异柠檬酸脱氢酶在植物抗氧化胁迫中的作用

异柠檬酸脱氢酶(ICDH)是连接C-N代谢酶的关键,它催化三羧酸循环(TCA)中的异柠檬酸氧化脱羧形成α-酮戊二酸的可逆反应。ICDH的另一个重要功能是产生细胞质中的NADPH,NADPH在细胞中无处不在,介导许多氧化还原反应,并影响到几乎所有的代谢途径,涉及植物体内的活性氧(ROS)的生产和消耗,因此是传递胁迫信号的中转站。综述异柠檬酸脱氢酶在植物抗氧化胁迫中的作用,便于更好地理解ICDH在氧化胁迫中的信号传递和化学反应中所起的作用,为抗逆分子育种服务。     

枯草杆菌及大肠杆菌异柠檬酸脱氢酶的酶学性质研究

对枯草杆菌异柠檬酸脱氢酶（BsIDH）、大肠杆菌异柠檬酸脱氢酶（EcIDH）和大肠杆菌异柠檬酸脱氢酶的突变体酶（EmIDH）进行了纯化和酶学性质鉴定。BsIDH和EcIDH对辅酶NADP^＋的特异性与NAD^＋相比,分别是NAD^＋的1330倍和3890倍。而EmIDH对NAD^＋的特异性与NADP^＋相比,是NADP^＋的122倍。因此BsIDH和EcIDH是NADP^＋依赖性异柠檬酸脱氢酶,而EmIDH的辅酶特异性已转换为NAD^＋依赖性。EcIDH、BsIDH和EmIDH对底物异柠檬酸的Km值分别为67.4 μmol/L、60.6 μmol/L和105.6 μmol/L。BsIDH和EcIDH的最适反应pH分别为8.2和8.0,EmIDH的最适pH为7.0。BsIDH和EmIDH的最适反应温度是45℃,EcIDH的最适温度为43℃。三种IDH的活性依赖于不同的二价金属离子的存在,Mn^2＋ 、Mg^2＋存在时酶活性最强,Cu^2＋ 、Ca^2＋ 、Zn^2＋和Ni2＋强烈抑制酶的活性。系统的酶学性质研究为深入认识IDH的催化与调节机制提供了更多依据。     

低氧环境对三阴性乳腺癌细胞糖代谢途径的重编程

代谢改变是癌细胞的特征之一。研究表明,低氧会使癌细胞的糖代谢发生改变,但是更详细的分子机制仍有待进一步研究。本研究利用转录物组测序技术(RNA-sequencing,RNA-seq)和生物信息学分析发现,低氧导致BT549细胞中334个基因和MDA-MB-231细胞中215个基因在转录水平的表达改变。这些表达变化的基因多与糖代谢相关。进一步分析RNA-seq数据并应用Western 印迹、酶活性检测和代谢产物定量测定的结果显示,低氧通过升高BT549细胞中葡萄糖转运蛋白1(GLUT1)和MDA-MB-231细胞中GLUT1和GLUT3的表达以增加葡萄糖的摄入;低氧使催化糖的无氧氧化途径几乎全部反应的酶都至少有一种同工酶或酶蛋白亚基,以及调节酶6-磷酸果糖-2-激酶/果糖-2,6-二磷酸酶3(PFKFB3)和4(PFKFB4)同工酶的表达增加来促进了糖的无氧氧化;低氧还通过增加调节丙酮酸脱氢酶激酶1(PDK1)和3(PDK3)同工酶基因的表达,以及降低关键酶异柠檬酸脱氢酶3(IDH3)同工酶、琥珀酸脱氢酶B亚基和D亚基的表达来减少糖的有氧氧化途径进行;低氧可能还增加磷酸戊糖途径的关键酶葡糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶、糖原合成途径的关键酶糖原合酶GYS1同工酶的表达以促进这2条途径的进行,而对糖异生和糖原分解代谢途径酶基因的表达影响较小。生物信息学分析乳腺癌组织样本在线数据库中糖代谢途径酶基因在转录水平表达结果与细胞研究结果基本一致。总之,该文系统分析了低氧对糖代谢6条代谢途径中全部酶以及2种重要调节酶的影响,可见低氧会通过改变这些酶的同工酶或亚基的基因表达使糖代谢途径进行重编程,这对进一步认识低氧环境下癌细胞糖代谢的分子机制具有一定的意义。     

NAD+-依赖型异柠檬酸脱氢酶的结构和功能研究进展

NAD^ —依赖型异柠檬酸脱氢酶是一个核编码线粒体酶,参与三羧酸循环,负责催化异柠檬酸氧化脱羧成α-酮戊二酸,是循环路径中的限速酶。目前在酶学性质、亚基组成、基因克隆、蛋白组装与转运,以及功能等方面开展了许多研究。本文就这些方面的新进展进行综述。     

牦牛睾丸组织能量代谢相关酶活力的分析

为了解牦牛Bos grunniens睾丸组织在性成熟前后与能量代谢相关的几种酶活力变化,对九龙牦牛睾丸组织中参与糖酵解、三羧酸循环、脂肪酸β-氧化和线粒体呼吸链中几种酶活力做了测定.结果显示,性未成熟的九龙牦牛睾丸组织中β-羟脂酰CoA脱氢酶(HAD)活力显著高于成年九龙牦牛(P<0.01),而乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、异柠檬酸脱氢酶(ICDH)、细胞色素氧化酶(COX)活力未见显著差异,提示脂肪酸β-氧化在性成熟前的牦牛睾丸组织能量代谢中可能发挥重要作用.     

小麦幼根和幼苗中几种同工酶的初步研究

利用水平板淀粉凝胶电泳法和盘状聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法,结合酶的染色法研究了小麦种子萌发后的胚、幼根和幼苗中过氧化物酶等6种同工酶及胚乳中淀粉酶同工酶的变化;测定了幼根和幼苗中过氧化物酶和吲乙酸氧化酶的活性。过氧化物酶和淀粉酶的同工酶数目随萌发大量增加。6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶、谷氨酸脱氢酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶和酯酶在萌发初期的胚中就有不少同工酶带和较强的活性。过氧化物酶、吲乙酸氧化酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶在根中比在苗中活性大得多,相反,过氧化氢酶和6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶在苗中比在根中活性大得多,酯酶在苗中比在根中活性稍大,只有异柠檬酸脱氢酶在根和苗中无甚差异。同工酶带的数目及其相对强度的不同可能与器官差异有关。此研究有助于进一步探讨不同组织和器官在分化时具有不同的代谢特点。     

趋磁细菌WD-1同工酶分析

趋磁细菌在微好氧和好氧条件下生长时,它们在酯酶、乙醇脱氢酶、过氧化物酶、苹果酸脱氢酶、苹果酸酶、乳酸脱氢酶、谷草转氨酶、谷氨酸脱氢酶和异柠檬酸脱氢酶等同工酶中具有明显不同的酶带或酶活性,呈现酶的多分子形态。     

柠檬酸合酶的分子生物学研究进展

柠檬酸合酶（citrate synthase,CS）是细胞内多种重要代谢途径的关键酶。CS可催化草酰乙酸和乙酰辅酶A之间的缩合反应生成柠檬酸和辅酶A。通常革兰氏阳性细菌、古菌以及真核细胞的CS为同源二聚体,而革兰氏阴性细菌的CS为同源六聚体。根据其在细胞内的定位不同,CS可分为线粒体CS、乙醛酸循环体CS、过氧化物酶体CS。这些同工酶在能量代谢、植物脂肪的代谢、脂肪酸的氧化及细胞解毒过程中起着重要作用。不同来源的CS空间结构、催化机制和动力学性质十分相似。针对其生化特性、空间结构特点、催化机制以及分子进化等研究进展进行综述。     

糖尿病大鼠肋间肌酶组织化学研究

目的探讨糖尿病早期肋间肌酶组织化学变化。方法应用酶组织化学方法观察糖尿病2周和4周大鼠肋间肌组织脱氢酶、水解酶和氧化酶活性变化。结果糖尿病2周大鼠肋间肌组织琥珀酸脱氢酶、谷氨酸脱氢酶和辅酶Ⅰ黄递酶活性较对照组增强,乳酸脱氢酶活性较对照组减弱,苹果酸脱氢酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶、酸性磷酸酶、酸性-α-萘酸性酯酶和细胞色素氧化酶无变化。糖尿病4周大鼠肋间肌组织琥珀酸脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶、谷氨酸脱氢酶、辅酶Ⅰ黄递酶、酸性磷酸酶和酸性-α-萘酸性酯酶活性较对照组增强,乳酸脱氢酶和细胞色素氧化酶活性较对照组减弱,异柠檬酸脱氢酶、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶无变化。结论糖尿病2周大鼠肋间肌组织有氧氧化代谢能力增强,糖酵解能力减弱。糖尿病4周大鼠肋间肌组织有氧氧化能力增强、糖酵解能力减弱及能量代谢紊乱。在糖尿病早期呼吸肌存在代谢异常。     

BAC-FISH在植物基因组研究中的应用

细菌人工染色体荧光原位杂交(BAC-FISH)是将包含不同特性的BAC克隆直接定位到染色体上的技术,其在植物基因组学和分子细胞遗传学研究中具有不可替代的作用。综述其在各种植物染色体鉴定和核型分析、图谱构建、植物起源与进化分析、基因定位以及FISH的分辨率等植物基因组学研究的应用进展。     

Cytosolic and mitochondrial isoforms of NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases are expressed in cultured rat neurons,astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglial cells

NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases (ICDHs) are enzymes that reduce NADP+ to NADPH using isocitrate as electron donor. Cytosolic and mitochondrial isoforms of ICDH have been described. Little is known on the expression of ICDHs in brain cells. We have cloned the rat mitochondrial ICDH (mICDH) in order to obtain the sequence information necessary to study the expression of ICDHs in brain cells by RT-PCR. The cDNA sequence of rat mICDH was highly homologous to that of mICDH cDNAs from other species. By RT-PCR the presence of mRNAs for both the cytosolic and the mitochondrial ICDHs was demonstrated for cultured rat neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia. The expression of both ICDH isoenzymes was confirmed by western blot analysis using ICDH-isoenzyme specific antibodies as well as by determination of ICDH activities in cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions of the neural cell cultures. In astroglial and microglial cultures, the total ICDH activity was almost equally distributed between cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions. In contrast, in cultures of neurons and oligodendrocytes about 75% of total ICDH activity was present in the cytosolic fractions. Putative functions of ICDHs in cytosol and mitochondria of brain cells are discussed.     

Nondecarboxylating and Decarboxylating Isocitrate Dehydrogenases: Oxalosuccinate Reductase as an Ancestral Form of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

Isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) from Hydrogenobacter thermophilus catalyzes the reduction of oxalosuccinate, which corresponds to the second step of the reductive carboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate in the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle. In this study, the oxidation reaction catalyzed by H. thermophilus ICDH was kinetically analyzed. As a result, a rapid equilibrium random-order mechanism was suggested. The affinities of both substrates (isocitrate and NAD⁺) toward the enzyme were extremely low compared to other known ICDHs. The binding activities of isocitrate and NAD⁺ were not independent; rather, the binding of one substrate considerably promoted the binding of the other. A product inhibition assay demonstrated that NADH is a potent inhibitor, although 2-oxoglutarate did not exhibit an inhibitory effect. Further chromatographic analysis demonstrated that oxalosuccinate, rather than 2-oxoglutarate, is the reaction product. Thus, it was shown that H. thermophilus ICDH is a nondecarboxylating ICDH that catalyzes the conversion between isocitrate and oxalosuccinate by oxidation and reduction. This nondecarboxylating ICDH is distinct from well-known decarboxylating ICDHs and should be categorized as a new enzyme. Oxalosuccinate-reducing enzyme may be the ancestral form of ICDH, which evolved to the extant isocitrate oxidative decarboxylating enzyme by acquiring higher substrate affinities.     

Modulation of NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase in aging

NADPH is an important cofactor in many biosynthesis pathways and the regeneration of reduced glutathione, critically important in cellular defense against oxidative damage. It is mainly produced by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, and NADP(+)-specific isocitrate dehydrogenases (ICDHs). Here, we investigated age-related changes in ICDH activity and protein expression in IMR-90 human diploid fibroblast cells and tissues from Fischer 344 rats. We found that in IMR-90 cells the activity of cytosolic ICDH (IDPc) gradually increased with age up to the 46-48 population doubling level (PDL) and then gradually decreased at later PDL. 2',7'-Dichloro-fluorescein fluorescence which reflects intracellular ROS generation was increased with aging in IMR-90 cells. In ad libitum-fed rats, we noted age-related, tissue-specific modulations of IDPc and mitochondrial ICDH (IDPm) activities and protein expression in the liver, kidney and testes. In contrast, ICDH activities and protein expression were not significantly modulated in diet-restricted rats. These data suggest that modulation of ICDH is an age-dependent and a tissue-specific phenomenon.     

Modulation of NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase in aging

Abstract

NADPH is an important cofactor in many biosynthesis pathways and the regeneration of reduced glutathione, critically important in cellular defense against oxidative damage. It is mainly produced by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, and NADP⁺-specific isocitrate dehydrogenases (ICDHs). Here, we investigated age-related changes in ICDH activity and protein expression in IMR-90 human diploid fibroblast cells and tissues from Fischer 344 rats. We found that in IMR-90 cells the activity of cytosolic ICDH (IDPc) gradually increased with age up to the 46–48 population doubling level (PDL) and then gradually decreased at later PDL. 2′,7′-Dichloro-fluorescein fluorescence which reflects intracellular ROS generation was increased with aging in IMR-90 cells. In ad libitum-fed rats, we noted age-related, tissue-specific modulations of IDPc and mitochondrial ICDH (IDPm) activities and protein expression in the liver, kidney and testes. In contrast, ICDH activities and protein expression were not significantly modulated in diet-restricted rats. These data suggest that modulation of ICDH is an age-dependent and a tissue-specific phenomenon.     

Are NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases and ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase co-regulated by the same photoreceptors?

Activities of NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases (cytosolic and plastidic isoforms, ICDH1 and ICDH2; EC 1.1.1.42) and ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase (Fd-GOGAT; EC 1.4.7.1) in turions of Spirodela polyrhiza were all stimulated by light. Single or repeated red light (R) pulses induced the activity of the enzymes and this effect was reverted by subsequent far-red light (FR) pulses. The enzymes are, therefore, co-regulated by the low-fluence response of phytochrome. For ICDH, this is reported here for the first time. Neither an effect of the very low-fluence response nor of the FR-mediated high-irradiance response was detectable. Irradiance with continuous R resulted in enhanced enzyme activities and protein levels (Western analysis using polyclonal antibodies against ICDH1 and Fd-GOGAT). These additional effects of continuous R (called a non-induction effect) could be inhibited for ICDH1 and ICDH2 by the inhibitor of photosynthetic electron transport, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, and are therefore related to the effect of photosynthesis. In contrast, the non-induction effect of Fd-GOGAT was resistant against this inhibitor. Moreover, hourly R pulses did not replace the effect of continuous R. The non-induction effect of light on the activity and protein level of Fd-GOGAT was therefore tentatively classified as an R-mediated high-irradiance response. The activity of Fd-GOGAT but not that of ICDHs was additionally regulated by a specific blue-light receptor. It can be concluded that the levels of ICDHs and Fd-GOGAT were coordinated by light but were not co-regulated by the same photoreceptors. Nitrate is necessary for the light regulation of both enzymes, contributing to the coordinated expression of the relevant genes.Abbreviations DCMU 3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea - Fd-GOGAT Ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase - FR Far-red light - HIR High-irradiance response - ICDH NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase - ICDH1 Cytosolic ICDH - ICDH2 Chloroplastic ICDH - LFR Low-fluence response - R Red light - SDS–PAGE Denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis - VLFR Very low-fluence response     

NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase in germinating cucumber cotyledons: Purification and characterization of a cytosolic isoenzyme

The activity of NADP⁺-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH, EC 1.1.1.42) was investigated during the post-germinative growth of cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L. cv. Marketmore) seedlings. Isoelectric focusing showed the presence of several isoenzymes, two of which represented 70–80% of the total NADP⁺-ICDH activity in cotyledons of seedlings grown in the dark. They had pI values between 4.8 and 5.8. The isoenzyme with higher pI was purified to homogeneity by hydrophobic interaction, affinity, hydroxylapatite and anion exchange chromatography. The purified isoenzyme is a dimeric protein, consisting of two apparently identical 43-kDa subunits. It is specific for NADP⁺, inhibited by ATP and by 2-oxoglutarate, whereas it is not inhibited by citrate, succinate, and glyoxylate. The data indicate that NADP⁺-ICDH from cucumber is structurally similar to ICDHs from other plants, but it shows some peculiar biochemical characteristics.     

Metabolic control of histone demethylase activity involved in plant response to high temperature

Jumonji C (JmjC) domain proteins are histone lysine demethylases that require ferrous iron and alpha-ketoglutarate (or α-KG) as cofactors in the oxidative demethylation reaction. In plants, α-KG is produced by isocitrate dehydrogenases (ICDHs) in different metabolic pathways. It remains unclear whether fluctuation of α-KG levels affects JmjC demethylase activity and epigenetic regulation of plant gene expression. In this work, we studied the impact of loss of function of the cytosolic ICDH (cICDH) gene on the function of histone demethylases in Arabidopsis thaliana. Loss of cICDH resulted in increases of overall histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and enhanced mutation defects of the H3K4me3 demethylase gene JMJ14. Genetic analysis suggested that the cICDH mutation may affect the activity of other demethylases, including JMJ15 and JMJ18 that function redundantly with JMJ14 in the plant thermosensory response. Furthermore, we show that mutation of JMJ14 affected both the gene activation and repression programs of the plant thermosensory response and that JMJ14 and JMJ15 repressed a set of genes that are likely to play negative roles in the process. The results provide evidence that histone H3K4 demethylases are involved in the plant response to elevated ambient temperature.

Histone H3K4me3 demethylases JMJ14, JMJ15, and JMJ18 function redundantly in the plant thermosensory response, which is affected by mutation of the cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase gene.     

Inactivation of NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase by peroxynitrite. Implications for cytotoxicity and alcohol-induced liver injury

Recently, we demonstrated that the control of cytosolic and mitochondrial redox balance and oxidative damage is one of the primary functions of NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) by supplying NADPH for antioxidant systems. We investigated whether the ICDH would be a vulnerable target of peroxynitrite anion (ONOO-) as a purified enzyme, in intact cells, and in liver mitochondria from ethanol-fed rats. Synthetic peroxynitrite and 3-morpholinosydnomine N-ethylcarbamide (SIN-1), a peroxynitrite-generating compound, inactivated ICDH in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The inactivation of ICDH by peroxynitrite or SIN-1 was reversed by dithiothreitol. Loss of enzyme activity was associated with the depletion of the thiol groups in protein. Immunoblotting analysis of peroxynitrite-modified ICDH indicates that S-nitrosylation of cysteine and nitration of tyrosine residues are the predominant modifications. Using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) with tryptic digestion of protein, we found that peroxynitrite forms S-nitrosothiol adducts on Cys305 and Cys387 of ICDH. Nitration of Tyr280 was also identified, however, this modification did not significantly affect the activity of ICDH. These results indicate that S-nitrosylation of cysteine residues on ICDH is a mechanism involving the inactivation of ICDH by peroxynitrite. The structural alterations of modified enzyme were indicated by the changes in protease susceptibility and binding of the hydrophobic probe 8-anilino-1-napthalene sulfonic acid. When U937 cells were incubated with 100 microM SIN-1 bolus, a significant decrease in both cytosolic and mitochondrial ICDH activities were observed. Using immunoprecipitation and ESI-MS, we were also able to isolate and positively identify S-nitrosylated and nitrated mitochondrial ICDH from SIN-1-treated U937 cells as well as liver from ethanol-fed rats. Inactivation of ICDH resulted in the pro-oxidant state of cells reflected by an increased level of intracellular reactive oxygen species, a decrease in the ratio of [NADPH]/[NADPH + NADP+], and a decrease in the efficiency of reduced glutathione turnover. The peroxynitrite-mediated damage to ICDH may result in the perturbation of the cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms and subsequently lead to a pro-oxidant condition.