施用有机肥对高砷红壤中小白菜砷吸收的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了施用猪粪和鸡粪条件下红壤中的砷对小白菜生长和吸收的影响及土壤有效态砷含量的变化.结果表明：向高砷红壤中施用猪粪和鸡粪两种有机肥均使小白菜的生物量有不同程度的增加,其中,施用猪粪处理的小白菜生物量显著高于对照处理(P<0.05);猪粪和鸡粪两种有机肥的施用可导致土壤有效砷含量明显提高,施用猪粪后土壤有效砷含量增幅达394.9%～1033.6%,而施用鸡粪的土壤有效砷含量增幅为30.4%～94.1%; 施用有机肥明显促进了小白菜对砷的吸收,其中猪粪处理下小白菜的砷吸收量比对照增加20.7%～53.9%. 根据本研究结果,对砷含量较高的高风险农田,施用猪粪、鸡粪等有机肥可能会在一定程度上提高土壤有效砷含量和作物对砷的吸收量,使农产品质量和环境风险增加.     

土壤砷污染对蔬菜砷含量及食用安全性的影响

对湖南郴州砷污染区的土壤和蔬菜砷含量进行了研究 ,结果表明该地区土壤含砷量为 19.5～ 2 37.2 mg/ kg、平均为 6 3.9mg/ kg、中值为 4 7.8mg/ kg,比全国平均土壤含砷量 (9.2 m g/ kg)高 2～ 2 5倍 ;蔬菜可食部分砷含量范围为 0 .0 4～ 2 .6 4 m g/ kg、平均为 0 .74 mg/ kg、中值为 0 .5 4 mg/ kg,5 4 %的蔬菜可食部分含砷量超过了《蔬菜卫生标准》规定的最大允许量 (MPC≥ 0 .5mg/ kg) ;菠菜 ,茼蒿和生菜可食部分超标比较严重 ,最大砷含量超出 MPC 5倍左右。     

长期施用猪粪红壤稻田土壤Cu、Zn累积规律

为揭示长期施用猪粪红壤稻田土壤Cu、Zn累积规律,以设立于1981年的红壤稻田有机肥定位试验为载体,选取PM1(早稻施猪粪和紫云英)、PM2(早稻施紫云英+晚稻施猪粪)、GMS(早稻施紫云英+晚稻秸秆还田)和NPK(早稻施化肥)等处理为对象,分析了不同试验年限土壤全量和有效态Cu、Zn含量。结果表明:长期施用猪粪显著提高了土壤Cu、Zn含量;连续施用猪粪30 a后,土壤全量Cu、Zn含量分别增加了7.69—9.52 mg/kg和22.42—35.46 mg/kg;生物有效性显著增加,有效态Cu、Zn含量占全量Cu、Zn的比例分别由15%和5%增加到51%和27%。猪粪年度内的施用时间对土壤Cu的累积没有显著影响,早稻施用猪粪加剧了土壤Zn的累积。土壤铜、锌累积分为两个差异显著的阶段,1981—2002年为缓慢增长期,2002—2010年为快速增长期,这可能与2002年后施用的猪粪中Cu、Zn含量增高有关。以研究的结果推算,红壤稻田鲜猪粪施用量在9.5 t hm-2a-1以下,50 a内不会造成土壤Cu、Zn含量超标。     

施用猪粪对油麦菜产量、硝酸盐含量及土壤养分的影响

应用盆栽试验方法,研究了施用猪粪对西南地区黄壤和紫色土中油麦菜产量、硝酸盐含量及土壤养分的影响.结果表明:施用猪粪能显著提高油麦菜产量,且黄壤中油麦菜增产幅度大于紫色土;油麦菜中硝酸盐、氮磷钾含量与土壤类型及猪粪施用量密切相关,以中国农业科学院制定的蔬菜中硝酸盐污染程度评价标准为依据,在紫色土对照(CK)及1倍猪粪(相当于施纯N 200 kg·hm-2)处理下油麦菜硝酸盐含量较低,符合一级标准(≤432 mg·kg-1,轻度污染);其他处理多超过二级标准(≤758 mg·kg-1,中度污染),但均未超过三级标准(≤1440 mg·kg-1,重度污染);黄壤中除化肥和8倍猪粪(相当于施纯N 1600 kg·hm-2)处理下油麦菜硝酸盐含量超过二级标准外,其他各处理均符合一级标准;黄壤和紫色土中表征磷素淋失风险的有效磷临界值分别为96.3和107.7 mg·kg-1.黄壤的猪粪环境安全容量较紫色土高.施用猪粪能显著提高两种土壤的有机碳和全氮含量.     

基于GIS的城乡交错带土壤养分时空变化及格局分析——以北京市大兴区为例

通过GPS定位采取土样,标准方法的土样化验、借助GIS技术,应用Kriging插值方法,分析研究了城乡交错带土壤肥力水平变化及其空间分布。研究结果表明,由于近20a土地集约化利用和采用秸秆还田等土壤培肥技术,土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效磷含量都增加了,而速效钾含量因为作物产量增加而施用钾肥不足,含量却下降了。各肥力因素情况如下：1982年土壤有机质含量及其空间分布情况是：6～10g／kg之间的,占总面积的61．23％;10～12g／kg之间的,占总面积的35．17％;12～15g／kg,占总面积的3．6％;2000年土壤有机质含量及其空间分布情况是：6～10g／kg之间的,占总面积的14．35％;10～12g／kg之间的,占总面积的33％;12～15g／kg之间的,占总面积的32．43％;15～20g／kg之间的,占总面积的12．91％;20g／kg以上,占总面积的7．31％。1982年土壤全氮含量及其空间分布情况是：小于0．5g／kg的,占总面积的28．72％;0．5～0．8g／kg的,占总面积的60．81％;2000年土壤全氮含量及其空间分布情况是,在0．8～1．0g／kg之间的,占总面积的48．57％;含量在1．0～1．2g／kg之间的,占总面积的28．87％;含量在0．5～0．8g／kg之间的,占总面积的20．67％。1982年土壤碱解氮含量及其空间分布情况是：45～60mg／kg之间的,占总面积的44．1l％;60～75mg／kg之间的,占总面积的28．89％;30～45mg／kg之间的,占总面积的26．35％;2000年土壤碱解氮含量及其空间分布情况是：在60～75mg／kg之间的,占总面积的57．08％,75～90mg／kg之间的,占总面积的33．4％。1982年速效磷含量及其空间分布比较简单,主要分布在5～10mg／kg之间,占总面积的82．34％;2000年速效磷含量及其空间分布主要是在20～30mg／kg之间,占总面积的55．16％;15～20mg／kg之间,占总面积的28．89％。1982年土壤速效钾含量及其空间分布主要是在75～100mg／kg之间,占总面积的52．69％;含量在50～75mg／kg之间,占总面积的36．82％;2000年土壤速效钾含量及其空间分布主要是在50～75mg／kg之间,占总面积的49．98％,含量在75～100mg／kg之间,占总面积的35．85％。     

有机无机结合施肥对红壤稻田土壤氮素供应和水稻生产的影响

1999年以不同施肥制度对红壤稻田系统生产力和土壤环境影响的长期定位试验的为依托,比较研究了9a定位试验后．不施肥、单施无机肥、有机物循环和有机天机结合施肥对红壤稻田生态系统土壤供氮能力、水稻吸氮特性和水稻生产的影响。结果表明：红壤稻田系统长期不施肥(CK)土壤速效氯含量低,最高为16．7mg／kg,平均为14．2mg／kg,水稻累积吸收氮量较少,早稻为32,84kg／hm^2,晚稻为59．79kg／hm^2,系统生产力低．早稻生物量为3887kg／hm^2。稻谷产量为2180kg／hm^2,晚稻生物量为7164kg／hm^2,稻谷产：量为3719kg／hm^2;施用N肥可以改善土壤供氯状况。提高土壤速效氯含量,且N、NP、NK、NPK处理间没有显著差异．土壤速效氮含量最大可达到29．7mg／kg,平均为21．4mg／kg,而水稻累积吸收氯量与系统生产力随着NPK配合程度的增加而提高,NPK处理的早稻累积吸收氮量、生物量和稻谷产量分别比CK处理增加122．6％、87．1％和65.4％,晚稻分别增加85．O％、48．2％和46．O％;系统内有机物循环利用(C)水稻各生育期土壤速效氯含量显著提高．最高为30．2mg／kg,平均为20.8mg／kg,水稻累积吸收氮量早、晚稻分别比CK增加111．1％和48．9％,早稻生物量与稻谷产量显分别比CK高85．6％和55．2％,晚稻分别高28．9％和35．2％;有机无机结合施肥土壤速效氮含量最大为43．1mg／kg．平均为29．1mg／kg,且N C、NP C和NPK C处理间没有显著差异,但水稻累积吸收氮量和系统生产力有随着有机肥与NPK配合程度增加而提高的趋势。     

太湖地区水稻土不同粒级团聚体中酶活性对长期施肥的响应

以太湖地区水稻土长期肥料试验田为研究对象,采用低能量超声波物理分散法分离土壤团聚体,研究长期不同施肥处理下（化肥与秸秆配施、化肥与猪粪配施、单施化肥和不施肥）耕层土壤团聚体酶活性的变化.结果表明：供试土壤中200～2000 μm和2～20 μm粒组的团聚体占总土壤的60%～70%;施肥显著促进了200～2000 μm团聚体的形成.各种酶活性在不同团聚体中的变化存在差异,脲酶和蔗糖酶在<2 μm的粘粒组中活性最高,纤维素酶、多酚氧化酶和荧光素二乙酸酯（FDA）水解酶则以200～2000 μm粗砂粒中活性最高.肥料的施用特别是化肥与有机肥的配合施用显著提高了200～2000 μm粒组中蔗糖酶、脲酶、纤维素酶和FDA水解酶的活性.以5种酶活性的几何平均数（GMea）作为酶的综合活性指标,发现施肥处理下200～2000 μm粒组中GMea显著高于其他粒组,可见大团聚体中土壤的酶活性对施肥措施响应敏感.有机和无机肥长期配合施用可以通过促进土壤团聚体的聚合和提高较大团聚体中酶活性来提高土壤整体的生物活性功能。     

砷对土壤-蜈蚣草系统中磷生物有效性的影响

磷是植物必需的大量营养元素,而其同族元素砷却不是植物生长发育所必需的。通过等温吸附平衡实验发现土壤中存在的砷可以降低褐土对磷的吸附,褐土对砷的吸附率大于等于褐土对磷的吸附率。对砷超富集植物蜈蚣草而言,土壤中砷的添加量不超过800mg／kg时,蜈蚣草地上部和地下部磷含量显著提高,结果初步表明,砷可以提高土壤中磷的生物有效性。     

肥料增效剂γ-聚谷氨酸对小青菜产量和品质的影响

研究了γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)肥料增效剂对盆栽小青菜产量和品质的影响.结果表明:正常施肥条件下,施用50 mg/kg的γ-PGA可以显著提高小青菜叶绿素、地下部鲜质量,使小青菜地上部鲜质量最大增产幅度达8.8％,与对照相比差异显著;同时还可以明显提高土壤铵态氮的含量,氮肥利用率增加10.6％.施用100 mg/kg的γ-PGA与对照相比,可降低小青菜中的硝酸盐含量44.8％,维生素C(Vc)含量提高18.1％,小青菜品质达到最好;当减施15％质量的氮肥时,20 mg/kg的γ-PGA可提高氮肥利用率10.2％～11.6％,说明在肥料缺乏时γ-PGA对小青菜产量、品质的改善效果显著.     

硫丹在茶叶中的残留动态与用药安全性评价

硫丹在茶叶中的消解动态符合一级动力学方程,在茶叶中的残留量随着施用剂量的增加而增加。硫丹在乌龙茶中的消解速率显著低于绿茶,同一环境下,35％硫丹乳油500倍、1000倍、1500倍、2000倍液处理在乌龙茶和绿茶中的半衰期分别为2．15-2．84d和1．65-1．98d,药后7d残留量分别为4．21mg／kg-12．04mg／kg和2．81mg／kg～8．98mg／kg。同时,由于气候差异,同一浓度处理的残留量和半衰期不同地区间的差异也较大。不同茶区,无论乌龙茶或绿茶品种,药后7d,1000倍、1500倍、2000倍液处理的残留量均在10．0mg／kg以下,而500倍的个别超过10．0mg／kg,但在20．0mg／kg以下,所以,按欧盟最高限量30．0mg／kg标准计,目前茶园施用该药安全间隔期为7d是合理的。本分析方法采用微型层析柱法净化,具有操作时间短,试剂用量省、净化效果好的优点,最低检出量为0．0006ng,最小检出浓度为0．0064g／g,该技术指标完全满足残留分析的要求。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418