贡嘎蝠蛾初孵幼虫迁移行为观察

在实验室内对贡嘎蝠蛾Hepialusgonggaensis的初孵幼虫迁移行为进行了初步观察。结果表明 ,该初孵幼虫迁移与其习性、虫口密度、环境湿度、栖居场所、食料等因素均有关。     

贡嘎蝠蛾幼虫肠道真菌多样性分析

【目的】分析贡嘎蝠蛾肠道(Hepialus gonggaensis)幼虫肠道真菌多样性。【方法】采用常规分离与分子鉴定的方法和基于ITS(internal transcribed spacer)基因的RFLP方法,建立贡嘎蝠蛾幼虫肠道真菌的ITS克隆文库,分别用MspI、HaeⅢ和TaqⅠ对205个阳性克隆的质粒酶切指纹图谱分析,结果显示有23个不同的RFLP操作分类单元(OTU),对这23个操作分类单元的阳性克隆子进行测序并绘制系统进化树。【结果】结果显示贡嘎蝠蛾幼虫肠道内存在8个属的真菌类群。其中被孢霉属(Mortierella)和丝孢酵母属(Trichosporon)的丰度最高,分别占克隆文库的46.34%和40.00%,鉴定为肠道内的优势真菌类群。用常规分离与分子鉴定方法只获得隐球酵母(Cryptococcus magnus)、Geomyces sp和丝孢酵母(Trichosporon porosum)3个类群的真菌。结合常规分离法与RFLP法能够更有效的分析肠道微生物的多样性,获得更多更全面的微生物多样性信息。     

贡嘎蝠蛾幼虫肠道细菌多样性分析

【目的】对实验室养殖条件下的重要经济昆虫冬虫夏草寄主—贡嘎蝠蛾(Hepialus gonggaensis,Hg)幼虫肠道微生物群落的多样性进行了研究。【方法】采用常规分离培养与分子鉴定的方法和基于16SrRNA作为分子标记的变性梯度凝胶电泳(denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,DGGE)的方法。【结果】用常规分离与分子鉴定方法获得8个属的细菌类群,其中肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)是优势菌群,肉食杆菌属(Carnobacterium)是次优势菌群。对通过DGGE方法得到的11条16SrRNA优势条带序列进行了比对和系统进化树分析,结果表明肉食杆菌属(Carnobacterium)的丰度最高,是肠道细菌中主要的优势菌群,芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)是次优势菌群。DGGE图谱还显示Hg幼虫不同虫龄肠道细菌菌群的结构存在差异,推测可能与其发育生理状态的差异有关系。【结论】结合常规分离法与DGGE法能够更有效的分析肠道微生物的多样性,获得更多更全面的微生物多样性信息。     

贡嘎蝠蛾幼虫血淋巴中游离氨基酸,海藻糖的初步研究

本文报道了冬虫夏草寄主——贡嘎蝠蛾幼虫血淋巴中游离氨基酸种类、含量及海藻糖含量,并与感虫草菌和人工饲养的贡嘎蝠蛾幼虫进行了比较。     

饲喂肉杆菌Hg4-03对贡嘎蝠蛾幼虫肠菌生物多样性的影响

【目的】研究贡嘎蝠蛾幼虫肠道优势菌肉杆菌(Carnobacterium sp.)Hg4-03作为食物添加剂对实验室饲养的4龄贡嘎蝠蛾幼虫肠道菌群的影响。【方法】采用16S rDNA序列与PCR/DGGE(Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis)分析技术相结合的方法,健康幼虫被随机分为处理组1、处理组2和对照组,两组处理组分别饲喂添加不同浓度肉杆菌Hg4-03的天然饲料,对照组只饲喂天然饲料。14 d和28 d后每组随机解剖6条幼虫,收集肠道样品,经细菌通用引物扩增细菌16S rDNA,DGGE分离并进行细菌多样性图谱分析。【结果】饲喂肉杆菌Hg4-03后幼虫肠道菌群的多样性指数呈上升趋势;处理组幼虫肠道中肉杆菌Hg4-03含量增加,且处理组中枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)的量也明显增加。【结论】将肉杆菌Hg4-03作为益生菌饲喂贡嘎蝠蛾幼虫有助于维持幼虫肠道菌群多样性平衡,这为贡嘎蝠蛾人工或半人工养殖提供了一定的参考价值。     

贡嘎蝠蛾卵的扫描电镜和生物学观察

贡嘎蝠蛾卵呈椭圆形,在扫描电镜下卵壳表面分为一般卵壳区和受精孔区：一般卵壳区密布颗粒状突起;受精孔区位于卵端部,呈不规则梨形垫状,精孔开口于突起内侧凹陷上部。贡嘎蝠蛾在6月下旬—7月产卵,散产。在平均温度8－10℃、相对湿度80％－90％,卵的发育历期为50天左右,孵化率75％以上。卵常遭受霉菌和寄生蜂天敌危害。     

贡嘎钩蝠蛾交配及生殖力的研究

为明确交配时长、性比、密度及温度对贡嘎钩蝠蛾Thitarodes gonggaensis交配、产卵、孵化的影响,研究了不同交配时长、不同性比、不同成虫密度、不同交配温度对成虫交配、生殖力的影响.结果表明,成虫正常交配时长差异较大,交配时长为22～270 min,平均交配时长为90.85 min,均能够完成正常的产卵,平...     

冬虫夏草寄主玉树蝠蛾幼虫的生物学

在青海虫草最主要产区玉树巴塘地区对玉树蝠蛾Hepialus yushusis Chuet Wang进行野外定点调查观察,结果表明:玉树蝠蛾幼虫是一种多食性昆虫,对低温有特殊的适应能力,适宜生长发育的地温是6~10℃;幼虫喜潮湿,最适土壤含水量为40%~60%;幼虫世代重叠,在冻土层越冬。     

Control of the release of digestive enzymes in the larvae of the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda

There is a basal level of enzyme activity for trypsin, aminopeptidase, amylase, and lipase in the gut of unfed larval (L6) Spodoptera frugiperda. Trypsin activity does not decrease with non‐feeding, possibly because of the low protein levels in plants along with high amino acid requirements for growth and storage (for later reproduction in adults). Therefore, trypsin must always be present so that only a minimal protein loss via egestion occurs. Larvae, however, adjust amylase activity to carbohydrate ingestion, and indeed amylase activity is five‐fold higher in fed larvae compared to unfed larvae. Gut lipase activity is low, typical of insects with a high carbohydrate diet. A flat‐sheet preparation of the ventriculus was used to measure the release of enzymes in response to specific nutrients and known brain/gut hormones in S. frugiperda. Sugars greatly increase (>300%) amylase release, but starch has no effect. Proteins and amino acids have little or no effect on trypsin or aminopeptidase release. The control of enzyme release in response to food is likely mediated through neurohormones. Indeed, an allatostatin (Spofr‐AS A5) inhibits amylase and trypsin, and allatotropin (Manse‐ AT) stimulates amylase and trypsin release. Spofr‐AS A5 also inhibits ileum myoactivity and Manse‐AT stimulates myoactivity. The epithelial secretion rate of amylase and trypsin was about 20% of the amount of enzyme present in the ventricular lumen, which, considering the efficient counter‐current recycling of enzymes, suggests that the secretion rate is adequate to replace egested enzymes. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

不同饵料对史氏鲟仔鱼消化酶活性的影响

用活饵料(水丝蚓)、商品饵料、添加消化酶制剂的商品饵料、活饵料与商品饵料交替使用(对照组)来投喂10～40日龄(DPH,Day＿past＿hatch)的史氏鲟仔鱼。其中对照组仔鱼体内蛋白酶活性和商品饵料组及添加消化酶组的差异极显著(P<0.01),与活饵料组差异不显著(P>0.05),活饵料组仔鱼蛋白酶活性与商品饵料组差异极显著(P<0.01),与添加消化酶组差异显著(P<0.05),商品饵料组和添加消化酶组之间仔鱼的蛋白酶活性差异不显著(P>0.05);各饵料组仔鱼的淀粉酶活性差异均不显著(P>0.05);活饵料组和对照组仔鱼的脂肪酶活力与商品饵料及添加消化酶组仔鱼的脂肪酶活性差异极显著(P<0.01),在这两组之间,仔鱼的脂肪酶活性差异均不显著(P>0.05)。     

Diel changes in the particulate environment,feeding activity and digestive enzyme concentration in neritic zooplankton

Diel changes in the particulate environment and nutritional metabolism of neritic zooplankton were studied in the Bay of Villefranche-sur-mer (France) for 30 h during February. Although the survey was carried out over a period of negligible wind speed, the changes in the particle size spectra and species composition of the Zooplankton sampled suggested an abrupt and temporary oscillation in the water mass at the second sampling time. The rest of the 30-h period was characterized by gradual changes which usually returned to conditions close to, but different from, the starting ones. A clear diel rhythm was recorded for the biochemical composition of the phytoplankton, probably related to the periodicity of the photosynthetic metabolism.The feeding rate of Clausocalanus arcuicornis Giesbrecht, 1888, measured by gut fluorescence, also showed diel rhythmicity with maximum rate at night. Digestive enzyme activities were measured on the total Zooplankton population composed of five major species: Clausocalanus arcuicornis, Paracalanus sp., Calanus helgolandicus Claus, 1863, Acartia clausi Giesbrecht, 1889, and Oikopleura dioica Fol, 1859. The activities of the carbohydrases showed varying patterns of periodicity with one or two night maxima. The proteases showed a different pattern with acidic proteases peaking just before dawn and decreasing gradually during the day and no periodicity for trypsin-like activity. No association could be established between the enzyme changes and those of either the food supply or the species composition of the Zooplankton sampled, suggesting that both feeding and digestion diel rhythms are controlled by an internal clock. Influences of internal, external and experimental factors on the digestive enzyme activity rhythm are discussed. The resulting scheme of short term regulation was compared with that proposed earlier for medium term changes.     

Gut morphology,feeding rate and gut clearance in five species of caddis larvae

Feeding rate, the rate of movement of food through the gut and gut morphology of large larvae of five caddis species (Halesus radiatus, Hydropsyche instabilis, Polycentropus kingi, Rhyacophila dorsalis and Potamophylax cingulatus) were investigated in the laboratory. Following 72 hr starvation, P. cingulatus and H. radiatus larvae became satiated (refused prey offered directly to the mouthparts) after consuming 8–11 and 9–13 mayfly nymphs (Baetis rhodani, 3.5–4.6 mm) respectively. Hunger level affected prey consumption. In P. cingulatus, the number of prey consumed over 24 h (at 9.5–12 °C) increased with starvation periods from 0–72 h, but declined following longer starvation periods. Six clearly recognisable gut states (defined by the position of food material in various parts of the gut) can be identified at different times since commencement of a meal. As environmental temperature increased (from 8–12 °C to 15–17 °C), the rate of change of the gut state increased and the food retention time decreased in all species. Feeding periodicity (i.e. nocturnal/diurnal activity) in the field was estimated based on the evacuation rate and the gut state and environmental temperature at the known time of collection. Initiation of consumption of prey appeared to coincide with emptying of the foregut and proximal midgut, whereas actual feeding continued until complete satiation when some threshold fullness of the foregut had been reached. The length of time food was held in the foregut was positively correlated with increasing specialisation of the foregut (particularly elaboration of the proventriculus).     

Activity and swimming speed at time of first feeding of halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) larvae

Atlantic halibut larvae show an increase in activity, together with a decrease in swimming speed during active periods, occurring from day 26 onwards, which corresponds approximately to 50% yolk absorption.     

Activities of digestive enzymes in rats kept on standard or excessive breast feeding and on low-protein diet at once after weaning

Activities of digestive enzymes (maltase, alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase M, and glycyl-L-leucine dipeptidase) in small and large intestine, liver, and kidney were studied in rats of different ages kept at the period of lactation under conditions of the standard (8 individuals per litter) and low (3 individuals) number of pups per litter. The low-protein diet for 10 days at once after weaning was found to change the mass of organs and their digestive enzyme activities in all studied rat groups. The revealed changes were more prominent in rats kept under conditions of excessive breast feeding. In adult animals of this group, distribution of the alkaline phosphatase activity along the small intestine differed from that in control rats. The obtained results seem to confirm that any disturbance of the nutrition quality in early ontogenesis leads to disturbance of the «metabolic programming of enzyme systems» of digestive organs.     

Activity, release and flow of digestive enzymes in the cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus

Abstract.  In the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus , proventricular pressure forces a nutrient fluid from the ground food-brei through a sieve at the base of the caecae, and the combination of secreted enzymes and water causes a rapid inflation of the caecae on the first day after imaginal ecdysis. The ceacal region of the midgut is the primary site for the secretion of digestive enzymes. Proteases and amylase flow from the caecae into the mostly empty crop on day 1, and carbohydrate and protein digestion starts as soon as food is present (6 h). Thereafter, much of the amylase activity (but not protease) in the crop is synthesized and released by the crop tissues themselves. Regurgitating proteases and amylases from the caecae into the crop after day 1 is most likely accomplished by temporarily halting proventricular peristalsis and allowing the caecal muscles to contract, forcing caecal contents, including enzymes, forward. The total activity of digestive enzymes in the caecae is virtually identical in 2-day-old fed and unfed females, indicating little or no secretagogue (prandial) regulation of enzyme secretion. Most of the digestive enzymes in the ventricular endoperitrophic space may originate from the mucus dragged from the caecae. Lipase activity is low in all gut regions in both starved and fed females. Head ligation or injection of trypsin modulating oostatic factor, allatostatin A or B fails to indicate any involvement of nerves or hormones in the release of digestive enzymes in the caecae. Gryllus bimaculatus appears to secrete digestive enzymes continuously, and a considerable loss of enzymes may occur at certain times through egestion.     

Effect of gut bacterial isolates from Apis mellifera jemenitica on Paenibacillus larvae infected bee larvae

The probiotic effects of seven newly isolated gut bacteria, from the indegenous honey bees of Saudi Arabia were investigated. In vivo bioassays were used to investigate the effects of each gut bacterium namely, Fructobacillus fructosus (T1), Proteus mirabilis (T2), Bacillus licheniformis (T3), Lactobacillus kunkeei (T4), Bacillus subtilis (T5), Enterobacter kobei (T6), and Morganella morganii (T7) on mortality percentage of honey bee larvae infected with P. larvae spores along with negative control (normal diet) and positive control (normal diet spiked with P. larvae spores). Addition of gut bacteria to the normal diet significantly reduced the mortality percentage of the treated groups. Mortality percentage in all treated groups ranged from 56.67% up to 86.67%. T6 treated group exhibited the highest mortality (86.67%), whereas T4 group showed the lowest mortality (56.67%). Among the seven gut bacterial treatments, T4 and T3 decreased the mortality 56.67% and 66.67%, respectively, whereas, for T2, T6, and T7 the mortality percentage was equal to that of the positive control (86.67%). Mortality percentages in infected larval groups treated with T1, and T5 were 78.33% and 73.33% respectively. Most of the mortality occurred in the treated larvae during days 2 and 3. Treatments T3 and T4 treatments showed positive effects and reduced mortality.     

Suppression of larval Colorado potato beetle growth and development by digestive proteinase inhibitors

Evidence is presented that the Colorado potato beetle (CPB) (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)) depends, at least partially, on cysteine proteinases for protein digestion. Midgut homogenates of CPB larvae have a mildly acidic pH and exhibit major proteolytic activity in the mildly acidic pH range. This proteolytic activity is activated by reducing agents, is inhibited by E-64 (a specific cysteine proteinase inhibitor), and is not inhibited by serine proteinase inhibitors. In addition, consumption of E-64 treated potato leaves by CPB larvae at rates as low as 0.8 g/cm² of leaf tissue has a deleterious effect on larval growth and development.

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Résumé Les protéinases intestinales des larves de Leptinotarsa decemlineata sont en partie caractérisées par les pH limitant leur activité, et par l'effet d'inhibiteurs de protéinases de spécificités connues. Les protéinases ont été testées avec la méthémoglobine tritiée comme substrat et nous avons déterminé les taux relatifs de peptides radioactives TCA solubles, libérées, dans des conditions précises, pour des pH compris entre 2,0 et 12,0. Le taux le plus élevé d'activité protéolytique a été observé pour des pH 5,0 à 6,0, bien qu'il y ait eu une activité appréciable aux pH 4,0 et 8,0. Parmi les inhibiteurs examinés, le E-64, inhibiteur protéinase cystéine très sélectif, a été le plus efficace sur l'activité protéinase. La pepstatine, inhibiteur protéinase aspartique, a été actif, mais seulement dans une gamme plus moin de pH. Les inhibiteurs protéinase sérine, ont été pratiquement inactifs sur l'activité protéinase.Chez des larves de doryphores nourries de feuilles de pommes de terre traitées avec différentes concentrations de E-64 ou de pepstatine, la consommation de E-64 a retardé fortement la croissance larvaire et le développement, la pepstatine a provoqué un retard du développement plus limitée.Nos résultats suggèrent que le doryphore dépend, tout au moins partiellement, des protéinases cystéine pour l'assimilation des protéines.

     

Survival, activity and feeding ability of Baltic cod (Gadus morhua) yolk-sac larvae at different salinities

Due to unfavourable conditions (declines in salinity and water oxygen content) in the spawning areas, there has been a considerable decrease in the Baltic cod stock since the beginning of the 1980s, and consequently a decrease in catches. In order to examine the feasibility of introducing yolk-sac larvae in areas of low salinity to improve the stock, laboratory experiments were performed on the effects of salinity on the survival, level of activity and feeding ability of larvae. Yolk-sac larvae from spawning cod caught off northern Gotland, Sweden, were exposed to four different salinities: 10 and 15%○ (salinities of the main spawning areas); and 5 and 7%○ (salinities in the Bothnian Sea and the Baltic proper respectively).
The survival of yolk-sac larvae was high at all salinities, even though there was an indication of higher mortality at low salinities in less viable larval groups. No differences were found in swimming speed or feeding ability at the four salinities, but a significant difference in vertical distribution was recorded. There were significant differences in survival, vertical distribution and feeding ability among larval groups, which indicates that larval quality or viability is of greater importance for larval survival than salinity, in the range of 5–15%○.