的影响,黑麂全天均有一个较高的警戒行为值,同时运动行为发生频次很高,仅次于休息,尤其从下午13:30以后黑麂多处于运动状态,而且多数情况下都带有明显的觅食意图。黑麂个体间的交往多发生在晨昏,雌雄之间多表现为性行为(53.07%)和亲密行为(46.15%),雌雌之间主要表现为骚扰行为(68.35%)和亲密行为(31.65%),而雄雄之间则主要表现为敌对行为。  相似文献   

2.
黑麂(Muntiacus crinifrons Sclater)的繁殖   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
黑麂是我国特有的鹿科动物。仅分布皖南、浙西及与之接壤的闽、赣部分地区,从北纬28°—31°,东径117°—120°的37个县的范围内(Sheng et,L,1980)。由于黑麂数量稀少,且栖居中山密林,活动隐蔽,因而以往对它的繁殖情况一无所知。为保护和利用这一特产动物资源,我们于1978年1月至1981年2月,对黑麂的繁殖进行研究。  相似文献   

3.
马来穿山甲(Manis javanica)为极度濒危物种,已报导该物种的怀孕期长度差异较大,需要更多的直接观察案例来确定其怀孕期长短。广西林业科学研究院穿山甲人工救护与繁育基地通过室内圈养方式驯养穿山甲,记录了14例马来穿山甲产仔情况:其中圈养前野外受孕、场内产仔9例;野外受孕、圈养死亡的母体1例;不确定受孕情况母兽产仔1例;圈养条件下交配怀孕并产仔3例,其中2例是母兽进场后第2次产仔。根据初步观察结果,估计马来穿山甲孕期为5~6个月。  相似文献   

4.
中国特产动物——黑麂   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4  
黑麂(Muntiacus crinifrons),俗称青麂、红头青麂、蓬头麂。自1885年以宁波产命学名后,直到本世纪五十年代,仅在浙江宁波和桐庐获得3个标本。2个保存在英国自然博物馆,1个存放于美国自然博物馆(Allen,1940)。对其分布范围、生态和习性、繁殖和种群情况几乎一无所知。国际自然和自然资源保护联合会(IUCN)的红皮书将其归入未定种(Goodwin & Holloway,1972)。六十年代和七十年代,我们对黑麂进行全面调查(盛和林等1975,1980,1981,1984)。1984—1985年又对其相对密度  相似文献   

5.
半自然条件下麋鹿的生长发育与繁殖习性   总被引:16,自引:1,他引:15  
在大丰保护区的半自然条件下,麋鹿新产仔鹿性二型差异大于圈养条件下的仔鹿;1龄幼鹿第1年生长发育迅速,其后足长已基本达成体后足长;4岁时后足长即已显著大于引进的成体鹿。大丰雌性麋鹿3岁开始产仔,比圈养条件下晚1年,4岁时体重方达成体重。雄性5岁后方能达成体重并才有机会获得交配权.发情期主要集中于6月上、中旬,产仔期主要集中于3月中、下旬,产仔半数时间为3月27日,产仔期比圈养麋鹿更趋集中。仔鹿产后1~3天为“印记”的敏感期,1周龄后即开始随群活动并有觅食行为。  相似文献   

6.
圈养大熊猫的繁殖特性和生命表   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
通过对最大的大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)圈养种群——中国保护大熊猫研究中心的圈养种群的研究,总结了圈养大熊猫的繁殖生物学特性,编制了大熊猫的生命表。大熊猫是季节性繁殖的动物,每年春季3~4月发情交配,8月(30.49%)和9月(48.88%)产仔,每胎平均产仔1.5只,圈养繁殖大熊猫的雌雄比为1.11。大熊猫的妊娠期和幼兽的初生体重变化很大,分别平均为139.8天和142.6g。性成熟的年龄,雌性是5.7±1.1岁,雄性是5.8±0.58岁。根据圈养大熊猫的生命表计算出圈养种群的净增长率R0为0.209,世代周期T为9.187年,内禀增长率r为-0.170,周期增长率λ为0.844。  相似文献   

7.
了解气候变化情景下野生动物适宜生境的可能变化,对未来有关保护策略的制定具有重要意义。本研究利用20世纪60年代至今记录的黑麂(Muntiacus crinifrons)分布数据和9种物种分布模型,模拟了两种温室气体浓度情景(RCP2.6和RCP8.5)下未来两个时期(2050s和2080s)黑麂的适宜生境。结果表明,到2050s和2080s:(1)在RCP2.6情景下,黑麂适宜生境面积相对于基准气候条件下将分别减少11.9%和6.2%,而在RCP8.5情景下,则分别减少36.9%和52.0%;(2)在RCP2.6情景下,黑麂适宜生境中的"核心区域"景观面积相对于基准气候条件将分别减少20.5%和10.5%,而在RCP8.5情景下,则分别减少55.2%和65.2%;(3)在RCP2.6情景下,稳定不变适宜生境的面积占基准气候条件下适宜生境面积的比例分别为75.1%和84.2%,而在RCP8.5情景下,分别为48.3%和35.8%。总体而言,在RCP2.6情景下,与基准气候条件下相比气候变化对黑麂适宜生境的影响并不显著,而在RCP8.5情景下则较为显著,主要表现为适宜生境面积和适宜生境中"核心区域"景观的面积明显减少,不变适宜生境面积占基准气候条件下适宜生境面积的比例大幅度降低。建议未来加强浙江、安徽、江西三省交界地区黑麂适宜生境的保护,建立黑麂保护区之间的廊道。  相似文献   

8.
浙江黑麂栖息地评价及保护对策   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
鲍毅新  郑祥  葛宝明 《生态学报》2006,26(8):2425-2431
运用地理信息系统技术,在分析黑麂栖息地的地形、植被、水系和人为干扰等地理特征的基础上,系统研究九龙山和古田山自然保护区黑麂栖息地分布、栖息地质量与空间格局。结果表明,在九龙山自然保护区有黑麂潜在栖息地3172.6hm^2,由于人类活动的影响导致栖息地丧失501.5hm^2,目前尚存的黑麂适宜栖息地2671.1hm^2。它们主要分布于上寮坑、九龙山、内北坪、外九龙和大岩前附近区域。古田山自然保护区有黑麂潜在栖息地4635.75hm^2,在人类活动影响下丧失栖息地1118.11hm^2,目前尚存的黑麂适宜栖息地3517.64hm^2。它们主要分布于青尖、古田山、巧观尖、催顶尖附近区域。目前九龙山和古田山自然保护区内的黑麂栖息地基本上处于多斑块破碎化状态。为了使黑麂能得到更好的保护,对这两个研究区域黑麂栖息地的恢复和重建工作亟待加强。  相似文献   

9.
花面狸选配和配种方式的试验观察   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
花面狸10—22个月龄性成熟,繁殖利用期母兽1—10岁,公兽3—7岁。选择品质优良的种兽同质选配时,胎平均产仔3.39只,胎产3仔以上的占87.1%;异质选配时,胎平均产仔3.07只,胎产3仔以上的占64.3%。年龄选配以壮年配壮年最好,胎平均产仔4只,胎产3仔以上占100%;亚成公兽配亚成母兽,老年公兽配亚成母兽和老年母兽效果不佳。配种方式以一公一母、多公多母及双重配种效果好,胎平均产仔分别为4.3、3.2、3.06只,胎产3仔以上分别为100%、77.6%、72.2%。一公多母配种效果差,胎平均产仔2.86只,胎产3仔以上仅为57.1%。  相似文献   

10.
提高圈养繁殖大熊猫存活率是维持圈养种群可持续发展和开展野化放归研究的基础,为了探究圈养繁殖大熊猫生存力的影响因素,基于2019年的大熊猫谱系数据,不仅统计分析了不同年代和不同龄级(月龄、年龄组)圈养繁殖大熊猫的存活率和死亡率,而且利用广义线性模型系统分析了影响圈养繁殖大熊猫存活时间的主要因素。结果表明:1960—1989年圈养繁殖大熊猫的幼仔和种群存活率分别是31.61%和68.10%,1990—2019年为78.39%和94.06%;不同年龄组圈养繁殖大熊猫的死亡率呈"凹型"曲线,即幼年和老年大熊猫死亡率较高(26.85%、26.53%),而亚成年和成年的死亡率偏低(4.56%、12.60%);不同月龄则以初生幼仔(1月龄)的死亡率最高,达22.45%,其余月龄相对较低(0~20%)。广义线性模型分析发现,个体性别、出生年代、母兽来源、母兽产仔年龄、育幼方式和胎儿数量等因素显著影响圈养繁殖大熊猫的存活、死亡和寿命长短。因此,加强大熊猫种源管理、提高人工育幼技术以及优化繁育配对等是大熊猫饲养管理的关键。  相似文献   

11.
Wu HL  Fang SG 《Biochemical genetics》2005,43(7-8):407-416
Genetic diversities based on the mtDNA control region were measured for both a wild population (n = 26) and a captive population (n = 18) of the black muntjac. In total, nine haplotypes were obtained from 44 samples. The wild population exhibited a low nucleotide diversity (π = 0.00562), which suggests that the black muntjac had a small effective population size historically. In contrast to its low nucleotide diversity, haplotype diversity (h = 0.862) of the wild population was relatively high. Haplotype distribution among local samples shows a distinct difference. As anticipated because of the paucity of available founders, nucleotide diversity (π = 0.00214) of the captive population was very low. Additionally, a high degree of haplotype identity and an obvious haplotype frequency bias was revealed in the captive population, which implies that the current breeding program should be readjusted to balance distributions of haplotypes, and some new founders should be introduced to the captive population to alleviate potential inbreeding depression.  相似文献   

12.
川金丝猴圈养种群现状分析   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellartae)圈养种群大多饲养在中国的动物园中。根据《川金丝猴国际谱系簿2002》记录,到2002年12月31日种群存活数量185只,包括野外捕获个体和圈养出生个体。近年圈养出生数量一直保持增加,到2000年超过野外捕获个体数量,现在种群的增加更多地依靠圈养出生个体数量的增加。近12年中种群繁殖率不断提高。每年新生幼仔中野外捕获个体组产仔比率逐年减少,圈养出生个体组产仔比率逐年增大,但到2002年前者仍高于后者40%。两组动物的繁殖率都有上升趋势,野外捕获个体组的繁殖率大多高于圈养出生个体组的繁殖率,二者有明显差异。种群遗传状况是基因多样性保存量较高,各小种群的基因多样性却处于较整体低的水平。提高子代的繁殖率,增加各机构之间的合作繁殖以提高小种群的基因多样性保持量,这两者对于种群的健康发展是非常重要的。  相似文献   

13.
An important component of the restoration strategy for the critically endangered kaki or black stilt (Himantopus novaezelandiae) is captive breeding for release. Since 1981 1,879 eggs were collected from wild and captive pairs, with birds laying up to four clutches. Eggs were incubated artificially and most chicks reared by hand until released as juveniles (about 60 days) or sub‐adults (9–10 months). Because survival in captivity is a significant determinant of the number of birds available for release, we wished to identify sources of variation in mortality to assess potential impacts of management on productivity. Hatchability was 78% for captive‐laid eggs and 91% for wild‐laid eggs. Survival of hatched eggs was 82% by 10 months of age for both wild and captive birds. Most egg mortality occurred early in incubation and around hatching: the timing of mortality was unaffected by whether birds were captive or wild, hybrid or pure kaki, or when eggs were laid. Heavier hatchlings showed higher initial survival, as did chicks from wild parents. Hatchlings from fourth‐laid eggs showed lowest survival, even though hatchling mass tended to increase with hatch order. Survival of chicks subjected to major health interventions was 69% after 4 months. No differences in survival were found between different genders, hybrids and pure kaki, hand‐reared or parent‐reared birds, chicks hatching early or late in the season, different seasons, different‐sized groups of chicks, chicks reared in different brooders, juveniles kept in different aviaries, and chicks from subsequent clutches. Birds subjected to minor health interventions were equally likely to survive as healthy chicks (82%). Survival was high despite aggressive management (quadruple clutching and collecting late in the season). Differences between captive and wild birds suggest further improvements could be made to captive diet. Wide variation in hatchability between parent pairs substantiates the practice of breaking up poorly performing pairs. Zoo Biol 0:1–16, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.  相似文献   

14.
Empirical support for the genetic management strategies employed by captive breeding and reintroduction programs is scarce. We evaluated the genetic management plan for the highly endangered black‐footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) developed by the American Zoo and Aquarium Associations (AZA) as a part of the species survival plan (SSP). We contrasted data collected from five microsatellite loci to predictions from a pedigree‐based kinship matrix analysis of the captive black‐footed ferret population. We compared genetic diversity among captive populations managed for continued captive breeding or reintroduction, and among wild‐born individuals from two reintroduced populations. Microsatellite data gave an accurate but only moderately precise estimate of heterozygosity. Genetic diversity was similar in captive populations maintained for breeding and release, and it appears that the recovery program will achieve its goal of maintaining 80% of the genetic diversity of the founder population over 25 years. Wild‐born individuals from reintroduced populations maintained genetic diversity and avoided close inbreeding. We detected small but measurable genetic differentiation between the reintroduced populations. The model of random mating predicted only slightly lower levels of heterozygosity retention compared to the SSP strategy. The random mating strategy may be a viable alternative for managing large, stable, captive populations such as that of the black‐footed ferret. Zoo Biol 22:287–298, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.  相似文献   

15.
From 1987 to 1991, the North American captive cheetah population increased by 38% (to 266 animals), due to importation and captive breeding. This population constitutes 26% of the world's captive cheetahs and 36% of all reproductively successful animals. Since 1956, 33% of all cubs born in North America occurred during this 5-year period. Because of importation of animals from breeding programs abroad, East African (A. jubatus raineyi) genes have been introduced into the North American cheetah population, and 39% of all cubs born during 1987--1991 were South African/East African hybrids. Also during this time, the breeding population and effective breeding population increased by 86% and 72.6%, respectively. The incidence of infant mortality decreased from 37% (last recorded for the years 1956 to 1986) to 28% (averaged over 5 years), although infant mortality during the latter period ranged from 15% (for unrelated parents) to 41% (for related parents). Management recommendations implemented to increase fecundity and population size appear to be successful, although the founder base of the population still has only been increased from 52 cheetahs in 1986 to 72 animals in 1991. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.  相似文献   

16.
Embryo technology in conservation efforts for endangered felids   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
Pope CE 《Theriogenology》2000,53(1):163-174
Most of the 36 species of wild cats are classified as threatened, vulnerable or endangered due to poaching and habitat loss. The important role of assisted reproduction techniques (ART) as part of a multifaceted captive breeding program for selected wild cat species is gradually gaining acceptance. This recognition is a result of the progress made during the last decade in which the feasibility of oocyte recovery from gonadotropin-treated females, in vitro fertilization, embryo cryopreservation and embryo transfer (ET) was demonstrated in the domestic cat (Felis catus). Additionally, embryos have been produced in vitro from oocytes matured in vitro after recovery from ex situ ovaries of both domestic and non-domestic cat species and domestic kittens have been born following transfer of these embryos. In vitro fertilization has been successful in at least one-third of wild cat species and kittens were born after transfer of Indian desert cat (Felis sylvestris ornata) embryos into a domestic cat and con-specific transfer of tiger (Panthera tigris) embryos. The domestic cat is not only a valuable model for development of in vitro techniques but may serve as a recipient of embryos from several species of small wild cats.  相似文献   

17.
The saiga (Saiga tatarica, Bovidae, Cetartiodactyla) is facing a precarious situation in the wild and unfortunately also zoos have failed so far in establishing a stable captive population. Cologne Zoo was one of the most successful zoos in holding and breeding this endangered species. We analysed life history and breeding of the Cologne animals. We highlight differences between wild and captive saigas and potential trouble spots for captive breeding. Being seasonal breeders, oestrus length usually lasted 1–2 days with an average time of 19.85 days between oestrus periods if not pregnant. Gestation lengths lasted 133–151 days with gestations of twins 4.39 days shorter on average than for one lamb. Bearing twins was not a rule for the Cologne saigas. We found correlations between litter size and the age of the female or the number of births of the female, respectively. A disparity between the theoretically possible number of offspring and the actual number born emphasises the need to safeguard continuous breeding, to prevent the loss of the few years in a female’s breeding life. The information that emerged from our study will be valuable if future captive breeding of saigas is intended.  相似文献   

18.
Mate selection for inbreeding avoidance is documented in several taxa. In mammals, most conclusive evidence comes from captive experiments that control for the availability of mates and for the level of genetic relatedness between mating partners. However, the importance of mate selection for inbreeding avoidance as a determinant of siring success in the wild has rarely been addressed. We followed the reproduction of a wild population of eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) during five breeding seasons between 2006 and 2009. Using molecular tools and parentage assignment methods, we found that multiple paternity (among polytocous litters) varied from 25% in an early-spring breeding season when less than a quarter of females in the population were reproductively active to 100% across three summer breeding seasons and one spring breeding season when more than 85% of females were reproductively active. Genetically related parents were common in this population and produced less heterozygous offspring. Furthermore, litters with multiple sires showed a higher average relatedness among partners than litters with only a single sire. In multiply sired litters, however, males that were more closely related to their partners sired fewer offspring. Our results corroborate findings from captive experiments and suggest that selection for inbreeding avoidance can be an important determinant of reproductive success in wild mammals.  相似文献   

19.
Necropsy findings from natural deaths in free living and captive stitchbirds (Notiomystis cincta) were examined over a 3 yr period (November 1991-94) to establish whether disease was an important factor in translocation failures and captive breeding programs undertaken by the New Zealand Department of Conservation. Fresh and fixed material from seven free-living birds and 11 captive birds were examined and were compared with those of a retrospective study of archival material from captive and wild birds collected over a 13 yr period (1979-91). The causes of death in both the present and retrospective study showed a similar pattern with aspergillosis and aspiration pneumonia being the most significant cause of mortality in captive birds. Aspergillosis was diagnosed as the cause of death in 11 of 31 stitchbirds from Mt Bruce; eight of these deaths occurred in the winter months (June-August). The other causes of death in captive birds included trauma, coccidiosis, and sporadic bacterial infections. Hemosiderosis and airsacculitis were common histological findings in most of the wild and captive stitchbirds examined.  相似文献   

20.
Laboratory research has implicated several variables which contribute to the regulation of reproductive behaviour of captive gorillas. Females were found to be increasingly attractive to males during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle when estrogen and testosterone concentrations in the female were increasing. Females solicited mating from the males primarily at midcycle, about the time when the concentration of testosterone was maximal. No mating occurred during the mid- to late luteal phase after progesterone concentrations were elevated. Both males and females initiated mating during the midcycle, periovulatory period, but male initiative accounted for most mating that was temporally dissociated from that period. Individual differences between males and among females contributed to the variability in results. Confinement of a male and female in relatively small quarters appears to interact with certain aspects of species-typical behaviour to distort patterns of mating in laboratory tests. Data on behaviour of gorillas in the wild contributed to interpretation of the laboratory results and suggest an enlightened approach to the captive maintenance and breeding of gorillas. An important consideration in promoting captive breeding of gorillas seems to be the provision of options to the female for regulating the frequency and distribution of mating in the cycle.  相似文献   

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